VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE STABILITY AND COMMONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS, NEUROTICS, AND NORMALS.

4 ASSOCIATIONS TO EACH OF 16 STIMULUS WORDS, 8 JUDGED TO BE ANXIETY WORDS AND 8 NEUTRAL WORDS, WERE OBTAINED UNDER RELAXED AND TIME-PRESSURE CONDITIONS FROM EACH OF 40 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 32 NEUROTICS, AND 27 NORMALS ON 2 SUCCESSIVE DAYS. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND NEUROTICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NORMALS IN THEIR ASSOCIATIONS, AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NEUROTICS IN THEIR RESPONSES TO ANXIETY WORDS. TIME PRESSURE MADE SCHIZOPHRENICS EVEN LESS STABLE AND NEUROTICS MORE STABLE. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE MORE UNCOMMON THAN THOSE OF NEUROTICS OR NORMALS. ALL GROUPS GAVE MORE UNCOMMON RESPONSES WHEN RESPONDING TO ANXIETY WORDS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL WORDS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A PARTIAL DISORGANIZATION OF VERBAL HABITS IS AN ASPECT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH A RESPONSE-STRENGTH CEILING INTERPRETATION OF THIS DISORGANIZATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVES IN ALCOHOLICS AND SOCIAL DRINKERS.

33 ALCOHOLICS AND 33 SOCIAL DRINKERS MATCHED FOR AGE, SEX, OCCUPATION, AND MARITAL STATUS WERE COMPARED USING WALLACE'S METHOD OF MEASURING FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ALCOHOLICS HAD SUBSTANTIALLY LESS EXTENSIVE AND LESS COHERENT PERSPECTIVES. A CORRELATION BETWEEN AGE AND EXTENSION FOR THE ALCOHOLICS INDICATES THAT THE DEFICIENCY MAY DEVELOP AS A RESPONSE TO PROBLEM DRINKING RATHER THAN BEING A SELECTIVE FACTOR IN ITS DEVELOPMENT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEATH IDEATION IN SUICIDAL PATIENTS.

IN A 3 * 2 * 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN WITH REPEATED MEASURES ON THE LAST FACTOR, A SUICIDE ATTEMPT, SUICIDE IDEATION, AND NONSUICIDAL CONTROL GROUP OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SS, DIVIDED INTO PSYCHOTIC AND NEUROTIC SUBGROUPS OF 15 SS EACH, VIEWED UNPLEASANT SLIDES AND DEATH SLIDES. MEASURES OF VIEWING TIME, RATED TENSION, AND RATED LIKING WERE OBTAINED. PARTIAL CONFIRMATION WAS OBTAINED FOR THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PSYCHOTIC SS WOULD SHOW LESS THREAT TO DEATH SLIDES THAN THE NEUROTICS. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SUICIDAL SS WOULD SHOW MORE AVOIDANCE, TENSION, AND DISLIKE FOR THE DEATH SLIDES THAN THE CONTROLS WAS NOT SUPPORTED. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE SUICIDE ATTEMPT GROUP WOULD SHOW LESS AVOIDANCE, TENSION, AND DISLIKE THAN THE SUICIDE IDEATION GROUP WAS NOT SUPPORTED. THE HYPOTHESIZED ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE FROM DEATH, COGNITIVE STYLE, AND THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES OF DEATH ARE DISCUSSED. (27 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SIMPLE REACTION TIME IN SCHIZOPHRENIC, RETARDED, AND NORMAL CHILDREN UNDER REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PREPARATORY INTERVAL CONDITIONS.

