THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF STIMULUS INTENSITY ON REHEARSED AND UNREHEARSED MATERIAL IN SHORT-TERM AUDITORY MEMORY.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE STIMULUS INTENSITY (LOUDNESS) ON THE RECALL OF 9-DIGIT SEQUENCES WAS STUDIED USING 2 PRESENTATION RATES. AT 1 DIGIT/SEC AND WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR 3, 3, AND 3 REHEARSAL GROUPING, STIMULUS INTENSITY WAS FOUND TO BE A VARIABLE ONLY IN THE CASE OF THE LAST 3 DIGITS, WHICH ACCORDING TO REHEARSAL INSTRUCTIONS WERE UNREHEARSED. NO EFFECT WAS FOUND ON THE 1ST 6 REHEARSED DIGITS. AT 4 DIGITS/SEC, A RATE TOO FAST FOR SYSTEMATIC REHEARSAL, THE STIMULUS INTENSITY AFFECTED THE RECALL OF THE 1ST 6 AND THE LAST 3 DIGITS. THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO THE QUESTION OF WHETHER OR NOT THE STIMULUS AND REHEARSAL MEMORY TRACES SHOULD BE REGARDED SEPARATELY. THE QUESTION OF PRESENTATION RATE AND PERFORMANCE IS ALSO DISCUSSED. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERTRIAL INTERVAL AND PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IN SHORT-TERM MOTOR MEMORY.

QUESTIONED WHETHER PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE (PI) OCCURRED IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) FOR LINEAR MOTOR RESPONSES. 84 NAVY RECRUITS HAD 7 TRIALS, EACH WITH A DIFFERENT RESPONSE LENGTH. EACH TRIAL CONSISTED OF 4 TRAINING REPETITIONS (RS) AFTER EACH OF WHICH RECALL WAS TESTED, A RETENTION INTERVAL, AND A RECALL TEST (TR). INTERTRIAL INTERVALS (ITIS) OF 5, 20, AND 80 SEC. AND RETENTION INTERVALS OF 5 AND 80 SEC. WERE BETWEEN-GROUPS VARIABLES. MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR ON TR WAS RELIABLY GREATER AFTER THE LONGER RETENTION INTERVAL BUT WAS NOT AFFECTED BY ITI. TR ERROR PROVIDED NO EVIDENCE FOR PI. A PI EFFECT WAS FOUND ON THE 1ST TRAINING T, BUT THIS EFFECT DISAPPEARED AFTER 4 RS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MOTOR MEMORY MAY BE A RAPIDLY DECAYING TRACE WHICH IS AVAILABLE TO INTERACT WITH THE LEARNING OF A SUBSEQUENT RESPONSE FOR ONLY A BRIEF TIME. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM MAY DIFFER FROM THAT OF VERBAL STM ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE OF THIS DIFFERENCE IS NECESSARY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TRANSFER EFFECTS IN WHOLE/PART FREE-RECALL LEARNING.

SS LEARNED AN 18-WORD LIST AND THEN A 9-WORD LIST UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF FREE RECALL. FOR SS THE WORDS IN LIST II WERE ALL TAKEN FROM LIST I; FOR CONTROLS THE WORDS IN LIST II WERE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE IN I. TRIAL-BY-TRIAL RECALL AND ORGANIZATION OF RECALL OF LIST II WERE HIGHER FOR CONTROLS THAN FOR SS, INDICATING NEGATIVE TRANSFER FROM WHOLE-LIST TO PART-LIST FREE-RECALL LEARNING. THIS EVIDENCE, AT VARIANCE WITH THE HYPOTHESIS THAT INDIVIDUAL LIST ITEMS ARE LEARNED INDEPENDENTLY FROM ONE ANOTHER IN THE FREE-RECALL TASK, IS CONSISTENT WITH THE VIEW THAT FREE-RECALL LEARNING IS DEPENDENT UPON ORGANIZATION OF ITEMS INTO HIGHER-ORDER MEMORY UNITS. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF CONTROL PLACEMENT ON INFORMATION TRANSFER RATE USING BISENSORY SIGNALS.

