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1.
A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS EMERGE FROM THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TESTING. DEPARTURES FROM STANDARD PROCEDURES ARE MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT SPECIALIZED GROUPS THAN NORMAL GROUPS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES, ESPECIALLY DISCOURAGEMENT, APPEARS MORE FREQUENTLY WITH YOUNGER THAN WITH OLDER SS. RAPPORT IS AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE IN THE E-S RELATIONSHIP. E DIFFERENCES OCCASIONALLY APPEAR, BUT REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCES ARE NOT CLEAR. E'S EXPERIENCE IS USUALLY NOT A CRITICAL VARIABLE. WHITE ES MAY HAVE SOME SUBTLE DELETERIOUS EFFECT ON NEGRO SS' SCORES, BUT THE EVIDENCE IS NOT DEFINITIVE. INADEQUATE RESEARCH DESIGNS CHARACTERIZE MANY STUDIES ON E DIFFERENCES. A COMBINATION OF MAN AND MACHINE TEST ADMINISTRATION MAY SOLVE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING, BUT MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
ANALYZED COMMUNITY STUDIES WHICH HAVE ATTEMPTED TO COUNT UNTREATED AS WELL AS TREATED CASES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER FOR RATES OF PSYCHOSIS, NEUROSIS, AND PERSONALITY DISORDER ACCORDING TO AGE, SEX, AND SOCIAL CLASS. PSYCHOSIS AS A WHOLE IS NOT CONSISTENTLY RELATED TO ANY OF THESE VARIABLES, BUT SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS MAY BE RELATED TO SOCIAL CLASS IN DIFFERENT WAYS. RATES OF NEUROSIS ARE CONSISTENTLY HIGHER FOR FEMALES THAN FOR MALES. RATES OF PERSONALITY DISORDER ARE HIGHER FOR MALES AND HIGHEST IN THE LOWEST SOCIAL CLASS. THESE RESULTS ARE EXAMINED FOR THE LIGHT THEY THROW ON THE ETIOLOGY OF THE 3 TYPES OF DISORDER. (42 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
THE TECHNIQUES USED TO MEASURE THE FEAR OF DEATH ARE REVIEWED. THE EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE LACK OF CONSISTENCY IN THE DIFFERENT STUDIES IS ATTRIBUTED TO LACK OF ATTENTION TO THE CONSISTENCY AND THE VALIDITY OF THE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND A FAILURE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ARE ASSESSING THE SAME DIMENSION. THE CHOICE OF VARIABLES IS CRITICIZED FOR A LACK OF RELEVANCE TO THE GENESIS OF THE FEAR OF DEATH. (58 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
REVIEWS RESEARCH BETWEEN 1959 AND 1967 RELATING ORIENTATION INVENTORY (ORI) SCORES TO OTHER SELF-REPORTS AND TO PERFORMANCE IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE STUDIES ARE BASED ON SMALL SAMPLES AND ORI SCORES ARE RELATIVELY LOW IN RETEST RELIABILITY, THE OVERALL PATTERNS OF RESULTS SUGGEST THE UTILITY OF ASSESSING ORIENTATION AS A WAY OF INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE IN A VARIETY OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS. IN MANY SUCH SITUATIONS, THE GREATEST SOURCE OF VARIANCE MAY BE THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATION AND THE NATURE OF THE TASK. WHAT IS PUNISHING FOR THE SELF-ORIENTED MAY BE OF NO CONSEQUENCE TO THE INTERACTION-ORIENTED AND POSITIVELY REINFORCING TO THE TASK-ORIENTED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONS OBSERVED BETWEEN SETS OF VARIABLES IS DEPENDENT UPON THE SOURCE OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION EMPLOYED. RECOGNITION OF THIS PRINCIPLE MAY LEAD TO SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT RESEARCH STRATEGIES, WHICH, IN TURN, MAY LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF NEW AND INTERESTING RELATIONS OR TO THEORETICAL CLARIFICATION. THE 1ST POINT DISCUSSED IS THE RELATION BETWEEN WITHIN-S AND BETWEEN-S DESIGNS. THE 2ND POINT IS THAT QUITE DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN CONCERNING THE RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT RESPONSE MEASURES WHEN VARIATION IS BASED UPON EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION THAN WHEN IT IS BASED UPON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN FROM SEVERAL RESEARCH AREAS. (28 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