ATTEMPTED TO REPLICATE, WITH MINOR MODIFICATIONS, E. H. RODNICK AND D. SHAKOW'S (SEE 15:4) STUDY ON R.T. SS WERE 20 SCHIZOPHRENIC, 20 RETARDED, AND 20 NORMAL CHILDREN. THE PROCEDURE CONSISTED OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PREPARATORY INTERVAL CONDITIONS. SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SLOWER AND MORE VARIABLE THAN THE CONTROLS. WHEN APPLYING THE SET-INDEX FORMULAS, A 10% OVERLAP BETWEEN NORMALS AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WAS ALSO EVIDENT. NO CLEAR SEPARATION COULD BE OBTAINED BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND RETARDED CHILDREN. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ANXIETY ABOUT DRINKING IN ALCOHOLICS.

TESTED THE HYPOTHESES THAT ALCOHOLICS WOULD SHOW INCREASES IN ANXIETY (1) WHEN ANTICIPATING, AND (2) AFTER HAVING TAKEN A DRINK. 30 ALCOHOLICS, 30 NORMALS, AND 30 SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE TESTED ON 2 OCCASIONS WITH THE NOWLIS-GREEN MOOD ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (MACL). FOLLOWING THE 1ST TEST SESSION EACH DIAGNOSTIC GROUP WAS RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS WHICH RECEIVED DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS: (1) A CONTROL GROUP WAS TOLD THEY WOULD RECEIVE NO ALCOHOL, (2) AN ANTICIPATORY GROUP WAS TOLD THEY WOULD BE GIVEN A DRINK FOLLOWING TESTING, AND (3) AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP DRANK 1 OZ. OF WHISKEY AND WAS THEN TESTED. ONLY THE ALCOHOLIC ANTICIPATORY GROUP INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY ON THE ANXIETY FACTOR OF THE MACL. THIS RESULT: (1) SUPPORTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ALCOHOLICS BECOME MORE ANXIOUS THAN NONALCOHOLICS WHEN ANTICIPATING TAKING A DRINK, AND (2) SUGGESTS THE BEGINNINGS OF AN EMPIRICAL FOUNDATION TO WHICH CERTAIN TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR ALCOHOLICS MAY BE RELATED. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF DESENSITIZATION AND PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION IN TREATING TEST ANXIETY.

STUDENTS WHO REPORTED HIGH LEVELS OF TEST ANXIETY RECEIVED SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION, RELAXATION TRAINING, OR NO TREATMENT. THESE SS WERE FOLLOWED ON 4 MEASURES BELIEVED TO REFLECT ANXIETY LEVEL. IT WAS PREDICTED, IN KEEPING WITH DESENSITIZATION BY COUNTERCONDITIONING, THAT DESENSITIZED SS WOULD SHOW LESS ANXIETY THAN SS WHO RECEIVED ONLY RELAXATION TRAINING AND THAT BOTH GROUPS WOULD SHOW LESS TEST ANXIETY AFTER TREATMENT THAN CONTROLS. RESULTS SHOW THAT DESENSITIZATION SS ATTAINED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER GRADES THAN THE OTHER 2 GROUPS WHICH DID NOT DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER. THE OTHER MEASURES SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS. SINCE THE RESULTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND NONREACTIVE MEASURE CONFIRM THE PREDICTION WITH REGARD TO THE SUPERIORITY OF DESENSITIZATION OVER THE 2 CONTROL CONDITIONS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT EVIDENCE FOR THE COUNTERCONDITIONING EXPLANATION WAS PROVIDED. (29 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTRASUBJECT RESPONSE VARIABILITY IN RELATION TO INTELLIGENCE.

COMPARED INTRAINDIVIDUAL RESPONSE VARIABILITIES OF NORMALS AND RETARDATES. IN EXP. I, WITH 45 RETARDATES AND 45 COLLEGE STUDENTS, INVOLVING A RT PROCEDURE, INDIVIDUAL RETARDATES WERE BOTH SLOWER AND LESS CONSISTENT IN THEIR REACTIONS. IN EXP. II. WITH 30 RETARDATES AND 30 COLLEGE STUDENTS, EMPLOYING A SHORT-TERM MEMORY TASK, THE MENTALLY SUBNORMAL SS WERE LESS ACCURATE AND MORE VARIABLE THAN NORMALS. VARIABILITY OF BOTH GROUPS INCREASED AS RETENTION INTERVAL INCREASED. RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF MENTALLY RETARDED SS IS CHARACTERIZED AS MUCH BY INCONSISTENCY AS IT IS BY A LOW LEVEL. INCREASED INTRA-S RESPONSE VARIABILITY WITHIN CERTAIN DEVIANT GROUPS MAY HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE: ITS RELATION TO THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND THE DELINQUENT ROLE.

