建筑环境人体热适应研究综述与讨论

分析和讨论了建筑环境人体热适应研究中的三个热适应模型,综述了与热适应相关的气候室研究与现场研究成果,并对未来研究作出了展望.     

多孔墙体湿分传递与室内热湿环境研究

简要回顾了多孔建筑材料基本湿特性和湿迁移基本理论。对多孔墙体湿迁移的水蒸气理论模型、有效渗透深度理论模型、蒸发与凝结理论模型、考虑液体和水蒸气同时传递的热湿耦合模型和室内热湿环境平衡方程进行了综合分析。指出目前多孔建筑材料热湿传递和室内热湿环境研究的热点和存在的问题。     

高原民居太阳能利用空间调控理论模型建构和验证

青藏高原冬季建筑室内热环境问题突出，集中表现为昼夜日较差大、北向昼夜温度低。文章探寻太阳能利用与建筑空间的关联机制，建构空间调控理论模型；开展案例建筑改造前后对比研究，论证理论模型优越性。旨在构建太阳能利用的建筑空间调控方法，解决该地区冬季室内热环境的时空不均衡问题。     

盘形滚刀推力试验研究

盘形滚刀推力是掘进机设计中的重要参数,直接影响着掘进机的结构设计和使用性能.研究《小松技报》理论模型、科罗拉多矿业学院理论模型和东北工学院(现名东北大学)岩石破碎研究室理论模型,利用滚刀岩机作用综合实验台开展岩石滚压试验获取位移时间曲线和推力时间曲线,将试验数据与理论分析的结果进行对比验证,发现东北工学院岩石破碎研究室理论模型的计算结果与试验结果较吻合,可作为类似工程地质掘进机的设计选型的理论参考.     

自然通风环境下的热舒适分析

鉴于自然通风环境下的PMV实际热舒适调查结果有较明显的偏差，热舒适研究领域提出了两种新的模型：PMV修正模型和适应模型。对这两种模型进行了分析，认为应对自然通风环境和空调稳态环境参数进行更细致的分析，以建立一种适用于自然通风环境的集总参数模型或评价指标。     

基于生理参数的热健康温度分区研究现状

当室内热环境发生变化时,人体会通过一系列生理调节来适应这种变化,因此生理参数在热舒适评价中展现出极大的潜力。近年来,基于生理参数、热环境和健康三者之间关系的研究为室内热环境的改善提供了更准确、更健康的方法,此类涉及生理学、建筑环境学和统计学等多学科交叉研究的方式也为未来我们所追求的建筑热环境提供了新的可能性。分析了人体主观与生理可接受温度分区,并介绍了热健康相关的典型生理参数。最后,基于过往实验数据对符合人体热健康的温度阈值和生理参数范围进行了探讨,提出了基于生理参数探究热健康温度分区未来研究的方向与将要面临的挑战。     

期望差异理论模型在游客满意度研究中的应用探讨

本文旨在探讨传统期望差异理论模型在游客满意度研究中的应用,通过实证分析,发现传统的期望差异理论模型存在着一定的局限性,因此,提出了在利用传统期望差异理论模型时应结合新的期望差异理论模型,以得到更加精准的调查结果。     

人体热舒适的生理热适应机理研究进展

针对热舒适的现场研究更多地关注行为调节和心理调节对人体热舒适的影响,忽略了生理热适应的作用,论文概述了热适应模型的3个代表模型,分析了3个代表模型的特点以及忽略生理热适应的原因,概括了当前生理热适应的研究现状,归纳出生理指标遴选研究、生理热适应研究和基于生理、心理及行为调节的热舒适多元评价模型研究这3个研究方向,提出了生理热适应研究还需系统而完善地揭示中国不同地域气候区人群的生理热适应差异;揭示中国不同气候区人群的适应温度区阈值以及表达阈值的生理指标;提出揭示室外环境参数对生理热适应的影响,这对完善热适应模型、实现舒适又节能的建筑热环境具有重要意义。     

建筑学研究方法应用--农村住宅热舒适性调研为例

在讨论建筑学的研究方法时总是存在很多疑惑,比如理论与设计的构成性和生成性的争论。而《建筑学研究方法》一书系统介绍了建筑学理论与研究方法方面的基础知识,本文结合作者曾经参与过的一次有关冬冷夏热地区（湖北）农村住宅热舒适性的调研实例,简要分析了一些建筑学理论研究中的普适性方法,并希望以此来探讨理论与实践之间的关系。     

拉萨传统藏式建筑主观热舒适评

该文通过问卷访谈的方式对拉萨市传统藏式建筑居民的主观热舒适评价进行了调研,包括热湿感觉,室内风速的主要因素进行了分析,并提出主观热舒适具有差异性和动态性两种属性,为具有独特气候和地域特征等环境要素以及总体热舒适评价等。调查数据表明,虽然拉萨传市传统藏式建筑室内热环境不能达到ASHARE标准,但是居民总体热舒适满意程度较高,说明当地居民的热适应起到主导作用,该文对影响受访者的热适应地区的热舒适研究提供一个新的视角。     

庭园空间形态对热环境影响的研究进展与启示

庭园作为城市绿色空间的重要组成部分,其建造过程蕴含了具有地域特征的气候适应性方法与技术,其空间形态布局从朝向、边界划定、空间尺度等方面直接减少太阳辐射的进入和与外部气体的交换,是庭园适应地域气候的基本建造规律的体现.在能源形势日益严峻的背景下,对庭园传统生态智慧的探究成为热点.通过收集1985—2020年庭园空间形态热...     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(2):研究结果的对比分析