DESCRIBES THE TREND OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF OVERSEAS RESEARCH IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DURING THE 20TH CENTURY, AND DISCUSSES CURRENT NEEDS, THE COORDINATION PROCESS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, THE PROBLEMS OF LEADERSHIP IN THIS AREA, AND SUGGESTED BILLS TO REMEDY THE SITUATION. THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES SUBCOMMITTEE'S WORK IS EXPLAINED, AND THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE DISCUSSED. THESE "REVOLVED AROUND (1) STRENGTHENING THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES; (2) PRESERVING THE INDEPENDENCE OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS; AND (3) INTERNATIONALIZING FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH." THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL TEAMS TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT INVENTIONS AND STRATEGIES ARE STRESSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT "THE USE OF THE INFORMAL METHOD FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH" BE STRENGTHENED AND THAT A TEAM OF FOREIGN POLICY EXPERTS AND SCIENTISTS BE FORMED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
D. L. VARBLE'S (SEE 42:9) CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE MODIFICATION OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR ARE QUESTIONED ON BOTH PROCEDURAL AND CONCEPTUAL GROUNDS. IN INTERVIEW SITUATIONS THERAPISTS SIMULTANEOUSLY REINFORCE NUMEROUS CLASSES OF RESPONSES ON DIFFERENT SCHEDULES; CONSEQUENTLY, AN ADEQUATE TEST OF REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS MUST INCLUDE ASSESSMENT OF ALL MAJOR RESPONSE CHANGES ALONG WITH THEIR ASSOCIATED PATTERNS OF REINFORCEMENT. MOREOVER, THE EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE REINFORCEMENT CANNOT BE REVEALED WHEN APPROVED AND DISAPPROVED CLASSES OF RESPONSE ARE COMBINED INTO A SINGLE DEPENDENT MEASURE. THE NEED FOR CLOSE LINKAGES BETWEEN BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES AND THEIR CONTROLLING VARIABLES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH IS STRESSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
RECENT CRITICISMS OF RESPONSE STYLE RESEARCH HAVE IGNORED THE LITERATURE OF THE EXTREME RESPONSE STYLE (ERS). THESE CRITICISMS ARE QUESTIONED BY A SIZABLE LITERATURE SUGGESTING THE POTENTIAL USEFULNESS OF ERS AS AN INDICATOR OF CERTAIN PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES. THERE IS CONSIDERABLE EVIDENCE FOR THE RELIABILITY OF ERS. STUDIES OF GROUP DIFFERENCES IN ERS TENDENCIES YIELD EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ERS AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES. CORRELATIONAL AND FACTOR-ANALYTIC STUDIES OFFER FURTHER SUPPORT, ALTHOUGH THE VARIABLES UNDERLYING ERS HAVE NOT BEEN CLEARLY IDENTIFIED. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
AFTER REVIEWING SOME CRITICISMS OF THE TWIN METHOD, PARTIAL REPLIES TO THESE ARE SUGGESTED. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TWIN DATA ARE DISCUSSED, INCLUDING SOME NEW IDEAS ABOUT MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF TWIN DATA. THE REMAINDER OF THE PAPER SUMMARIZES RECENT TWIN STUDIES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY VARIABLES, PERCEPTUAL TASKS, MOTOR SKILL, COGNITIVE VARIABLES, AND PERSONALITY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR GENETICS ARE GIVEN. (4 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
DISCUSSES THE ISSUE OF ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDES OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES. THE THESIS ADVANCED IS THAT THE PROCEDURES TYPICALLY USED TO ESTIMATE SUCH RELATIONSHIPS PROVIDE ANSWERS TO ONLY 1 OF SEVERAL VARIANTS OF THE GENERAL RELATIONAL QUESTION, THAT OTHER VARIANTS ARE OFTEN OF EQUAL OR GREATER PSYCHOLOGICAL INTEREST, AND THAT THE DATA AVAILABLE FROM THE USUAL KINDS OF RELATIONAL ESTIMATION STUDIES CAN BE ANALYZED TO PROVIDE SEPARATE ANSWERS TO EACH POSSIBLE VARIANT OF THE GENERAL QUESTION. DATA FROM 5 STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL DESIRABILITY JUDGMENTS AND PERSONALITY SELF-REPORTS ARE PRESENTED TO ILLUSTRATE AND SUPPORT THE ARGUMENT. EXTENSIONS OF THE ARGUMENT TO OTHER AREAS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ARE SUGGESTED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
DISCUSSES THE NEED FOR IDENTIFYING A SET OF UNIFYING DIMENSIONS UNDERLYING SKILLED BEHAVIOR. THE ISSUES BEAR ON PROBLEMS OF GENERALIZING PRINCIPLES FROM LABORATORY TO OPERATIONAL TASKS AND FROM 1 TASK TO ANOTHER. COMBINATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL APPROACHES APPEAR TO BE REQUIRED. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH STRATEGY UTILIZED IN RESEARCH ON PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR ABILITIES IS DESCRIBED AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TAXONOMY QUESTIONS DISCUSSED. THE INTEGRATIVE NATURE OF THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED IS ILLUSTRATED BY A WIDE VARIETY OF STUDIES, IN LABORATORY AND OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS, RANGING FROM THOSE OF SKILL LEARNING AND RETENTION TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF LABORATORY TASKS FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT. (40 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
