SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, PREDICTION EQUATION, REGRESSION EQUATIONS, AND INTRINSIC RESPONSE BIAS.

IT IS SHOWN ON THE BASIS OF 7 SAMPLES, INCLUDING 2 SAMPLES OF BOGUS DATA, THAT EDWARDS' SOCIAL-DESIRABILITY-BASED PREDICTION EQUATION DOES NOT PREDICT ACTUAL SCORES ON OTHER TRUE-FALSE SCALES BUT, AT BEST, MERELY PREDICTS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND THE OTHER SCALES. IT IS FURTHER SHOWN BY ANALYSIS OF EDWARDS' EQUATION THAT THIS RELATIONSHIP IS MATHEMATICALLY NECESSARY, AND THAT THE VERY STRUCTURE OF EDWARDS' EQUATION MAKES MORE ADEQUATE PREDICTIONS IMPOSSIBLE. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ACTUAL AND PREDICTED SCORES ARE DEMONSTRATED TO DEPEND ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ITEM CONTENT, STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE PREDICTION EQUATION, AND INTRINSIC RESPONSE BIAS. IN GENERAL, CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND OTHER SCALES ARE AN INACCURATE REFLECTION OF A POTENTIAL UNDERLYING RELATIONSHIP AND TEND TO BE SPURIOUSLY LOW. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE ANALYSIS OF CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS.

A CR IN THE CLASSICAL DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING SITUATION MAY BE VIEWED AS THE JOINT PRODUCT OF A CRITERION FOR A RESPONSE AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH S DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN THE STIMULI. RESPONSE BIAS IS THUS SEEN TO BE A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN SINGLE-STIMULUS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, AND SIGNAL DETECTION METHODS ARE SEEN TO BE RELEVANT TO THE ANALYSIS OF DISCRIMINATION CONDITIONING EXPERIMENTS. PRELIMINARY APPLICATIONS TO PUBLISHED DATA ON SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES SUGGEST THAT SS CLASSIFIED AS "VOLUNTARY," SS WITH HIGH MA SCALE SCORES, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A HIGH-INTENSITY UCS DIFFER PRIMARILY BY RESPONDING WITH A LOWER CRITERION, I.E., ARE MORE RESPONSIVE, THAN "CONDITIONERS," LOW-MA SS, AND SS CONDITIONED WITH A LOW-INTENSITY UCS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF JUDGMENTAL METHODS WITH ENDORSEMENTS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS.

FOCUSES ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH JUDGMENT METHODS ARE FREE FROM DISSIMULATION EFFECTS AS COMPARED WITH ENDORSEMENTS. 8 STRUCTURED PERSONALITY SCALES FROM THE PERSONALITY RESEARCH FORM WERE ADMINISTERED UNDER 4 INSTRUCTIONAL SETS-ENDORSEMENT, DESIRABLE IN OTHERS, FREQUENCY OF ENDORSEMENT, AND DESIRABLE IN SELF-TO 94 COLLEGE FRATERNITY MEMBERS. THE VALIDITY OF JUDGMENTS AND ENDORSEMENTS WAS EXAMINED BY RELATING THEM TO NONINVENTORY BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA IN THE FORM OF BEHAVIOR RATINGS. ALTHOUGH JUDGMENTS WERE FREE FROM THE KINDS OF DISSIMULATION EFFECTS FOUND WITH ENDORSEMENTS, JUDGMENTS YIELDED SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER VALIDITIES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERSONALITY INVENTORIES: THE 16 PF, THE MMPI, AND THE MPI.

