人体热舒适的生理热适应机理研究进展

针对热舒适的现场研究更多地关注行为调节和心理调节对人体热舒适的影响,忽略了生理热适应的作用,论文概述了热适应模型的3个代表模型,分析了3个代表模型的特点以及忽略生理热适应的原因,概括了当前生理热适应的研究现状,归纳出生理指标遴选研究、生理热适应研究和基于生理、心理及行为调节的热舒适多元评价模型研究这3个研究方向,提出了生理热适应研究还需系统而完善地揭示中国不同地域气候区人群的生理热适应差异;揭示中国不同气候区人群的适应温度区阈值以及表达阈值的生理指标;提出揭示室外环境参数对生理热适应的影响,这对完善热适应模型、实现舒适又节能的建筑热环境具有重要意义。     

寒冷地区既有居住建筑室内热舒适分级研究——以西安为例

室内舒适需求水平与建筑供暖空调能耗大小密切相关,为此既有建筑差异化的室内热舒适需求现状,是零能耗建筑室内热环境设计的重要依据。本文调查寒冷地区-西安既有居住建筑室内热环境和热舒适水平现状,归纳室内热环境差异化特征,剖析居民热适应机理,提出热舒适度分级依据。结果表明既有集中供暖商品住宅、分散采暖拆迁安置住宅、农村分散间歇采暖住宅的室内热湿环境存在显著差异;居民对差异化的室内热环境具有热适应能力,主观心理适应以及着装、活动量等行为调节是热适应的重要方式;经济条件和建筑采暖方式是影响室内热环境的重要因素,也是热舒适度分级的重要依据;既有居住建筑现存在三级不同的热舒适度水平,舒适温度区间分别为19. 2～22. 7℃,14. 8～20. 6℃,9. 4～13. 9℃。     

严寒地区近零能耗居住建筑热舒适及能耗分析

为探究我国严寒地区近零能耗建筑在实际运行中的热舒适性和节能性,选取辽宁省沈阳市某近零能耗居住建筑为研究对象,在冬季供暖期间采用环境参数测量与问卷调查同步进行的方式对该建筑的热舒适性进行研究。同时对近十年来严寒地区普通居住建筑的热舒适测试进行了文献调研,得到严寒地区冬季供暖期间普通居住建筑与近零能耗居住建筑的热中性温度、期望温度和80%可接受度的温度范围等热环境指标。另一方面监测了冬季近零能耗居住建筑的各项能耗指标并进行了节能性对比分析。明确了普通居住建筑与近零能耗居住建筑在热舒适与节能性上的差异;得到近零能耗建筑中人热感觉的变化规律;阐述了近零能耗居住建筑冬季运行过程中的优缺点;并从人体热适应的角度出发对近零能耗建筑热环境的设计与营造提供理论参考与建议。     

基于实际建筑环境的人体热适应研究(1)——夏季空调与非空调公共建筑对比

在夏季对位于北京的3栋非空调公共建筑和3栋集中空调公共建筑进行了现场调查,测量了室内热环境参数,并调查了建筑使用者的热舒适状况,得到非空调环境下人体中性温度为25.7℃,空调环境下中性温度为25.4℃。当室温偏离中性时,空调建筑使用者对温度变化更为敏感。在相同的偏热环境中,空调建筑人体热感觉更高。非空调建筑人群对偏热环境体现出更强的热适应性。与空调建筑相比,长期处于非空调环境中的人们在高温下的生理调节能力和热耐受性较强,对热环境的心理期望较低,更多通过主动开窗或使用电风扇增大风速的方式来改善热感觉。     

严寒地区人体热适应性研究(4):不同建筑热环境与热适应现场研究

冬季供暖期间对哈尔滨市住宅、办公建筑、宿舍和教室4种建筑的室内热环境进行了连续跟踪测试和热反应主观调查,得到不同建筑室内热环境的特征参数及人体热反应特征和热中性温度。结果表明:4种建筑环境的室温都接近ASHRAE 55中冬季热舒适温度上限值,热中性温度接近ASHRAE 55中冬季室内热舒适温度的下限值;办公建筑和教室中的热中性温度低于住宅和宿舍的,这2种环境中的人们更偏好稍凉环境;住宅和宿舍中人们可以采用更灵活的适应性调节而获得更大的热舒适感;供暖季80%和90%热可接受的温度下限均低于冬季热舒适温度下限值20℃。从人体热适应性的角度出发,宜充分利用人体对严寒地区冬季寒冷气候的适应性,适当降低供暖温度,营造既舒适又节能的冬季室内热环境。     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(2):研究结果的对比分析