STUDENTS SHOULD BE TRAINED FOR THE FUTURE RATHER THAN THE PRESENT AND INCREASING EMPHASIS SHOULD BE PLACED ON INCREASING THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. "THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EXISTS AND TO WHICH IT MUST ADAPT IS CURRENTLY IN A STATE OF RAPID AND COMPLEX CHANGE." THE ENVIRONMENT IS RIPE FOR THE RAPID DIVERSIFICATION AND EXPANSION OF BEHAVIORAL STUDIES. "ALL OF THE CONDITIONS ARE PROPITIOUS FOR PROMPT EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION OF THE PARENT SPECIES BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE . . . . VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF NEUROLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND PSYCHOLOGY HAVE BEEN TRIED, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS. NEW PERMUTATIONS MUST BE DEVISED AND THE RESULTING STRAINS OF BIOLOGY MUST BE GIVEN A CHANCE TO SURVIVE, TO REPRODUCE, AND TO EVOLVE STILL FURTHER . . . . MAN'S GREATEST PROBLEM . . . IS NOT TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLOIT HIS PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, BUT TO UNDERSTAND AND GOVERN HIS OWN CONDUCT . . . . IF HE IS TO SURVIVE HE MUST PROCEED TO EXPLORE HIMSELF AND TO CONTROL HIS OWN ACTIVITIES." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
SEVERAL CONCEPTS AND DISTINCTIONS ARE EXPLICATED TO CLARIFY CERTAIN BASIC FEATURES OF RECENT AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH ON CONFORMITY AND NONCONFORMITY. THE MAIN POINTS CONSIDERED ARE: (1) THE CURRENT PREOCCUPATION WITH CONFORMITY AND THE RESULTING NEGLECT OF NONCONFORMITY PHENOMENA, (2) THE WIDESPREAD FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH CAREFULLY BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, (3) THE NEARLY UNIVERSAL FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN 2 BASICALLY DIFFERENT CRITERIA OF SOCIAL RESPONSE, VIZ., CONGRUENCE AND MOVEMENT, (4) THE PERSISTING TENDENCY TO CONCEPTUALIZE CONFORMITY AND ITS ALTERNATIVES IN A HIGHLY RESTRICTIVE UNIDIMENSIONAL MANNER, (5) THE CONTINUING VALUE JUDGMENTS IMPLICATED IN THE "CONFORMIST SOCIETY" AND "CONFORMIST PERSONALITY" POINTS OF VIEW, AND (6) THE SIMPLISTIC ASSUMPTION OF NORM HOMOGENEITY, IN WHICH CONFORMITY IS ARBITRARILY DEFINED ALIKE FOR ALL GROUP MEMBERS. ILLUSTRATIVE RESEARCH FINDINGS ARE REVIEWED IN CONSIDERING THESE POINTS, AND IMPLICATIONS ARE DRAWN FOR FRUITFUL RESEARCH APPROACHES. (107 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
EVALUATES ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY AND ACCOUNT FOR SUGGESTIBILITY OBSERVED IN NORMAL SS UNDER WAKING (NONHYPNOTIC) CONDITIONS. FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDIES DO NOT CONFIRM THE TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF "PRIMARY" AND "SECONDARY" SUGGESTIBILITY PRESENTED BY EYSENCK AND FURNEAUX. THESE STUDIES IDENTIFY AT LEAST 3 TYPES OF SUGGESTIBILITY: PRIMARY (MOTOR), CHALLENGE, AND IMAGERY (SENSORY) SUGGESTIBILITY. INTRINSIC, STIMULUS, AND RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGGESTIBILITY TESTS ARE EXAMINED. SUGGESTIBILITY DOES NOT SEEM TO DEPEND ON SET, EXPECTANCY, OR SITUATIONAL VARIABLES; IS NOT ADEQUATELY EXPLAINED BY IDEOMOTOR ACTION; AND IS UNRELATED TO THE PLACEBO RESPONSE. STATE-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO SUGGESTION OCCURS DURING SLEEP. SUGGESTIBILITY MAY BE RELATED TO ASPECTS OF CLASSICAL, VERBAL, AND SENSORY CONDITIONING. (72 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
REVIEWS RESEARCH RELATING T-GROUP EXPERIENCES TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS. ATTENTION IS ALSO DEVOTED TO SUMMARIZING THE STATED OBJECTIVES OF THE METHOD AND ITS TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS. SPECULATIONS ARE MADE ABOUT THE NATURE AND VIABILITY OF IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING T-GROUP TRAINING. EXAMINATION OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE LEADS TO THE CONCLUSION THAT WHILE T-GROUP TRAINING SEEMS TO PRODUCE OBSERVABLE CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR, THE UTILITY OF THESE CHANGES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES REMAINS TO BE DEMONSTRATED. IT IS ALSO EVIDENT THAT MORE RESEARCH HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO T-GROUP TRAINING THAN TO ANY OTHER SINGLE MANAGEMENT-DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE; HOWEVER, THE PROBLEMS OF OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT ARE CONSIDERABLY MORE DIFFICULT IN T-GROUP RESEARCH. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