USED THE ASSUMPTION THAT PERSONAL FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (FTP) IS RELATED TO THE OUTCOME OF THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NONDELINQUENT (ND) AND DELINQUENT (D) BOYS WOULD BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN THE EXTENT OF FTP. 100 NDS AND 100 DS MATCHED FOR AGE, SOCIAL STATUS, RACE, AND INTELLIGENCE WERE ADMINISTERED THE FUTURE EVENTS TEST. THE NDS ACHIEVED A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER EXTENT OF FTP THAN THE DS. RESULTS WERE REPLICATED ON A RANDOM SAMPLE OF 100 NDS AND 100 DS. THE RESULTS WERE ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN THE MATCHED GROUPS. AN ANALYSIS OF THE 36 TEST ITEMS REVEALED THOSE ITEMS WITH (1) DIFFERENTIAL ENDORSEMENT BETWEEN ND AND D SAMPLES, (2) SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT MEAN FUTURE AGE SCORES BETWEEN GROUPS, AND (3) DIFFERENTIAL VARIABILITY BETWEEN THE NDS AND DS. GENERALLY THE NDS ENDORSED THE MORE PROSOCIAL ITEMS, WERE MORE HOMOGENEOUS IN FTP SCORES, AND WERE MORE REALITY ORIENTED WITH REGARD TO THE FUTURE. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PUNCTUAL AND PROCRASTINATING STUDENTS: A STUDY OF TEMPORAL PARAMETERS.

PUNCTUAL AND PROCRASTINATING STUDENTS, SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF WHEN IN THE SEMESTER THEY MET A COURSE REQUIREMENT, WERE COMPARED ON A NUMBER OF TEMPORAL PARAMETERS. THE 2 GROUPS CONSISTED OF MALES SIMILAR IN AGE, EDUCATION, COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION BOARD SCORES, COLLEGE GRADES, AND EXTENT OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES. THE GROUPS DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY ON AUTHORITARIAN VALUES, MEASURES OF DIVERGENT THINKING, AND GENERAL INTELLIGENCE, BUT THEY DID DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY ON SEVERAL MEASURES OF TEMPORAL PARAMETERS. PUNCTUAL SS HAD GREATER FUTURE TIME EXTENSION IN FANTASY PRODUCTIONS, REPORTED LESS PREOCCUPATION WITH DEATH, AND DID SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER ON THE WAIS PICTURE ARRANGEMENT, A SCALE ASSUMED TO ASSESS THE CAPACITY FOR ANTICIPATION AND PLANNING. THERE WAS ALSO A TREND (P     

PERFORMANCE AND REMINISCENCE OF BRAIN-DAMAGED, BEHAVIOR-DISORDERED, AND NORMAL CHILDREN ON FOUR PSYCHOMOTOR AND PERCEPTUAL TESTS.