DESIGNED A 2 * 2 * 4 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT WHICH VARIOUS DISPLAY-CONTROL RELATIONSHIPS HAD UPON THE RATE AT WHICH 64 STUDENTS COULD TRANSMIT INFORMATION FROM A BISENSORY DISPLAY. SS WERE REQUIRED TO RESPOND TO A VISUAL SIGNAL SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENTED WITH AN AUDITORY SIGNAL OF EQUAL UNCERTAINTY. RESPONSES WERE MADE BY DEPRESSING PUSH BUTTONS. THE RESPONSE-CODE VARIABLES EXAMINED WERE (1) THE CODE CARRIED BY EACH OF THE OPERATING LIMBS, (2) THE CODE CARRIED BY THE OPERATING DIGITS OF EACH HAND, AND (3) THE DEGREE OF SEPARATION BETWEEN THE BUTTON PAIRS. THE ONLY VARIABLE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING INFORMATION TRANSFER RATE WAS FOUND TO BE THE 1ST CODE, ALTHOUGH THE OTHER 2 VARIABLES COMBINED WITH IT TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT INTERACTIONS. RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONTENTION THAT THE SS STIMULUS-RESPONSE EXPECTANCIES DETERMINE PERFORMANCE. THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE HUMAN COMPONENT IN MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS IS ALSO ILLUSTRATED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

POSITIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL PROBES IN SERIAL LEARNING.

24 COLLEGE MALES PARTICIPATED IN 2 EXPERIMENTS WHICH USED A SHORT-TERM MEMORY TASK AND 3 TYPES OF PROBE TESTS. IN EXP. I, DESIGNED TO DISCOVER IF POSITIONAL CUES ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SEQUENTIAL CUES IN SERIAL LIST LEARNING, EACH LIST WAS SEEN ONCE AND FOLLOWED BY A SINGLE PROBE TEST FOR A SINGLE ITEM. SERIAL POSITION CURVES SHOWED THAT THE POSITIONAL PROBE LED TO SOMEWHAT HIGHER RECALL OF ITEMS OCCUPYING THE END POSITIONS OF A LIST THAN THE SEQUENTIAL PROBE. EXP. II WAS UNDERTAKEN TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POSITION PROBE. 5 TRIALS WERE GIVEN BEFORE A RECALL TEST. SERIAL POSITION CURVES FOR THE 3 TYPES OF PROBES SHOWED THAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE OVER-ALL RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS INDICATING THAT POSITIONAL CUES AND SEQUENTIAL CUES MAY BE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN SERIAL LEARNING. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS VARYING IN ANXIETY AND DEFENSIVENESS.

SS WERE GIVEN THE TAYLOR MA SCALE AND THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILTIY SCALE (M-C SD). HIGH-ANXIOUS SS WERE FOUND TO BE PRIMARILY NONDEFENSIVE (LOW M-C SD SCORES) COMPARED TO THE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, 1/2 OF WHOM WERE DEFENSIVE (HIGH M-C SD SCORES) AND 1/2 NONDEFENSIVE. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ON DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE FAVORING LOW-ANXIOUS SS WAS FOUND ONLY WHEN THE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS WERE ELIMINATED FROM THE ANALYSIS. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EQUIVOCAL FINDINGS IN PAST RESEARCH MAY HAVE RESULTED IN PART FROM THE FAILURE TO ELIMINATE THESE DEFENSIVE LOW-ANXIOUS SS, WHO APPEAR TO EXPERIENCE MANIFEST ANXIETY BUT REFUSE TO ADMIT IT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TWO TESTS OF A THEORY OF VERBAL-DISCRIMINATION LEARNING.