ADMINISTERED THE 16 PF, THE MPI, AND THE MMPI TO 267 AIRMEN. A FACTOR ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE 16 PF SCALES, AND ESTIMATED CORRELATIONS OF MPI AND MMPI SCALES WITH THE 16 PF FACTORS WERE OBTAINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE 16 PF EXTRAVERSION FACTOR AND THE MPI EXTRAVERSION SCALE WERE IDENTICAL FOR MOST PURPOSES, BUT THAT THE 16 PF ANXIETY FACTOR AND THE MPI NEUROTICISM SCALE SHOWED CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES. FINDINGS CONCERNING THE MMPI CLINICAL SCALES, THE 16 PF FACTORS, AND THE MPI SCALES ARE DISCUSSED. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERACTION TESTING IN THE MEASUREMENT OF MARITAL INTELLIGENCE.

THE INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING OF 50 MARRIED COUPLES, EACH HAVING 1 PSYCHIATRIC DAY HOSPITAL PATIENT-SPOUSE, IS DESCRIBED AND EVALUATED BY THE USE OF INTERACTION TESTING, A TECHNIQUE WHICH INCLUDES THE TESTING OF THE INDIVIDUAL SPOUSES AND THE MARRIED PAIRS ON A SET OF INTELLIGENCE TEST PROBLEMS. MARITAL INTELLIGENCE IS DEFINED AS THE ABILITY OF THE COUPLE TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS AND IS MEASURED BY THE IQ SCORE ACHIEVED BY THE COUPLE AS A UNIT. THE RELIABILITY OF INTERACTION IQ TEST SCORES, THE NATURE OF HUSBAND AND WIFE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MARITAL "INTELLIGENCE," AND THE RELIABILITY OF A SCORING SYSTEM OF INTERACTION PROCESS OR DECISION MAKING INFERRED FROM A COMPARISON OF COUPLE VS. INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS ARE CONSIDERED. INTERACTION TESTING APPEARS TO BE A FEASIBLE AND RELIABLE TECHNIQUE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF MARITAL INTELLIGENCE AND DECISION MAKING, AND OFFERS TO BE OF USE IN FAMILY DIAGNOSIS AND RESEARCH. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ITEM AMBIGUITY AND ITEM DISCRIMINATION IN THE MMPI.

EVALUATED 2 CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF ITEM AMBIGUITY WITH RESPECT TO THE DISCRIMINATION POWER AND RESPONSE DIRECTION OF MMPI ITEMS. INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY RATINGS AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY VALUES WERE OBTAINED ON THE ITEMS IN ORDER TO DIVIDE THEM INTO GROUPS BY AMBIGUITY CHARACTERISTICS. A CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS INDICATED THE PRESENCE OF A LOW POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 2 MEASURES. THE ITEMS WERE ANALYZED WITH RESPECT TO THE NUMBER OF SCALES ON WHICH THEY ARE KEYED AND IN TERMS OF THEIR VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE DIRECTION. IT WAS EXPECTED THAT ITEMS HIGH IN INTERPRETIVE AMBIGUITY AND LOW IN RESPONSE AMBIGUITY WOULD HAVE GREATER DISCRIMINATION POWER AND WOULD BE MORE VARIABLE IN KEYED RESPONSE DIRECTION. BOTH EXPECTATIONS WERE CONFIRMED. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTERPRETIVE AND RESPONSE AMBIGUITY IS USEFUL TO CONSIDER IN ITEM-ANALYSIS PROCEDURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VALIDITY OF A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF WAIS, WISC, AND WPPSI SHORT FORMS.

DATA FROM THE WAIS, WISC, AND WECHSLER PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE STANDARDIZATION SAMPLES WERE USED TO ASSESS THE VALIDITY OF SHORT FORMS THAT REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ITEMS WITHIN SUBTESTS, RATHER THAN THE NUMBER OF SUBTESTS. A STATISTICAL CORRECTION WAS MADE FOR THE BIAS INTRODUCED BY RESCORING THE ORIGINAL SCALES TO OBTAIN SCORES ON THE SHORT FORMS. THE NEW APPROACH APPEARS TO PROVIDE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY ESTIMATES OF VERBAL AND PERFORMANCE IQS, AS WELL AS OF FULL SCALE IQS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OLD WINE IN NEW SKINS: GROUPING WECHSLER SUBTESTS INTO NEW SCALES.