TEST RESULTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESES THAT NORMAL CHILDREN ACCUMULATE LESS REACTIVE INHIBITION THAN BRAIN DAMAGED AND BEHAVIOR DISORDERED SS AND THAT BRAIN DAMAGE PRODUCES EXTRAVERTED BEHAVIOR. 11-15 YR. OLD CHILDREN (25 BRAIN DAMAGED, 25 BEHAVIOR DISORDERED, AND 25 NORMALS) OF AT LEAST AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE WERE SAMPLED. RESULTS REVEALED NORMAL SS WITH LESS REMINISCENCE EFFECTS, ON 2 OF THE 4 TESTS, THAN THE OTHER SS. THE NORMAL SS HAD BETTER PERFORMANCE LEVELS ON ALL 4 TESTS. THE BRAIN DAMAGED SS HAD PERFORMANCE AND REMINISCENCE EFFECTS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF BEHAVIOR DISORDERED SS. A DISCRIMINATE FUNCTION ANALYSIS CORRECTLY CLASSIFIED 84% OF THE SS. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONCEPT USAGE RESEARCH WITH THE MENTALLY RETARDED.

STUDIES REVIEWED ARE GROUPED BY METHODOLOGY (ASSOCIATIVE CLUSTERING AND SORTING) AND BY S POPULATION (FAMILIAL AND ORGANIC) TO AID CROSS-EXPERIMENT COMPARISONS. 2 OF THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ARE (1) THAT RETARDATES EVIDENTLY DO HAVE CONCEPTS AVAILABLE BUT ARE LESS ABLE TO USE THEM THAN ARE NORMALS WHEN VERBAL LABELING IS REQUIRED, AND (2) THAT WHEN ATTENTION IS CALLED TO THE RELEVANT CUES IN A SITUATION, THE RETARDATE DOES AS WELL AS OR BETTER THAN HIS MA CONTROL. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RESISTANCE TO TEMPTATION, GUILT FOLLOWING YIELDING, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.

DETERMINED THE RELATION BETWEEN RESISTANCE TO TEMPTATION AND GUILT FOLLOWING YIELDING, AS MEASURED BY PROJECTIVE STORY COMPLETIONS, AS WELL AS RESISTANCE AND GUILT TO MENTAL HEALTH. EXP. I COMPARED INSTITUTIONALIZED SCHIZOPHRENICS AND CONTROLS; EXP. II COMPARED INSTITUTIONALIZED NEUROTICS AND CONTROLS; EXP. III COMPARED STUDENTS VARYING IN ADJUSTMENT AS MEASURED BY A PERSONALITY INVENTORY. IN ALL 3, RESISTANCE AND GUILT SCORES WERE UNRELATED, BUT RESISTANCE WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL HEALTH. THEORIES OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SHOW MORE CONCERN WITH GUILT THAN RESISTANCE; A REVERSAL MIGHT PROVE FRUITFUL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE AND CHILDREN'S INTELLIGENCE.

INDEPENDENT INTERVIEW RESPONSES OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS TO 4 INDEXES OF MALEVOLENT BEHAVIOR WERE CORRELATED WITH CTMM IQ SCORES OF 451 3RD GRADERS. THE RESULTS SUPPORTED THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS: (1) PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE AND CHILDREN'S IQS ARE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED, (2) MOTHER-DAUGHTER PAIRS SHOW THE STRONGEST ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE AND CHILD'S IQ, (3) PARENTAL EDUCATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ACCOUNT FOR LITTLE OF THE COVARIANCE BETWEEN PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE AND CHILD'S IQ, AND (4) THE LINKAGE BETWEEN CHILD'S IQ AND PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE IS MORE APPARENT AMONG PARENTS HAVING LESS THAN A HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION THAN IT IS AMONG PARENTS WHO HAVE ATTENDED COLLEGE. THE INTERPRETATION THAT PARENTAL MALEVOLENCE IS CAUSALLY RELATED TO CHILDREN'S INTELLIGENCE APPEARS MORE DEFENSIBLE THAN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS IN THE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

