ESCAPE AND APPROACH RESPONSES IN AVOIDANCE LEARNING.

IN EXP. I, 18 MALE ALBINO SPRAGUE-DAWLEY 85-100 DAY OLD RATS WERE ORIGINALLY TRAINED TO RUN FROM A DISTINCTIVE SHOCK CHAMBER (SIDE A) TO A DISTINCTIVE SAFE CHAMBER (SIDE B) AND CONFINED ON SIDE B FOR EITHER 30 OR 150 SEC. AFTER REACHING CRITERION, ALL GROUPS WERE GIVEN REVERSAL TRAINING (SIDE B TO SIDE A) WITH 30-SEC CONFINEMENT. THE GROUP WITH 150-SEC CONFINEMENT IN ORIGINAL LEARNING LEARNED FASTER BUT REVERSED SLOWER THAN THE 2 30-SEC CONTROL GROUPS. IN EXP. II, 52 MALE SS WERE SHOCKED OR NOT SHOCKED IN AN EXTERNAL SHOCK BOX, AND THEN TRANSPORTED BY HAND TO 1 SIDE OF A 1-WAY BOX FOR EITHER 30 OR 150 SEC. OF CONFINEMENT. AFTER 8 TRIALS, ALL GROUPS WERE GIVEN AVOIDANCE TRAINING EITHER TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THEIR PRETRAINING CONFINEMENT CHAMBER. THE GROUP THAT WAS BOTH SHOCKED IN THE EXTERNAL SHOCK BOX AND CONFINED FOR 150 SEC. LEARNED FASTER WHEN RUN TOWARD AND SLOWER WHEN RUN AWAY FROM THE PRETRAINING CONFINEMENT SIDE THAN ALL OTHER GROUPS (CONTROLS). (FRENCH SUMMARY) (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FACTORS UNDERLYING IMPROVEMENT IN SERIAL REVERSAL LEARNING.

THE 1ST OF 4 EXPERIMENTS WITH 34 RATS SUGGESTED THAT SERIAL REVERSAL TRAINING CAUSES 2 CHANGES IN REVERSAL PERFORMANCE: THE PROBABILITY OF AN ERROR ON TRIAL I DECREASES AND THE SUBSEQUENT RATE OF ERROR REDUCTION INCREASES. EXP. II SHOWED THAT SS REVERSED WITHIN DAYS BUT NOT BETWEEN DAYS ALSO PERFORMED AT CHANCE ON TRIAL I OF EACH DAY. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE CHANGE IN TRIAL I PERFORMANCE IS DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE, I.E., TO SS' FORGETTING WHICH ALTERNATIVE WAS LAST CORRECT. EXP. III AND IV SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE RATE OF WITHIN-PROBLEM LEARNING ARE NOT DUE TO THE ACQUISITION OF A GENERAL STRATEGY. IN EXP. III PRETRAINING ON POSITION REVERSAL INTERFERED WITH RATHER THAN BENEFITED BRIGHTNESS REVERSAL LEARNING. IN EXP. IV, ALTHOUGH THE 2 PROBLEMS REQUIRE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES, PRETRAINING ON BRIGHTNESS REVERSALS BENEFITED RATHER THAN INTERFERED WITH BRIGHTNESS PROBABILITY LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EXPERIMENTAL STRESS AND LEARNING IN THE AGED.

SERIAL ROTE VERBAL LEARNING UNDER FAST (4 SEC.) AND SLOW (10 SEC.) PACING WAS ADMINISTERED TO 6 GROUPS OF AGED MEN OVER 60 (MEAN AGE = 67.8, N = 54) UNDER 3 LEVELS OF EXPERIMENTAL STRESS. MAXIMAL EFFECTS OF INDUCED STRESS INCLUDING RESPONSE INHIBITION WERE PREDICTED FOR SLOWER PACING. RESULTS CONFIRMED THE HYPOTHESIS AND SUGGEST THAT THE INCREASED LEARNING AND RESPONSIVITY OF AGED SS WITH LONGER EXPOSURE DURATION MAY BE A FUNCTION OF ANXIETY REDUCTION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COPING AND AVOIDANCE IN INEBRIATED ALCOHOLICS AND NORMALS.

INEBRIATION SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE COPING BEHAVIOR OF ALCOHOLICS AS MEASURED BY A SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST. NORMALS SHOWED THE OPPOSITE PATTERN OF CHANGE. IT WAS INFERRED THAT ALCOHOL THEREFORE ACTS TO RELEASE BEHAVIORS WHICH ARE LATENT AND INTERDICTED IN THE SOBER STATE FOR BOTH GROUPS. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ARE MADE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LEARNING POTENTIAL AND RIGIDITY IN THE ADOLESCENT MENTALLY RETARDED.