A REACTION TO THE EXTENSIVE LITERATURE ON NEW WECHSLER SUBTEST COMBINATIONS (E.G., SHORT FORMS AND FACTOR SCALES). ANY NEW WECHSLER COMPOSITE RAISES ELEMENTARY ISSUES OF RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND SCORE STANDARDIZATION. IT IS ARGUED THAT IN THE PAST, THESE ISSUES HAVE NOT BEEN DEALT WITH IN A SATISFACTORY MANNER. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY FORMULAS, APPROPRIATE FOR WECHSLER COMPOSITES, ARE PRESENTED. A MODIFIED PART-WHOLE CORRELATION FORMULA IS OFFERED FOR USE IN CASES OF NONINDEPENDENT TEST ADMINISTRATION OF PART AND WHOLE. IN ORDER TO FACILITATE APPROPRIATE CLINICAL USE, CONVERSION TABLES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPOSITE SCORES, INCLUDING FACTOR SCORES, INTO, WECHSLER DEVIATION QUOTIENTS. (31 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONNOTATIONS OF TWENTY PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNALS TO THEIR PROFESSIONAL READERS.

20 PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS OF INTEREST TO PSYCHOLOGISTS WERE RATED BY 553 MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) ON 20 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALES. THE DATA WERE FACTOR ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS BY A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND TO REVEAL THE CLUSTERS OF THE MAJOR JOURNALS AS PERCEIVED BY THEM. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO RELATE DIFFERENCES IN EVALUATION TO BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF RATERS SUCH AS DIVISIONAL AFFILIATION, AREAS OF INTEREST, TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT, AND SENIORITY. 4 MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF FEELING TONES ARE REPORTED-VALUE, SCIENTIFIC RIGOR, INTERESTINGNESS, AND ORIENTATION TOWARD THEORY OR APPLICATION. JOURNAL CLUSTERS IN TERMS OF THESE 4 FACTORS ARE DISCUSSED. THE MEMBERS HAVING THE GREATEST INVOLVEMENT WITH APA, AS EVIDENCED BY MULTIPLE-DIVISION MEMBERSHIP, TEND TO BE ACADEMIC IN ORIENTATION AND PLACE THE GREATEST GENERAL VALUE ON THE JOURNALS. NONDIVISIONAL MEMBERS SEEM TO BE MORE CLINICAL AND APPLIED IN ORIENTATION. OTHER BACKGROUND DIFFERENCES ARE DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL HISTORY FACTORS AND PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS.

CONSECUTIVELY ADMITTED, NONGERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY IF THEY HAD A VALID MMPI TAKEN WITHIN 14 DAYS OF ADMISSION TO A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL, AND AN M-B HISTORY RECORD COMPLETED BY THEIR NEAREST RELATIVE. DATA ON 120 PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED BY COMPUTING PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 7 HISTORY THEMES AND 13 MMPI SCALES AND BY CANONICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 2 SETS OF DATA. THE RESULTS OF BOTH ANALYSES ARE SEEN AS SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE ARE RELATIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN ASPECTS OF A PATIENT'S SOCIAL HISTORY AND THE SYMPTOMS REPORTED ON ADMISSION TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGE STIMULUS SEQUENCES FOR DISCRIMINATION TASKS.

SEQUENCES OF POSITIONS FOR THE PLACING OF THE POSITIVE STIMULUS IN A 2-CHOICE VISUAL DISCRIMINATION TASK AS CONSTRUCTED BY GELLERMAN ARE EXAMINED BY MEANS OF A HYPOTHESIS-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE AND ARE FOUND TO BE UNSATISFACTORY ON 2 COUNTS: (1) THEY FAIL TO ENSURE THAT NO POSITION HYPOTHESIS WILL PRODUCE OTHER THAN CHANCE PERFORMANCE ON THE LEARNING CURVE, AND (2) THEY FAIL TO PREVENT THE DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF POSITION HYPOTHESES. A NEW SET OF SEQUENCES IS PROPOSED WHICH SATISFY THESE CONDITIONS. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE AS TO THE COMBINATION OF THESE SEQUENCES FOR USE IN RELATIVELY LONG DISCRIMINATION TASKS. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WHAT KINDS OF ANXIETY DOES THE TAYLOR MA MEASURE?