基于我国湿热地区人群的气候室实验结果,从心理热反应、生理热反应和生理-心理关系等多方面对国内外研究结果进行了系统对比与分析,发现现行国际标准不适用于我国湿热地区,生理热习服和心理热适应是其重要原因。考虑热习服和热适应的影响作用,建立我国湿热地区人群的生理热调节模型与心理-生理模型,是掌握其基础热舒适反应规律、合理制定热环境标准的重要途径。     

Indoor human thermal adaptation: dynamic processes and weighting factors

In this study, we explore the correlations between indoor climate change and human thermal adaptation, especially with regard to the timescale and weighting factors of physiological adaptation. A comparative experiment was conducted in China where wintertime indoor climate in the southern region (devoid of space heating) is much colder than in the northern region (with pervasive district heating). Four subject groups with different indoor thermal experiences participated in this climate chamber experiment. The results indicate that previous indoor thermal exposure is an important contributor to occupants’ physiological adaptation. More specifically, subjects acclimated to neutral‐warm indoors tended to have stronger physiological responses and felt more uncomfortable in moderate cold exposures than those adapted to the cold. As for the driving force of thermal adaptation, physiological acclimation is an important aspect among all the supposed adaptive layers. However, the physiological adaptation speed lags behind changes in the overall subjective perception.     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(3):冬夏对比分析

沿用经典热舒适研究方法,对我国湿热地区自然通风环境受试者分别进行夏季和冬季气候室实验,并对其心理反应与生理反应作冬夏季对比,得到其热反应的季节性变化特征为:与夏季相比,冬季的热感觉保持不变,但热舒适度与可接受度在低温环境显著降低,而在高温环境显著升高;心率显著增加,皮肤温度有所升高,在高温环境下的皮肤湿润度有所降低.季节性变化特征为湿热地区人群心理适应与生理习服提供了重要证据.     

Thermal perception,adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions

Highly relevant to an individual's thermal perception, the thermal environment in outdoor public spaces impacts the use of such spaces. Thermal adaptation, which involves physiological, psychological and behavioral factors, also plays an important role in assessment of thermal environments by users. Given that these issues have rarely been addressed for outdoor environments in hot and humid regions, this study examines user thermal comfort in a public square in Taiwan. Physical measurements were taken and a questionnaire survey was used to assess the thermal comfort of subjects. The number of people visiting the square was also counted. Analytical results indicate that the thermal comfort range and neutral temperature of subjects was higher than those of people in a temperate region. Additionally, local subjects preferred a cool temperature and weak sunlight, and adapted to thermal environments by seeking shelter outdoors. Analytical results confirm the existence of thermal adaptation and illustrate the characteristics of, and variances in, thermal adaptation. During the cool season, the number of people visiting the square increased as the thermal index value increased. However, the number of people frequenting the square decreased as the thermal index increased during the hot season. These experimental results were compared with those for temperate regions, indicating that the human energy balance model cannot fully explain the influence of climate on use of public spaces; that is, psychological and behavioral factors also play important roles in outdoor thermal comfort. Study findings also elucidate design of outdoor public spaces in hot and humid regions.     

地震灾后人体热适应性能力的变化

以地震灾后人体热适应能力为分析对象,研究了在地震灾后房屋损毁,基础设施破坏的特殊情况下.人体热适应性能力的变化.通过对汶川地震灾后实地测试和问卷工作,结合热适应性模型,分析了灾后人体热适应性能力的变化.并与常规条件下的热适应性能力比较,得出了地震灾后人体的热适应能力有增强的趋势,并对这种特殊情况下的差异性进行了分析.     

国内高校建筑热环境现场研究的现状及展望

本文从主客观两方面,对近年高校建筑的热环境现场研究进行了总结,着重分析了不同地域、研究对象等情况下的热环境状况,做出了全面的综述。目前,我国校园建筑热环境研究还不够全面。未来应该进一步对夏热冬暖、温和地区这两个气候区进行研究,并丰富现场研究的调查方式。从业人员可以基于测试者生理,心理反馈及调节行为,制定适应不同气候、不同对象的评价指标。     

Expectations of indoor climate control

This paper discusses reassessment of indoor climate control in the context of current thermal comfort practice and research. We review the limitations of comfort models and standards with several examples. We examine how people's thermal sensation and preference may be influenced by culture and climate and associated issues of thermal expectations and adaptation. Finally, we discuss how incorporating these factors into future comfort standards might yield more ‘effective’ indoor climate control.     

Fukuoka: Adapting to climate change through urban green space and the built environment?

This paper profiles Fukuoka City in Kyushu, Japan. We focus on the city's local climate change adaptation policies, and in particular the role of urban and greenspace planning in facilitating adaptation actions within Fukuoka. Fukuoka is a humid subtropical city which is currently experiencing significant population and economic growth. It has also made comparatively rigorous advances in climate adaptation, in a country context where local governments have been criticised for focusing more on mitigation. Fukuoka hence may yield lessons for other rapidly urbanising subtropical Asian cities. We illustrate that Fukuoka has a long tradition of science-policy connection towards the creation of a liveable urban environment. This creates a favourable research and policy infrastructure for adaptation, in particular mitigation of heat risk. This is evidenced in consideration of climate issues within the city's greenspace plans since the 1990s, and in an extensive body of underpinning applied research from local institutions into urban thermal environments in particular. Fukuoka's green terraced ACROS building has come to symbolise adaptation via the built environment, and has been followed by the emergence of further green roofs and through citizen and private sector involvement in smaller-scale greening actions. We caution that challenges remain around connecting different sections of local governments, and in maintaining climate and environmental imperatives in the face of ongoing development and expansion pressures.