基于我国湿热地区人群的气候室实验结果,从心理热反应、生理热反应和生理-心理关系等多方面对国内外研究结果进行了系统对比与分析,发现现行国际标准不适用于我国湿热地区,生理热习服和心理热适应是其重要原因。考虑热习服和热适应的影响作用,建立我国湿热地区人群的生理热调节模型与心理-生理模型,是掌握其基础热舒适反应规律、合理制定热环境标准的重要途径。     

哈尔滨地区冬季农宅热舒适现场调查

对哈尔滨近郊2个村10户农宅的冬季室内热环境与居民的热舒适进行了现场调查。结果显示,冬季农宅的平均室温为12.3℃,但热环境可接受率高达92%;农民的热中性作业温度为14.4℃,90%可接受的作业温度下限为8.8℃;农民通过行为调节、心理期望等适应偏冷的热环境,导致其热中性温度与可接受的温度较低。对于分散式农宅,建议采用传统的火炕分散供暖方式。建议采用作业温度作为严寒地区冬季农宅室内热舒适的评价指标。     

我国湿热地区自然通风建筑热舒适与热适应现场研究

在2008—2009年为期1年的广州某高校自然通风建筑现场调研的基础上,对23周共计921人次的调研数据在热环境、人体热反应及适应行为等方面进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区典型自然通风建筑的室内热环境全年变化特征,获取了热感觉与标准有效温度的确定关系,验证了修正的PMV模型的适用性,分析得到我国湿热地区自然通风建筑的期望因子为0.8,同时获得了调整服装、开窗与使用风扇等适应行为的变化规律。     

我国湿热地区使用分体空调建筑的热舒适与热适应现场研究(2):适应行为

对受试者在建筑热环境中调整服装、开窗、使用风扇和启停空调器等适应行为进行了分析,得到了我国湿热地区人群在使用分体空调建筑中的适应行为特征,确定了适应行为变化的有效温度范围和关系式,并在与以往研究结果的综合对比中获得了湿热地区人群在建筑环境中的热适应特征。     

关于热感觉和热舒适与热适应性的讨论

系统地论述了人体热舒适研究的发展过程,讨论了热感觉、热舒适及热适应的定义,并分析了热感觉与热舒适的差异及与热适应性的关系,得出了人们对同一热环境有不同的热感觉及热舒适性,主要是由于人体的适应性产生的。     

Development of an adaptive window-opening algorithm to predict the thermal comfort,energy use and overheating in buildings

This investigation of the window-opening data from extensive field surveys in UK office buildings demonstrates: (1) how people control the indoor environment by opening windows; (2) the cooling potential of opening windows; and (3) the use of an ‘adaptive algorithm’ for predicting window-opening behaviour for thermal simulation in ESP-r. It was found that when the window was open the mean indoor and outdoor temperatures were higher than when closed, but it was shown that nonetheless there was a useful cooling effect from opening a window. The adaptive algorithm for window-opening behaviour was then used in thermal simulation studies for some typical office designs. The thermal simulation results were in general agreement with the findings of the field surveys. The adaptive algorithm is shown to provide insights not available using non adaptive simulation methods and can assist in achieving more comfortable, lower energy buildings while avoiding overheating.     

Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China

The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and the achievement of indoor thermal comfort at a low level of energy use. This study examines the effect of the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. This work is based on a field study of the regional thermal assessment of two typical cases, the results of which are compared with simulated results of various scenarios of “energy efficiency” strategy and “healthy housing” environmental control. First, the simulated results show that the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control is actually balanced in terms of occupancy, comfort, and energy efficiency. Second, adaptive thermal comfort control can save more energy for heating or cooling than other current healthy housing environmental controls in China's HSCW zone. Moreover, a large proportion of energy use is based on the subjective thermal comfort demand of occupants in any building type. Third, the building shape coefficient cannot dominate energy savings. The ratio of the superficial area of a building to the actual indoor floor area has a significant positive correlation with and affects the efficiency of building thermal performance.     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

Bayesian adaptive comfort temperature (BACT) of air-conditioning system in subtropical climate

Indoor thermal climate is an important issue affecting the health and productivity of building occupants. In the designing of commercial air-conditioning systems, it is believed that the conventional fixed temperature set point concept is limited because indoor comfort temperature depends on the business culture, such as the nature of activities and dress code of occupants, etc. Researchers have been interested in investigating adaptive temperature control for a realistic in-situ control of comfort. Unfortunately, those studies put great emphasis on energy saving opportunities and sometimes might result in thermal discomfort to individuals. This study argues that complaints of thermal discomfort from individuals, despite representing only a small portion of the population, should not be ignored and can be used to determine the temperature setting for a population in air-conditioned environment. In particular, findings of a new notion of Bayesian adaptive comfort temperature (BACT) in air-conditioned buildings in a humid and subtropical climate like Hong Kong are reported, and the adaptive interface relationship between occupants’ complaints of thermal discomfort and indoor air temperature is determined. This BACT algorithm is intended to optimise the acceptance of thermal comfort, as determined by physical measurements and subjective surveys.     

自然通风环境下的热舒适分析

鉴于自然通风环境下的PMV实际热舒适调查结果有较明显的偏差，热舒适研究领域提出了两种新的模型：PMV修正模型和适应模型。对这两种模型进行了分析，认为应对自然通风环境和空调稳态环境参数进行更细致的分析，以建立一种适用于自然通风环境的集总参数模型或评价指标。     

沈阳市商场冬季室内热舒适的模糊分析

对沈阳市冬季商场室内热环境状况进行了实地调查，建立了基于自适应性模糊神经网络的人体热舒适模糊评判模型,对采集到的数据进行了模糊推理和网络训练，总结出了关于人体热舒适的模糊推理规则。由仿真结果可知，模糊评判模型输出值与热感觉投票值吻合较好，为客观评价和预测人体热舒适提供了一种方法和思路。     

内廊式建筑南北房间热舒适性评价

内廊式建筑被大量运用于多功能办公建筑中,其南北向房间在过渡季节,室内热舒适性存在很大差异,本文通过问卷调查和现场热环境测试的方式,采用适应性模型（ACS）,对南北向房间的热舒适性进行评价,得到南向房间90％的办公时间内满足90％的人员可接受热舒适要求,而北向房间大部分时间达不到人员舒适度要求。     

农村小型公建项目地源热泵空调系统运行能效及室内热环境实测分析

本文对成都地区一应用水平埋管土壤源热泵的农村小型公共建筑的空调系统运行能效及室内热环境进行现场测试,并采用热舒适适应性评价指标评价热环境,判断空调系统是否节能运行,最后对农村推广该技术提出了建议。     

Adaptive-rational thermal comfort model: Adaptive predicted mean vote with variable adaptive coefficient

Thermal adaptations, as feedbacks of occupants to physical stimuli, extend thermal comfort zone thereby reducing building energy consumption effectively. The rational approach models thermal comfort from the perspective of the body's heat balance, but is limited in explaining the thermal adaptations. The adaptive approach of modeling thermal comfort can fully account for the thermal adaptations, but ignores the body's heat balance. To improve thermal comfort prediction, this study proposes an adaptive-rational thermal comfort model, that is, an adaptive predicted mean vote with a variable adaptive coefficient (termed as arPMV). By linearly linking the negative feedback effects of the thermal adaptations to the ambient temperature according to the adaptive approach, the variable adaptive coefficient is linearly related to the reciprocal of the ambient temperature with two constants. The variable adaptive coefficient is determined by explicitly quantifying the two constants as the functions of the predicted mean vote, thermal sensation vote, and ambient temperature. The proposed arPMV is validated for naturally ventilated, air-conditioned, and mixed-mode buildings, with the mean absolute error and the robustness of the thermal sensation prediction reduced by 24.8%-83.5% and improved by 49.7%-83.4%, respectively.