PERFORMANCE OF 40 EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED (EMR) ADOLESCENTS AFTER COACHING ON A NONVERBAL REASONING TASK VARIES CONSIDERABLY. SS WHOSE SCORES IMPROVED MARKEDLY ON THE REASONING TASK (GAINERS) CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THOSE WHO DID NOT BENEFIT FROM THE COACHING EXPERIENCE (NONGAINERS), WHEN TRADITIONAL IQ AND SCHOOL-HISTORY CRITERIA ARE EXAMINED. GAINER EMRS DEMONSTRATED LESS RIGIDITY THAN NONGAINERS ON A SIMPLE REPETITIVE TASK, TENDING TO SATIATE MORE FREQUENTLY. GAINERS ALSO TENDED TO SHIFT CONCEPTS MORE READILY THAN NONGAINERS AND MA CONTROLS. CA CONTROLS WERE LEAST RIGID ON BOTH TASKS. GAINERS' PERFORMANCE PARALLELED THIS GROUP. A HISTORY OF SOCIAL DEPRIVATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED PERFORMANCE ON THE SIMPLE REPETITIVE TASKS BUT NOT ON THE CONCEPT-SHIFT PROBLEM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONCEPT-SHIFT AND DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL LEARNING IN HUMANS.

REVIEWS CURRENT STUDIES UNDER 6 HEADINGS: (1) PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT DURING EXTRADIMENSIONAL SHIFT, (2) NUMBER OF RESPONSE CHOICES, (3) AGE * TYPE OF SHIFT, (4) INTELLIGENCE, (5) DEGREE OF ORIGINAL TRAINING, AND (6) VERBAL, PERCEPTUAL, AND ATTENTIONAL FACTORS. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE SHIFT PROCESS ARE CONSIDERED AND AN EFFORT IS MADE TO EVALUATE EACH OF THEM IN TERMS OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED. (5 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS IN THE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

HIGH- AND LOW-DISTRACTIBLE RETARDATES OF MIXED ETIOLOGY AND NORMALS OF A COMPARABLE MA LEARNED A 3-CHOICE SIZE DISCRIMINATION WITH AND WITHOUT AN ADDITIONAL CUE. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE ALWAYS INDICATED THE CORRECT STIMULUS, AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE INDICATED AN INCORRECT STIMULUS. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN EACH OF THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE WAS E'S FINGER, FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE WAS A LIGHT. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RETARDATES ARE MORE OUTER-DIRECTED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN NORMALS GENERATED THE PREDICTION THAT THE LEARNING OF THE RETARDATES WOULD BE MORE ENHANCED IN THE POSITIVE CONDITION AND MORE DEBILITATED IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS FOUND IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. NO DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE OF CUE OR LEVEL OF DISTRACTIBILITY WERE FOUND. FAMILIAL RETARDATES WERE FOUND TO BE LESS OUTER-DIRECTED IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WERE NONFAMILIAL RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE TOTAL-TIME HYPOTHESIS IN VERBAL LEARNING.

THE TOTAL-TIME HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT A FIXED AMOUNT OF TIME IS NECESSARY TO LEARN A FIXED AMOUNT OF MATERIAL REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL TRIALS INTO WHICH THAT TIME IS DIVIDED. THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HYPOTHESIS CAN BE EXPECTED TO HOLD WHENEVER TASK REQUIREMENTS DO NOT EXCEED SIMPLE REHEARSAL, AND WHENEVER EFFECTIVE TIME, THE TIME DURING WHICH REHEARSAL IS ACTUALLY EVOKED, BEARS A POSITIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP TO NOMINAL TIME. THE TOTAL-TIME RELATIONSHIP, WITH A DISTINCTION BETWEEN NOMINAL AND EFFECTIVE TIME, PROVIDES PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF BOTH THE RESULTS OF PROMPTING AND CONFIRMATION STUDIES AND THE VON RESTORFF EFFECT. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

世界线材生产现状与发展

通过对世界线材生产与消费现状,尤其与我国线材生产、消费及品种结构进行了对比分析,就我国线材生产及品种结构的发展方向进行了评述。     

POSITIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL PROBES IN SERIAL LEARNING.

24 COLLEGE MALES PARTICIPATED IN 2 EXPERIMENTS WHICH USED A SHORT-TERM MEMORY TASK AND 3 TYPES OF PROBE TESTS. IN EXP. I, DESIGNED TO DISCOVER IF POSITIONAL CUES ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SEQUENTIAL CUES IN SERIAL LIST LEARNING, EACH LIST WAS SEEN ONCE AND FOLLOWED BY A SINGLE PROBE TEST FOR A SINGLE ITEM. SERIAL POSITION CURVES SHOWED THAT THE POSITIONAL PROBE LED TO SOMEWHAT HIGHER RECALL OF ITEMS OCCUPYING THE END POSITIONS OF A LIST THAN THE SEQUENTIAL PROBE. EXP. II WAS UNDERTAKEN TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POSITION PROBE. 5 TRIALS WERE GIVEN BEFORE A RECALL TEST. SERIAL POSITION CURVES FOR THE 3 TYPES OF PROBES SHOWED THAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE OVER-ALL RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS INDICATING THAT POSITIONAL CUES AND SEQUENTIAL CUES MAY BE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN SERIAL LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