2 TESTS WERE MADE OF A THEORY WHICH ASSUMES THAT VERBAL-DISCRIMINATION (VD) LEARNING IS BASED UPON A FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND WRONG WORDS. IN EXP. I 150 UNDERGRADUATES WERE GIVEN EITHER 0, 2, OR 5 FREE-RECALL LEARNING (FL) TRIALS ON A LIST OF WORDS PRIOR TO THE WORDS' BECOMING EITHER THE CORRECT OR INCORRECT MEMBERS OF PAIRS IN A VD LIST. WHEN WORDS FROM FL WERE CORRECT IN VD, PERFORMANCE ON VD LEARNING WAS NEARLY PERFECT ON ALL TRIALS. WHEN WORDS FROM FL BECAME INCORRECT IN VD LEARNING, 2 FL TRIALS HAD ESSENTIALLY NO INFLUENCE ON VD LEARNING; WITH 5 FL TRIALS PERFORMANCE WAS INITIALLY HIGH ON VD LEARNING, BUT PROGRESSED VERY SLOWLY OVER TRIALS. IN EXP. II 45 SS WERE FORCED TO VOICE BOTH THE CORRECT AND INCORRECT MEMBERS OF PAIRS IN A VD LIST. THE INTENT WAS TO MAKE LEARNING BASED ON A FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIAL DIFFICULT. LEARNING WAS MARKEDLY RETARDED AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. CONTROLS FORCED TO PRONOUNCE ONLY THE CORRECT RESPONSE PERFORMED BETTER THAN A GROUP LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES. BOTH EXPERIMENTS ARE INTERPRETED AS SUPPORTING THE THEORY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A DEVELOPMENTAL LOOK AT THE USEFULNESS OF LIST CATEGORIZATION AS AN AID TO FREE RECALL.

60 LITERATE SS AND 24 PRESCHOOL SS WERE TESTED FOR IMMEDIATE FREE RECALL OF 4 LISTS DIFFERING IN DEGREE OF CONCEPT CATEGORY RELATEDNESS IN 2 SEPARATE BUT RELATED EXPERIMENTS. 2 LISTS OF WORDS BELONGING TO THE SAME CONCEPT CATEGORY (HIC) AND 2 LISTS OF "UNRELATED" WORDS (LOC) WERE PRESENTED USING A LATIN SQUARE DESIGN. HYPOTHESIS I, THAT PRESCHOOL SS WOULD SHOW MINIMAL DIFFERENCE IN THEIR RECALL OF HIC AND LOC LISTS, WAS PARTLY UPHELD, AND HENCE ONLY EQUIVOCAL SUPPORT FOR PIAGET'S THEORY RELATED TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AT THE PRESCHOOL LEVEL IS FORTHCOMING. HYPOTHESIS II, THAT ELDERLY SS WOULD SHOW SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER DISPARITY BETWEEN MEAN RECALL LEVELS OF HIC AND LOC LISTS THAN WOULD YOUNG ADULTS, WAS UPHELD. THIS FINDING WAS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF THEORIES CONCERNING GROWING INFLEXIBILITY IN THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES OF THE ELDERLY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SELECTION INTERVIEW DECISIONS: THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF APPEARANCE AND FACTUAL WRITTEN INFORMATION ON AN INTERVIEWER'S FINAL RATING.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF APPEARANCE VS. FACTUAL WRITTEN DATA ON AN INTERVIEWER'S FINAL EVALUATION OF AN APPLICANT FOR THE JOB OF LIFE INSURANCE AGENT. THE APPEARANCE AND WRITTEN INFORMATION WERE PRESENTED TO SS IN COMPLEMENTARY AND CONTRASTING PATTERNS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE APPEARANCE DATA HAD LITTLE IMPACT ON THE FINAL RATING. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT WHEN THE APPEARANCE DATA AND WRITTEN INFORMATION WERE PRESENTED IN A COMPLEMENTARY MANNER THERE EXISTED A COMPONENT IN THE FINAL RATING DUE TO INFORMATION FAVORABLENESS GREATER THAN THAT CONTRIBUTED BY THE SEPARATE RATINGS OF THE APPEARANCE AND WRITTEN INFORMATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DETERMINANTS OF WORK ATTITUDES AMONG NEGROES.

THE MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY OF WORK ATTITUDES ASSUMES THAT 2 INDEPENDENT SETS OF VARIABLES DETERMINE JOB SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION. THE GENERALITY OF THIS THEORY WAS TESTED WITH RESPONSES FROM 85 NEGRO BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS TO A 40-ITEM QUESTIONNAIRE. THESE DATA WERE FACTOR ANALYZED AND COMPARED WITH COMPARABLE DATA FROM 117 WHITE BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS. THE 2 SETS OF DATA APPEARED TO DIFFER ALTHOUGH SOME SIMILARITIES WERE FOUND. IT APPEARED THAT HYGIENE FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT TO THE NEGROES THAN TO THE WHITES. THE 2-FACTOR THEORY MAY BE TOO SIMPLE TO ENCOMPASS THE CONCEPTS OF JOB SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION, AT LEAST IN THE BLUE-COLLAR NEGRO. IT MAY BE THAT THE 2-FACTOR THEORY IS LESS USEFUL WHEN LOW-STATUS WORK IS CONSIDERED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF PERCENTAGE AND SPECIFICITY OF FEEDBACK ON CHOICE BEHAVIOR IN A PROBABILISTIC INFORMATION-PROCESSING TASK.