CONCERNED WITH THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TAYLOR MA SCALE WITH THE SCALES AND INDIVIDUAL ITEMS OF THE BRENTWOOD MOOD SCALE IN A GROUP OF 159 HOSPITALIZED CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS. 3 TYPES OF ANXIETY-SUBJECTIVELY EXPERIENCED FEAR, ANXIETY EXPRESSED IN PHYSICAL TENSION, AND GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY-WERE FOUND TO BE RELATED TO SCORES ON THE MA, WITH UNCERTAINTY LESS RELATED THAN EITHER SUBJECTIVELY OR PHYSICALLY FELT ANXIETY. THE MA WAS ALSO FOUND TO BE RELATED TO SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS OF DEPRESSION AND TO AN ABSENCE OF POSITIVELY TONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS. THE MA WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH WORDS CONNOTING DRIVE LEVEL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CLINICAL, PSYCHOMETRIC, AND WORK-SAMPLE APPROACHES IN THE PREDICTION OF SUCCESS IN PEACE CORPS TRAINING.

A STUDY TO DETERMINE WHETHER FAILURE TO BE SELECTED FOR OVERSEAS ASSIGNMENT COULD BE PREDICTED PRIOR TO PEACE CORPS TRAINING. 178 PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS, ASSIGNED TO 3 PROGRAMS, REPORTED PRIOR TO TRAINING FOR A WK. OF ASSESSMENT, WHICH INCLUDED INDIVIDUAL SITUATIONAL TESTS, PAPER-AND-PENCIL PERSONALITY TESTS, PROJECTIVE TESTS, AND WORK-SAMPLE LANGUAGE TRAINING. PREDICTIONS OF NONSELECTION WERE MADE BY CLINICAL METHODS, FROM LANGUAGE SCORES ALONE, FROM A COMBINATION OF PAPER-AND-PENCIL PERSONALITY TEST SCORES ALONE, AND BY ASSESSMENT BASED ON THESE LAST 2 SETS OF SCORES. ALL 4 SETS OF PREDICTIONS HAD SIGNIFICANT VALIDITY. HOWEVER, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES OCCURRED AMONG METHODS, THE SIMPLEST AND CHEAPEST APPROACH BEING AS EFFECTIVE AS THE MOST COMPLEX AND COSTLY. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SVIB PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS.

THE SVIB IS SOMETIMES USED WITH ALL MEMBERS OF A HIGH SCHOOL CLASS. LITTLE DIRECT EVIDENCE IS AVAILABLE, HOWEVER, WHICH INDICATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCORES MADE ON THIS INVENTORY WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LARGE GROUPS OF HIGH SCHOOL BOYS AND OCCUPATIONS THEY SUBSEQUENTLY FOLLOW. THE PRESENT STUDY ATTEMPTED TO ESTIMATE THIS RELATIONSHIP FOR A GROUP OF MEN WHO HAD COMPLETED THE SVIB WHILE HIGH SCHOOL JUNIORS OR SENIORS 6-10 YR. EARLIER, BY COMPARING THEIR PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS WITH THEIR PRESENT JOBS WHEN THESE JOBS WERE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF THE INTEREST RATINGS FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE (USES) MANUAL, "ESTIMATES OF WORKER TRAIT REQUIREMENTS FOR 4,000 JOBS." SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS WERE FOUND TO EXIST BETWEEN 6 SVIB PATTERNS AND USES INTEREST FACTORS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE SVIB SHOWS PROMISE IN ASSESSING BROAD INTEREST FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOBS WHEN PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS ARE USED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI STUDY OF NEGRO MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC PATIENTS.