HIGH- AND LOW-DISTRACTIBLE RETARDATES OF MIXED ETIOLOGY AND NORMALS OF A COMPARABLE MA LEARNED A 3-CHOICE SIZE DISCRIMINATION WITH AND WITHOUT AN ADDITIONAL CUE. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE ALWAYS INDICATED THE CORRECT STIMULUS, AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE INDICATED AN INCORRECT STIMULUS. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN EACH OF THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE WAS E'S FINGER, FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE WAS A LIGHT. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RETARDATES ARE MORE OUTER-DIRECTED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN NORMALS GENERATED THE PREDICTION THAT THE LEARNING OF THE RETARDATES WOULD BE MORE ENHANCED IN THE POSITIVE CONDITION AND MORE DEBILITATED IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS FOUND IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. NO DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE OF CUE OR LEVEL OF DISTRACTIBILITY WERE FOUND. FAMILIAL RETARDATES WERE FOUND TO BE LESS OUTER-DIRECTED IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WERE NONFAMILIAL RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INFLUENCE OF TRAINING, METHOD, AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE HALO EFFECT.

120 STUDENT NURSES EACH RATED 6 PEERS ON 10-POINT SCALES FOR 6 SETS OF TRAITS. THE VARIANCE OF A JUDGE'S RATINGS FOR EACH OBJECT WAS FOUND, AND THE VARIANCE SCORES OF THE 6 OBJECTS FOR EACH JUDGE SUMMED, MEASURING THE HALO EFFECT BY THIS DISPERSION SCORE. TRAINED JUDGES EXHIBITED LESS HALO THAN UNTRAINED, BUT RATINGS MADE BY RATING 1 S ON 6 TRAITS AT A TIME YIELDED THE SAME AMOUNT OF HALO AS DID THOSE MADE BY RATING ALL SS ON 1 TRAIT AT A TIME. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE JUDGE AND THE OBJECT WAS A SIGNIFICANT VARIABLE FOR THE UNTRAINED JUDGES. HERE THE RATINGS FOR THE LESS INTENSE RELATIONSHIP EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE HALO THAN THE RATINGS FOR THE INTENSE RELATIONSHIP. TRAINING OF THE JUDGES IMPROVED ALL RATINGS UNTIL THE JUDGE-OBJECT RELATIONSHIP WAS INSIGNIFICANT. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF HYPNOSIS AS ROLE ENACTMENT.

3 VARIABLES DRAWN FROM ROLE THEORY WERE INVESTIGATED AS PREDICTORS OF HYPNOTIC RESPONSIVENESS: (1) CONGRUENCE OF SELF AND ROLE (ASSESSED BY QUESTIONNAIRE), (2) ROLE EXPECTATIONS (ASSESSED BY QUESTIONNAIRE), AND (3) ROLE-TAKING APTITUDE (DRAMA VS. SCIENCE STUDENTS). 168 SS (78 DRAMA STUDENTS, 91 SCIENCE STUDENTS) WERE ADMINISTERED THE 2 QUESTIONNAIRES AND THE HARVARD GROUP SCALE OF HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. 2 HYPOTHESES WERE TESTED: (1) SS HIGH ON ANY 1 OF THE VARIABLES WOULD SHOW MORE HYPNOTIC RESPONSIVENESS THAN SS LOW ON THE SAME VARIABLE. (2) SS HIGH ON ALL 3 VARIABLES WOULD SHOW MORE HYPNOTIC RESPONSIVENESS THAN THOSE HIGH ON 2 VARIABLES; SS HIGH ON 2 VARIABLES WOULD SHOW MORE HYPNOTIC RESPONSIVENESS THAN THOSE HIGH ON 1 VARIABLE; AND SO ON. HYPOTHESIS 1 WAS CONFIRMED FOR ROLE-EXPECTATION AND ROLE-TAKING APTITUDE BUT NOT FOR CONGRUENCE OF SELF AND ROLE. HYPOTHESIS 1 WAS CONFIRMED FOR ROLE-EXPECTATION AND ROLE-TAKING APTITUDE BUT NOT FOR CONGRUENCE OF SELF AND ROLE. HYPOTHESIS 2 WAS CONFIRMED. QUALIFICATIONS OF THE VARIABLES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONSISTENCY, RIGIDITY, AND POWER IN THE INTERACTION PATTERNS OF CLINIC AND NONCLINIC FAMILIES.

