A sequential linear least square algorithm for tracking dynamic shapes of smart structures

This paper presents a sequential linear least square algorithm for tracking dynamic shapes of piezoelectric smart structures. The dynamic shape discussed in this paper is defined as a host structural shape varying with time, and the tracking technique is to find an electric voltage history for each piezoelectric device over a time period so that the desired structural movements can be achieved. In the theoretical formulation, dynamic equations of piezoelectric smart structures are introduced by finite element analysis, and then a solution procedure for a set of time‐dependent electric voltages is derived by combining the linear least square method and the Houbolt numerical integration scheme. The formulation indicates that this algorithm can be used to find the time‐dependent voltages for tracking structural movements of piezoelectric smart structures. The present novel formulation is then demonstrated through numerical examples for tracking dynamic shapes of piezoelectric smart beams and plates. The numerical results for the smart beam are compared with the experimental ones. It is shown that the present sequential linear least square algorithm is capable of efficiently simulating dynamic shape tracking for smart structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

方盒件拉深法兰区不均匀流动的模拟分析

盒形件及一些复杂形状的零件在拉深成形时,由于其形状的非轴对称性,变形沿变形区的周边分布是不均匀的,往往会造成各种形式的缺陷.利用开发的动力显式弹塑性有限元程序FEMStamping模拟了NUMISHEET'93国际会议的标准考题之一方盒形件的拉深成形过程,分析了摩擦系数、压边力和凹模圆角半径等工艺参数及毛坯形状与尺寸对法兰变形区材料不均匀流动的影响规律,给出了改善方盒形件成形质量的一些工艺措施.     

真空气淬过程数值模拟湍流模型适用性研究

分别采用标准κ-ε模型、重整化群(RNG)κ-ε模型和可实现的(Realizable)κ-ε模型对某喷嘴型真空高压气淬淬火过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:通过合理选择湍流模型,可以通过数值模拟的方式实现对淬火过程的预测和分析.由于三种湍流模型对湍流耗散率处理方式的不同,使其适用领域有所不同,对于真空气淬过程,可实现的( Realizable)κ-ε模型适用性最好,重整化群(RNG)κ-ε模型次之,标准κ-ε模型与实验吻合度最差.     

A novel mean square formulation of stochastic nonlinear dynamic systems based on Adomian decomposition

An Adomian decomposition based mathematical framework to derive the mean square responses of nonlinear structural systems subjected to stochastic excitation is presented. The exact mean square response estimation of certain class of nonlinear stochastic systems is achieved using Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equations resulting in analytical expressions or using Monte Carlo simulations. However, for most of the nonlinear systems, the response estimation using Monte Carlo simulations is computationally expensive, and, also, obtaining solution of FPK equation is mathematically exhaustive owing to the requirement to solve a stochastic partial differential equation. In this context, the present work proposes an Adomian decomposition based formalism to derive semi-analytical expressions for the second order response statistics. Further, a derivative matching based moment approximation technique is employed to reduce the higher order moments in nonlinear systems into functions of lower order moments without resorting to any sort of linearization. Three case studies consisting of Duffing oscillator with negative stiffness, Rayleigh Van-der Pol oscillator and a Pendulum tuned mass damper inerter system with linear auxiliary spring–damper arrangement subjected to white noise excitation are undertaken. The accuracy of the closed form expressions derived using the proposed framework is established by comparing the mean square responses of the systems with the exact solutions. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed framework for accurate statistical analysis of nonlinear systems under stochastic excitation.     

对撞超声速射流场的数值模拟研究

为了探讨对撞式气流粉碎机内部的对撞超声速射流流场结构对粉碎过程的影响,本文中通过数值模拟的方法,对该流场结构进行了研究。通过建立不同的模型,对射流出口与对称平面的距离对粉碎过程的影响,以及射流外围的流动情况进行了分析,为高效气流粉碎机的设计提供了参考依据。     

一种新型燃用煤粉工业锅炉燃烧器流场特性研究

针对一种新型的燃用煤粉工业锅炉燃烧器,利用计算流体力学软件,通过改变一、二次风速及内二次风旋流强度以及钝体流通阻塞率等参数,模拟燃烧器出口附近流场分布,研究不同参数下回流区大小及回流量的变化,分析流场的湍流强度分布.结果表明,回流区长度与内二次风速、内二次风旋流强度及钝体阻塞率成正比,与一次风速成反比.回流量总体上随着内二次风旋流强度、内二次风速、一次风速的增加而增大;改变钝体阻塞率,则有较复杂的变化.湍流强度沿径向呈先增后减的变化,沿轴向则在某个截面后不断衰减.     

装饰建材超市气流组织的数值模拟

本文介绍了装饰建材超市气流组织紊流数值模拟的方法,讨论了应用最为广泛的高雷诺数模型及其数值计算方法,并提出了气流组织数值模拟中有待解决的问题.     

Numerical modelling and flow visualization of mixing of stratified layers and rollover in LNG

A numerical model has been developed to study the mixing of two initially stratified layers which are subjected to a uniform lateral heat flux. An important distinction is made between the free surface and the liquid/liquid interface with regard to the different flow characteristics of the two layers. In the upper layer where warm liquid is cooled at the evaporating surface, the convective circulation is featured by a strong downward core flow; in contrast, the fluid flow in the lower layer is mainly confined to the wall boundary and is much weaker. Flow visualization experiments show that mixing of two stratified layers generally involves two stages in sequence: migration of the interface and rapid mixing between the remaining liquids. The interface movement is due to entrainment mixing at the interface. When the two layers approach density equalization, the interface becomes increasingly unstable and the core flow in the upper layer is able to break into the lower layer. The base to side heat flux ratio appears to be a major factor in determining the mode and intensity of the subsequent mixing at a rollover incident.     