STUDIED PROFICIENCY IN CHOOSING THE BETTER OF 2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF 3 VARIABLES: PERCENTAGE FEEDBACK, SPECIFICITY OF FEEDBACK, AND DIFFICULTY OF DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN SOURCES. 210 SS PERFORMED 200 TRIALS UNDER 1 OF 21 CONDITIONS. THE INFORMATION POOL WAS 2 DISTINCT DISTRIBUTIONS OF NUMBERS FROM WHICH RANDOM SELECTIONS WERE MADE AND DISPLAYED AS READINGS ON A PAIR OF METERS. ONLY 1 READING WAS SHOWN PER TRIAL, AND S JUDGED WHETHER IT OR THE OTHER METER READING (NOT SHOWN) WAS HIGHER. CHOICES COULD BE BASED UPON BOTH THE MOMENTARY STATE OF 1 METER AND FAMILIARITY WITH THE DISTRIBUTIONS FROM WHICH INFORMATION WAS DRAWN. PERCENTAGE FEEDBACK HAD NO INFLUENCE ON ACQUISITION OR PERFORMANCE; PARADOXICALLY, A SPECIFICITY EFFECT APPEARED WHEN FEEDBACK WAS PROVIDED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF THE TYPE OF STIMULUS EMPLOYED AND THE LEVEL OF SUBJECT AWARENESS ON THE DETECTION OF DECEPTION.

COMPARED DETECTION OF PERSONAL MATERIAL WITH THAT OF NEUTRAL MATERIAL MADE RELEVANT ONLY IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CONTEXT. EACH OF 28 MALE UNDERGRADUATES ACTED AS AN ESPIONAGE AGENT TO CONCEAL PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CODE WORDS LEARNED. PERSONALLY RELEVANT MATERIAL WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DETECTABLE THAN THE NEUTRAL MATERIAL, ALTHOUGH CONSEQUENCES OF DETECTION WERE THE SAME. THE STUDY ALSO PROVIDED EXPLORATORY DATA CONCERNING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVITY TO LIE-DETECTION STIMULI WHEN SS WERE UNAWARE THAT RESPONSES WERE BEING MONITORED. WHILE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT DETECTION WAS INFERIOR UNDER THE NONAWARE CONDITION, DIFFICULTIES IN ACHIEVING A COMPLETELY CONVINCING NONAWARE SITUATION SUGGEST CAUTION IN GENERALIZATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THEMATIC EXPRESSION OF SEXUAL CONFLICT UNDER VARYING STIMULUS CONDITIONS.

USING AN APPROACH-AVOIDANCE MODEL, THE SEX APPROACH RESPONSES OF HIGH-SEX-CONFLICT (HSC) AND LOW-SEX-CONFLICT (LSC) SS, AS ASSESSED BY A SELF-REPORT INDEX, WERE EVALUATED USING LOW-RELEVANCE (AMBIGUOUS) AND HIGH-RELEVANCE (STRUCTURED) THEMATIC STIMULI. 48 SS WERE EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING 4 GROUPS: HSC, MALE E; HSC, FEMALE E; LSC, MALE E; LSC, FEMALE E. 2 INDEXES OF SEX APPROACH WERE DERIVED FROM SS' VERBAL RESPONSES, 1 BASED ON CONTENT, THE OTHER ON AFFECT. AS PREDICTED, THE STRUCTURED STIMULI ELICITED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER APPROACH RESPONSES FROM THE LSC SS THAN FROM THE HSC SS, WHEREAS THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES TO THE AMBIGUOUS STIMULI. SEX OF E WAS NOT FOUND TO INFLUENCE RESPONSES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT AVOIDANCE REACTIONS TO STRUCTURED STIMULI ARE MORE USEFUL THAN APPROACH RESPONSES TO AMBIGUOUS STIMULI IN DETECTING CONFLICT. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A PAIN-TOLERANCE DETERMINATION TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING ANALGESIC DRUG EFFICACY.