COMPARED MMPI DATA FOR 100 NEGRO AND 100 WHITE PATIENTS IN A MENTAL HYGIENE CLINIC. THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR IN EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, BUT THE NEGROES WERE AT A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL. THE MEAN PROFILES FOR THE 2 GROUPS WERE SIMILAR. ORDERING THE MMPIS BY THE HIGHEST AND 2 HIGHEST CLINICAL SCALE SCORES SHOWED DIFFERENCES ON FEMININE INTERESTS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (SC) AS THE HIGHEST SCORES, AND ON HYPOCHONDRIASIS (HS)-SC, SC-HS, DEPRESSION (D)-PSYCHASTHENIA (PT), AND PT-D FOR THE 2 HIGHEST SCORES. THE CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE NEGROES TEND TO BE MORE CONFORMING TO MIDDLE-CLASS STANDARDS, MORE DENYING OF ANXIETY AND SENSITIVITY, AND MORE FOCUSED ON PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAN THE WHITES. IT ALSO APPEARED THAT ANXIETY AND HOSTILITY WERE MORE FREQUENTLY DENIED AND PROJECTED ONTO IMPERSONAL AND DISTANT OBJECTS BY THE NEGROES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SITUATIONAL AND PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PREDICTIVE ACCURACY.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PREDICTIVE ACCURACY AND TYPE OF INTERVIEWER-INTERVIEWEE CONTACT. 120 UNDERGRADUATES WERE ADMINISTERED THE ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST (ACL) AND ASSIGNED THE ROLES OF INTERVIEWER, INTERVIEWEE (OBJECT), AND O. AFTER A SHORT INTERVIEW, SEEN BY THE O THROUGH A 1-WAY MIRROR, THE INTERVIEWER AND O PREDICTED THE OBJECT'S RESPONSES TO THE ACL. FEMALES WERE PREDICTED MORE ACCURATELY THAN MALES REGARDLESS OF CONDITION OF CONTACT OR SEX OF JUDGE. THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN ACCURACY OF PREDICTION BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE OBJECT. HIGH-ACCURACY JUDGES OBTAINED HIGHER SCORES ON THE ORDER SCALE OF THE ACL AND LOWER SCORES ON THE CHANGE AND AFFILIATION SCALES THAN LOW-ACCURACY JUDGES. UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIRECT CONTACT, HIGHER ACCURACY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT; UNDER THE CONDITION OF INDIRECT CONTACT, THIS PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER ACCURACY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF SPEECH.

STUDIED 48 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY TEST SCORES. SS DEFINED ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE NOUNS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE OR IN THE PRESENCE OF E ALONE. DEFINITIONS WERE SCORED FOR EXTRALINGUISTIC AND STYLE FEATURES OF SPEECH. THE DESIGN WAS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND STIMULUS CONCRETENESS ARE MEDIATED BY COGNITIVE PROCESSES, WHEREAS EFFECTS OF AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY AND AUDIENCE CONDITIONS ARE MEDIATED BY EMOTIONAL STATES. LATENCY OF DEFINITIONS, WORD PRODUCTION, AND FILLED PAUSES ("AHS") WERE RELATED ONLY TO THE 2 COGNITIVE FACTORS. A SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION REVEALED THAT IN THE AUDIENCE SITUATION HIGHLY AUDIENCE-SENSITIVE SS HAD THE HIGHEST SILENT-PAUSE RATIO, SUGGESTING THAT THIS VARIABLE WAS MOST AFFECTED BY EMOTIONAL AROUSAL. FREQUENCY OF SILENT PAUSES, WORD LENGTH, RATIO OF CONCRETE TO ABSTRACT NOUNS IN THE DEFINITIONS, AND EVALUATIVE RATINGS OF THE DEFINITIONS WERE RELATED TO BOTH CLASSES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN THE RELATION OF THOUGHT TO ACTION.