攀钢钢水质量的现状及满足连铸要求的对策

调研了攀钢现工艺条件下炼钢工艺现状，分析了现工艺与连铸钢台炼不相适应的主要问题，提出了相应的措施，并在此基础上进行了工业性试验，满足了连铸对钢水质量的要求。     

中国经济发展面临的矿产资源形势与对策

矿产资源在中国经济发展中占据非常重要的地位 ,但中国矿产资源存在一系列问题。我国矿产资源总量虽大 ,但人均占有量低 ;石油、天然气、铁、铜、铝土矿、钾盐等关系国计民生的矿产储量不足 ,质量低劣 ;矿产资源分布不均等。而我国未来经济发展对矿产资源的需求量将大幅度增加。因此 ,矿产资源已成为制约中国经济可持续发展最主要的因素之一。为了使我国经济在 2 1世纪保持持续发展 ,实现全面建设小康社会和实现现代化的目标 ,我们必须采取相应对策。主要对策有开源节流 ;充分利用国外资源 ;加强科技投入以提高矿产资源利用效率等     

我国铜粉的生产与消费现状

本文分析了近年来我国铜粉的生产、进出口及消费现状 ,并对铜粉市场今后的发展提出了若干建议。     

CONJUNCTIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE CONCEPT LEARNING IN HUMANS AND SQUIRREL MONKEYS.

40 HUMANS AND 16 SQUIRREL MONKEYS LEARNED A CONJUNCTIVE AND A DISJUNCTIVE CONCEPT IN A CHOICE PROCEDURE IN WHICH A POSITIVE AND A NEGATIVE INSTANCE WERE PRESENTED ON EACH TRIAL. THERE WERE 2 RELEVANT AND 2 IRRELEVANT DIMENSIONS. HUMANS FOUND DISJUNCTIVE CONCEPTS MORE DIFFICULT; THIS TREND WAS SLIGHTLY REVERSED FOR THE MONKEYS. MONKEYS WERE MORE INFLUENCED BY THE NATURE OF THE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS THAN WERE HUMANS. VINCENT LEARNING CURVES SHOWED IMPROVEMENT PRIOR TO CRITERION IN ALL CASES, IN AGREEMENT WITH THE TRABASSO-BOWER MODEL FOR 2-CUE CONCEPT LEARNING. RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND DISCRIMINATION LEARNING MODELS OF CONCEPTUAL BEHAVIOR. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

飞机刹车用C/C复合材料的应用现状与发展

综述了C/C复合材料在飞机刹车上的应用现状和发展状况,对比了它和其它刹车材料的性能,介绍了国外C/C刹车材料的制造工艺。     

我国中厚板轧钢厂生产技术现状及发展趋势

我国的中厚板生产技术将伴随钢铁工业的迅猛发展及下游产业的需求变化而快速发展。中厚板生产技术的发展趋势是产品以高强专用特殊板为主，采用的技术是以TMCP和微合金化为主，辅之满足下游用户特殊需要的探伤、喷丸和热处理等工艺。在供求关系上，目前的中低档产品供大于求，通过3-5年时间将达到供求的动态平衡，逐步实现高档、高质量产品100％国产化。     

直接还原现状和对我省发展的意见

介绍了国内外直接还原铁的现状，并提出了我省发展直接还原铁的意见 。     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF INCENTIVE MAGNITUDE AND RELATIVE EVENT FREQUENCY IN PROBABILITY LEARNING.

EACH OF 160 UNDERGRADUATES MADE 400 2-CHOICE PREDICTIONS WHICH CONSISTED OF A RANDOM SEQUENCE OF HIGH- AND LOW-RISK TRIALS. 8 GROUPS WERE FORMED BY VARYING EVENT FREQUENCIES UNDER BOTH RISK LEVELS. CHOICE PROPORTIONS REVEALED A STRONG OVERALL INCENTIVE EFFECT WITHIN-SS, WHEREAS BETWEEN-SS INCENTIVE STUDIES HAVE GENERALLY FAILED TO SHOW DIFFERENCES. CHOICE PROPORTIONS UNDER EACH INCENTIVE LEVEL WERE RELATED TO EVENT FREQUENCIES UNDER THE 2ND INCENTIVE LEVEL. SUBJECTIVE ESTIMATES OF EVENT PROPORTIONS ALSO SHOWED AN INCENTIVE EFFECT. OBSERVED CONDITIONAL STATISTICS WERE FOUND TO BE AT VARIANCE WITH BASIC REINFORCEMENT ASSUMPTIONS CONTAINED IN SEVERAL MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHOICE BEHAVIOR. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

世界薄板坯连铸连轧技术的现状及未来在唐钢的发展

论述了世界上已开发的江板坯连铸连轧技术的现状和发展趋势,介绍了薄板坯连铸连轧技术发展的一些特点。针对唐山钢铁公司技术的现状,提出了发展薄板坯连铸技术的有关建议。     

湖南省钢铁工业清洁生产现状与发展

分析了湖南省钢铁工业清洁生产现状，清洁生产的产生及在我国的发展，提出了湖南省钢铁工业推进清洁生产的发展思路。