INVESTIGATED A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING PAIN TOLERANCE IN HUMANS. THE STANDARD TOLERANCE-DETERMINATION TECHNIQUE, IN WHICH A PAINFUL STIMULUS IS GRADUALLY INCREASED IN INTENSITY UNTIL S WITHDRAWS FROM IT, PRESENTS A NUMBER OF CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS. THE STIMULUS INTENSITY WAS HELD CONSTANT AND SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE TOLERANCE LEVEL. THE EXTENT TO WHICH 24 MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS PUSHED THEIR FINGERS AGAINST A 67.5DEGREES C CONTACT OVER A 32-SEC PERIOD WAS MEASURED AND FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER UNDER THE EFFECT OF 3 GRAIN OF CODEINE THAN A PLACEBO. SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED FOR REFINING THE SUPRATOLERANCE PROCEDURE AND DEFINING THE TERM PAIN TOLERANCE. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ADAPTATION, INTERTRIAL INTERVAL, AND RESPONSE TO PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED CHANGE.

36 MALE AND 36 FEMALE HOODED RATS WERE GIVEN AN ADAPTATION TRIAL IN A 6-CHOICE-POINT MULTIPLE-T MAZE. FOR 1/2 THE SS THE MAZE WAS BLACK ON THE ADAPTATION TRIAL AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE MAZE WAS WHITE. AFTER AN INTERTRIAL INTERVAL OF EITHER 15 MIN., 4 HR., OR 24 HR., THE CORRECT PATH OR THE CULS WERE CHANGED IN BRIGHTNESS LEAVING THE REMAINDER OF THE MAZE UNCHANGED. IT WAS FOUND THAT SELECTION OR AVOIDANCE OF A GIVEN ALTERNATIVE WAS INFLUENCED BY THE CHANGE BETWEEN TRIALS FOR ALL 3 INTERTRIAL INTERVALS BUT THAT THE AMOUNT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE SELECTION OF THE CHANGED ALTERNATIVE DECREASED WITH INCREASING INTERTRIAL INTERVALS. IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT THE SS PREFERRED A CHANGE FROM WHITE TO BLACK TO A CHANGE FROM BLACK TO WHITE. IN OTHER WORDS, ADAPTATION, TIME BETWEEN ADAPTATION AND CHANGE, AND BRIGHTNESS PREFERENCES JOINTLY DETERMINED CHOICE-POINT BEHAVIOR. THE RELEVANCE TO CERTAIN THEORIES ACCOUNTING FOR RESPONSE TO CHANGE AND NOVELTY ARE DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR IN AN INTERPERSONAL SITUATION.

SS WERE EXPOSED TO A TAPE-RECORDED VERBAL ATTACK FROM A FICTITIOUS S IN THE LAST OF A SERIES OF DISCUSSION ROUNDS. A 2ND FICTITIOUS S WAS NONATTACKING. PREVIOUSLY, SS HAD BEEN EITHER (1) ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE ATTACKER ON A POSTDISCUSSION PROBLEM-SOLVING TASK, (2) ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE NONATTACKER, OR (3) GIVEN THEIR CHOICE OF PARTNER. THE 1ST GROUP SHOWED THE LEAST DROP IN EVALUATIVE RATINGS OF THE ATTACKER. THIS FINDING SUPPORTS A FUNCTIONAL DEFENSE HYPOTHESIS WHICH PREDICTS THAT SS WITHOUT AN AVAILABLE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE WILL PERCEIVE AN ATTACKER MORE FAVORABLY THAN WILL SS WHO HAVE AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE. NO EVIDENCE WAS FOUND THAT SS CLASSIFIED AS REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS CONSISTENTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR RATINGS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NEED TYPE AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG INDUSTRIAL SCIENTISTS.