ATABULATION OF THE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL IMAGERY AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YR. IN SKOLNICK'S (SEE 41:3) STUDY REVEALED (1) THAT THE NUMBER OF SUCH CORRELATIONS IS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN CHANCE, (2) THAT THIS FINDING IS LARGELY CONFINED TO THE MALE SS, (3) THAT ORDINARY OS DO NOT PERCEIVE PEOPLE AS HAVING TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF THEIR IMAGERY TYPES, THOUGH CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DO, (4) THAT IMAGERY RELATED MORE TO OPERANT ACTIONS IN MALES AND RESPONDENT ACTIONS IN FEMALES, (5) THAT ADOLESCENT IMAGERY SCORES ARE MUCH INFERIOR TO ADULT IMAGERY SCORES IN THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS THEY GENERATE, AND (6) THAT ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES PREDICT ADULT IMAGERY SCORES MUCH BETTER THAN ADOLESCENT IMAGERY PREDICTS ADULT ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING THAT IMAGERY MAY BE MORE THE RESULT THAN THE CAUSE OF ACTION. THE FINDINGS ARE INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN WHICH FANTASY IS CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS 1 TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., THOUGHT) WHICH IS RELATED TO ANOTHER TYPE OF BEHAVIOR (E.G., ACTION), RATHER THAN IN TERMS OF THE TRADITIONAL PROJECTIVE TEST FRAMEWORK. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND GUILT IN HETEROSEXUAL AND SUBGROUPS OF HOMOSEXUAL REFORMATORY INMATES.

25 HETEROSEXUALS, 25 HOMOSEXUAL INSERTEES, AND 25 HOMOSEXUAL INSERTORS WERE SELECTED FROM A REFORMATORY POPULATION AND ADMINISTERED THE MMPI AND THE MOSHER FORCED-CHOICE GUILT INVENTORY. A COMPARISON OF MMPI PROFILES, SCORES ON 3 ASPECTS OF GUILT, AND THE INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE MMPI SCALES AND THE GUILT SCALES INDICATED MANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES. SS GENERALLY SEEMED TO BE IMPULSIVE AND ANTISOCIAL MEN WHO ACTED OUT THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS AND EXPERIENCED LITTLE ANXIETY AND GUILT. THE INSERTEES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY CONFUSION CONCERNING PERSONAL AND SEXUAL IDENTITY AND AN INHIBITION OF AGGRESSION. THE INSERTORS DISPLAYED THE GREATEST DEGREE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; THEY OPENLY ADMITTED REBELLIOUSLY DEVIANT THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND BEHAVIORS AND APPEARED QUITE PSYCHOTICLIKE IN THEIR THINKING. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES.

INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONALITY FACTORS TO TOLERANCE FOR UNREALISTIC EXPERIENCES (TUE), I.E., A PERSON'S CAPACITY TO PERCEIVE IN WAYS WHICH CONTRADICT USUAL MODES OF PERCEPTION, IN 20 GRADUATE STUDENTS. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY SUGGESTED THAT ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THINKING THAT WAS INTEGRATED WITH MORE REALISTIC, NEUTRAL, SOCIALIZED THOUGHT SHOULD RELATE POSITIVELY TO TUE. AMOUNT AND INTEGRATION OF UNREALISTIC AND DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT WERE MEASURED BY THE HOLT PRIMARY-SECONDARY PROCESS SCORING OF THE RORSCHACH TEST, ON A WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST, AND ON AN ART-PREFERENCE TEST. RESULTS INDICATE THAT TUE RELATED TO THE CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN BOTH INTEGRATED UNREALISTIC AND IN INTEGRATED DRIVE-RELATED THOUGHT. THESE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF PERSONALITY FACTORS INVOLVED IN RIGIDITY AND IN CREATIVITY. (25 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)