22 FAMILIES, INCLUDING BOTH PARENTS AND THE 2 OLDER CHILDREN, WERE STUDIED AS THEY INTERACTED ON 4 TASKS. PATTERNS OF FREQUENCY OF "WHO TALKS TO WHOM" WERE FOUND TO BE HIGHLY STABLE FOR FAMILIES IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS AND OVER TIME. THE LEADERSHIP PATTERNS OF THE 2 GROUPS OF FAMILIES WERE DIFFERENT: IN GENERAL, PARENTS IN NONCLINIC (NC) FAMILIES HAD MORE INFLUENCE THAN PARENTS IN CLINIC (C) FAMILIES, WHILE OLDER CHILDREN IN C FAMILIES HAD MORE INFLUENCE THAN THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN NC FAMILIES. C FAMILIES SHOWED LESS "RIGIDITY" OF CLIQUES THAN NC FAMILIES. IMPLICATIONS ARE RAISED FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF ROLE AND ORDINAL POSITION IN DETERMINING THE OPERATIONS OF MEMBERS IN THEIR FAMILY SYSTEMS. (15 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELF-CONTROL PROCEDURES IN THE MODIFICATION OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR.

THE AUTHOR'S WIFE SMOKED CIGARETTS ONLY WHEN SEATED IN A PARTICULAR CHAIR. SITTING IN THE CHAIR PRODUCED TIME OUT FROM VARIOUS SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL REINFORCERS (E.G., CONVERSATION, TV). AN IMMEDIATE SHARP REDUCTION IN SMOKING RATE WAS OBSERVED. WHEN THE SMOKING CHAIR WAS SUBSEQUENTLY MADE LESS READILY AVAILABLE A FURTHER REDUCTION IN SMOKING RATE OCCURRED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT REINFORCING STIMULI OTHER THAN CIGARETTES WERE INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING S'S NORMAL SMOKING RATE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH INSTITUTIONALIZED BOYS AND SUBSEQUENT COMMUNITY ADJUSTMENT.

A 1-YR FOLLOW-UP STUDY EVALUATED THE COMMUNITY ADJUSTMENT OF 41 DELINQUENT BOYS WHO, WHILE INCARCERATED, HAD EACH PARTICIPATED IN 40 GROUP AND 20 INDIVIDUAL THERAPY INTERVIEWS, AND 41 MATCHED CONTROL DELINQUENTS. THE THERAPY GROUP HAD A LOW RATE OF RECIDIVISM COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP AND THE INSTITUTIONAL BASE RATES. THE THERAPY GROUP COMMITTED FEWER OFFENSES, BROKE PAROLE LESS, AND HAD A GREATER PERCENTAGE OF BOYS EMPLOYED FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME. WHILE STILL INCARCERATED, 30 OF THE 41 THERAPY BOYS WERE JUDGED TO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TREATED, AND THESE BOYS SUBSEQUENTLY MADE A SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER COMMUNITY ADJUSTMENT IN ALL SPHERES THAN ANY OTHER GROUP. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VOLUNTEER AND NONVOLUNTEER CHARACTERISTICS IN AN OUTPATIENT POPULATION.

REPORTS DATA ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUNTEERS AND NONVOLUNTEERS AMONG A GROUP OF 49 PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENTS. NONVOLUNTEER PATIENTS INCLUDED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER NUMBER OF SCHIZOPHRENICS AND BORDERLINE SCHIZOPHRENICS WHILE VOLUNTEER PATIENTS TENDED TO BE MORE EGO INVOLVED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY. NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON OCCUPATIONAL STATUS, INCOME, OR EDUCATION. MMPI SCALE SCORE DIFFERENCES, WHILE NOT SIGNIFICANT, WERE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS FROM THOSE USUALLY OBSERVED IN NORMALS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)