DISCUSSES THE CONCEPTUAL ISSUES UNDERLYING THE MANPOWER TERMS NEED, SUPPLY, AND DEMAND IN THE FIELDS OF HEALTH SERVICES AND EDUCATION. A DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES AND THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS. SINCE MANY SERVICES CAN BE AND ARE PROVIDED BY PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES, OFTEN WITH SHORTER TRAINING AND IN GREATER SUPPLY, THE DEMAND AND ABILITY TO PAY FOR PHD PSYCHOLOGISTS MAY BE LESS THAN HAS BEEN ASSUMED. IMPLICATIONS FOR MANPOWER RESEARCH, PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES, AND TRAINING AND UTILIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGISTS ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
REVIEWS RESEARCH RELATING TO CHILDREN'S REACTIONS TO NONREWARD IN A VARIETY OF EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS. PERFORMANCE IN NONCONTINUOUS RATHER THAN CONTINUOUS REWARD SITUATIONS WAS FOUND TO BE MORE VIGOROUS. THESE DATA AND THE RESULTS OF STUDIES DEALING WITH DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND DIFFERENTIAL CONDITIONING PROVIDE CROSS-SPECIES SUPPORT FOR AMSEL'S FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY. THE EFFECTS OF NONREWARD ARE ALSO EXAMINED IN RELATION TO CA, MA, PERSONALITY, SOCIAL FACTORS, AND SUCCESS-FAILURE MANIPULATIONS. FRUSTRATIVE NONREWARD THEORY MAY BE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN DERIVING RELATED HYPOTHESES. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
RESEARCH IS REVIEWED WHICH TREATS PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THOSE OF THE INTERPERSONAL AND NONINTERPERSONAL ENVIRONMENTS. RELEVANT THEORETICAL POSITIONS ARE CONSIDERED. ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIONS OR TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. THE CONCLUSION POINTS TO 3 QUESTIONS: SHOULD ONE CONSIDER THE PERCEIVED OR ACTUAL ENVIRONMENT? WHAT UNITS SHOULD BE USED AND SHOULD THESE BE THE SAME UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ENVIRONMENTS? WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS? (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
MOST PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OUTPUT VARIABLES DISPLAY MARKED INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MAXIMUM AND OFTEN IN THE MINIMUM LEVELS OF WHICH S IS CAPABLE. SINCE SUCH VARIATIONS IN RANGE ARE GENERALLY UNRELATED TO THE UNDERLYING VARIABLE OF INTEREST, MEASURES OF TONIC LEVEL OR OF CHANGES IN LEVEL SHOULD BE CORRECTED SO AS TO REMOVE THEIR INFLUENCE. FORMULAS FOR THIS CORRECTION ARE PROVIDED TOGETHER WITH EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SUCH RANGE CORRECTIONS MAY ACCOMPLISH MARKED REDUCTIONS IN ERROR VARIANCE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
20.
PRESENTS AN OUTLINE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A GROUP WHICH CONSTITUTES THE GREATER PART OF A SINGLE INVISIBLE COLLEGE. INVISIBLE COLLEGE REFERS TO THAT "INGROUP" IN EACH OF THE MORE ACTIVELY PURSUED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE SPECIALTIES IN THE SCIENCES. GROUP MEMBERS CLAIM TO BE REASONABLY IN TOUCH WITH EVERYONE WHO IS CONTRIBUTING MATERIALLY TO RESEARCH IN THEIR AREA NOT ONLY NATIONALLY, BUT INTERNATIONALLY AS WELL. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY ARE CONSIDERABLE FOR ANALYZING THE SOCIAL LIFE OF SCIENCE AND THE NATURE OF COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION AT THE RESEARCH FRONT . . . . PERHAPS THE RECENT ACCELERATION IN THE AMOUNT OF MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF SCIENCE IS DUE PARTLY TO THE BUILDING OF A NEW COMMUNICATION MECHANISM DERIVING FROM THE INCREASED MOBILITY OF SCIENTISTS, AND PARTLY TO AN EFFORT TO UTILIZE LARGER AND LARGER QUANTITIES OF LOWER-LEVEL RESEARCH MANPOWER. IF THIS IS SO, THEN THE CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF COLLABORATION, AS THE UTILIZATION OF MANY DIFFERENT SKILLS AND PAIRS OF HANDS TO DO A SINGLE JOB OTHERWISE IMPOSSIBLE TO PERFORM, IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE AND MISLEADING." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献