NEED-FULFILLMENT THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION ASSUME THAT INDIVIDUALS DIFFER IN THE OUTCOMES THEY PREFER (NEED) TO OBTAIN FROM JOBS, AND THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OUTCOMES RECEIVED ON THE JOB AND SATISFACTION IS DEPENDENT UPON THESE PREFERENCES. IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PATTERN OF PREFERENCES FOR JOB OUTCOMES MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFERENCE FOR AND SATISFACTION WITH AN OUTCOME. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE EMPLOYED TO ASSESS PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION ON 30 DIFFERENT JOB OUTCOMES WITH 113 INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS WORKING IN 1 FACILITY. PREFERENCE (NEED) RATINGS WERE SUBJECTED TO Q CLUSTER ANALYSIS. 2 "NEED" TYPES WERE IDENTIFIED. NEED TYPE MODERATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREFERENCE FOR AND SATISFACTION WITH THAT OUTCOME ONLY ON THOSE OUTCOMES MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO THE COMPANY ITSELF. IT IS PROPOSED THAT THESE 2 NEED TYPES REFLECT THE 2 TYPES OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL THAT DIFFER PRIMARILY IN ORIENTATION TOWARD THE COMPANY ITSELF. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ACCURACY VERSUS VALIDITY IN PERSON PERCEPTION.

24 UNDERGRADUATE PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS WERE ASKED TO PREDICT EVENTS FROM 3 DIFFERENT CASE HISTORIES AND THEN TO WRITE PERSONALITY CONCEPTUALIZATIONS FOR THE 3 CASES. THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE CONCEPTUALIZATIONS WAS MEASURED BY HAVING NEW JUDGES READ THEM AND MAKE A NEW SERIES OF PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE SAME CASES. THE ACCURACY OF THE ORIGINAL JUDGES IN MAKING THEIR PREDICTIONS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THEIR CONCEPTUALIZATIONS; I.E., THE MOST ACCURATE PREDICTORS TENDED TO WRITE THE LEAST VALID CONCEPTUALIZATIONS. THERE WERE INDICATIONS THAT THE ACCURATE PREDICTORS ADOPTED AN EMPATHIC APPROACH TO THE CASE MATERIAL, WHILE VALID CONCEPTUALIZERS WERE MORE ANALYTIC AND EVALUATIVE IN APPROACH. SLIGHT EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED TO THE EFFECT THAT TRAINING IN PSYCHOLOGY WAS NEGATIVELY RELATED TO ACCURACY, BUT POSITIVELY RELATED TO VALIDITY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MEMORY DYNAMICS AND WORK MOTIVATION.

OF 143 WORKERS ASKED TO REPORT THEIR PLEASANT AND UNPLEASANT MEMORIES, ONLY 24 INCLUDED WORK AS A PLEASANT EXPERIENCE. THESE 24 COMPOSED THE WORK-MOTIVATED GROUP; A CONTROL GROUP WAS MATCHED FOR AGE AND JOB LEVEL. THE 2 GROUPS WERE COMPARED ON MEASURES OF MEMORY OPTIMISM (DETERMINED BY PREDOMINANCE OF PLEASANTNESS OVER UNPLEASANTNESS), ADEQUACY RATINGS AS WORKERS, AUTONOMY, AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN FAVOR OF THE WORK-MOTIVATED SS ON ALL MEASURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECT OF IRRELEVANT PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI ON DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN MINIMALLY BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN.

THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MINIMALLY BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN ARE MORE DISTRACTIBLE THAN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN WAS TESTED IN A SERIES OF 3 EXPERIMENTS. EXP. I DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DISTRACTING CONDITION OF PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI INTERFERED WITH DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED SS. IN EXP. II THE DISTRACTING CONDITION AGAIN INTERFERED WITH LEARNING IN NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED SS, BUT FAILED TO HAVE THIS EFFECT WITH BRAIN-DAMAGED SS. WHEN DIFFERENCES IN IQ WERE CONTROLLED STATISTICALLY, THE PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRAIN-DAMAGED AND NON-BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUPS WERE NO LONGER SIGNIFICANT. THE DISTRACTING CONDITION DID NOT INTERFERE WITH LEARNING IN A GROUP OF OLDER BRAIN-INJURED SS USED IN EXP. III. RESULTS FAILED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A TASK-IRRELEVANT DISTRACTING CONDITION OF PERIPHERAL VISUAL STIMULI WOULD AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAIN-INJURED SS MORE THAN THAT OF NON-BRAIN-INJURED SS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)