错位桨对污泥固液两相流混合的数值模拟

为了提高搅拌器的搅动范围、减小流动死区,基于混合理论和等螺距的设计原理,提出了一种错位叶片的结构形式.采用Fluent软件对错位桨搅拌器(6SBP)和普通6BP搅拌器在污泥液体中的流场变化进行了三维数值模拟,模拟分析比较了6SBP桨和6BP桨式两种搅拌器的流场形态、速度分布和功耗的特点,并通过实验进行了验证.结果表明,模拟结果和实验结果较吻合,错位桨搅拌流场不对称,能够减小流动死区,增大搅动范围.在N=3r/s的工作状态下,6SBP桨的轴向速度和径向速度分布要大于6BP桨,而功耗约为6BP桨的77%.     

大气紊流作用下超音速二元机翼的脉动响应

以二元机翼为研究对象,研究大气紊流作用下系统的脉动响应。将气动力分解为简谐振动气动力和脉动气动力两部分,采用随机场的三角级数合成法得到作用在机翼上的脉动压力,运用随机理论对机翼均方根响应值进行分析,着重考查了平均来流速度、湍流尺度、湍流强度等对系统均方根响应的影响。结果表明,系统的均方根响应随速度的增大而增大,在流体速度小于线性临界颤振速度时,其变化很平缓,当速度超过临界颤振速度时,其均方根响应迅速增大。而均方根响应几乎随紊流强度的变化呈线性增长,但其对紊流尺度的变化不很敏感。     

气流激振力作用下的旋转冲压转子动力学响应

对旋转冲压发动机转子涡动时压缩进气道的内部流场进行数值仿真,建立了作用在转子上的气流激振力非线性模型,结合旋转冲压转子-动静压混合气体轴承系统的有限元模型,并通过数值仿真获得了复杂气流激振力作用下旋转冲压转子-动静混合气体轴承系统的非线性动力学响应。研究结果表明,旋转冲压转子的偏心距对复杂气流激振力作用下转子轴承系统的振动特性具有显著的影响。     

An experimental research of fluid piston oscillation in square moon pool under the wave flow combined conditions

The article studies the oscillation features of the water in the square moonpool under the circumstances of wave-current combined conditions. Comparing with the results of experiments of the square moonpool, a series of studies reveal that the water piston oscillation phenomenon is quite similar to that of the circular one. Two types of oscillation are exhibited under different incoming wave periods, i.e. self-excited oscillation and forced oscillation. The difference between the circular and square moonpool is that the attack angle makes greater influences on the square one. “Beating phenomenon” is also found in the square moonpool which is not mentioned of the circular one.     

空调硬卧车内气流组织的数值模拟研究

空调车内气流组织研究是车厢内热环境控制的基础，合理的车内气流组织可有效地改善乘客的冷热舒适性。采用k-ε湍流模型对25K型空调硬卧车内气流组织进行了数值模拟，研究了不同送风方式和送风参数下车内空气流场和温度场分布规律，并与实验结果进行了对照，两者基本一致。研究结果对于改善硬卧车内人体冷热舒适性提供了理论依据，对车内气流组织优化设计有指导意义。     

零方程湍流模型在列车车厢内气流数值模拟中的应用

采用k-ε湍流模型对列车车厢内气流进行数值模拟需要消耗大量的计算时间，为此，提出了采用零方程湍流模型对列车车厢内的气流组织进行数值模拟；分别采用零方程湍流模型与k-ε湍流模型对列车车厢内的空气流动及传热进行了数值计算，经分析比较可知，该两种湍流模型的数值计算结果吻合程度较好，采用零方程湍流模型可大大缩短计算时间，利用其简单、快捷的特点，可以为列车空调系统的工程设计提供简便的数值模拟方法。     

均速管流量计流量系数的修正方法研究

采用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法对300 mm口径的均速管流量计的内部流动进行了数值仿真,湍流模型应用标准k-ε模型,应用有限体积法对控制方程离散和求解.通过计算得出均速管流量计在几种长度不同的前直管段条件下的流量系数;还研究了流量系数与雷诺数的关系,得出流量计的流量系数随着雷诺数增加有上升的趋势.最后,对未充分发展段的流量系数进行了修正,得出了流量系数与雷诺数之间的三次拟合曲线,以此可将未充分发展段的测量值修正为充分发展后的数值,以实现在管道长度不足的情况下得到较为精确的测量值.     

Numerical modelling of tidal flows in complex estuaries including turbulence: an unstructured finite volume solver and experimental validation

In this paper an unstructured finite volume model for quasi‐2D tidal flow with wet–dry fronts and turbulence modelling is presented, and applied to the Crouch–Roach estuarine system (Essex, U.K.). Two depth averaged turbulence models, a mixing length model and a k–ε model, are used in the numerical computations. An additional limiter to the production of turbulence due to bed friction is introduced in order to improve the performance and numerical stability of the model near wet–dry fronts. In addition to a first‐order and a second‐order schemes, an hybrid second‐order/first‐order upwind scheme which improves the accuracy of the first‐order scheme while maintaining a good numerical stability is used to discretize the convective flux. Numerical results are compared with observed current speed and water level data, with particular reference to the ability of the model to reproduce shallow water tidal harmonics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于CFD-DEM方法的柱状颗粒在弯管中输送过程的数值模拟

针对物料在气力输送过程中特别是弯管部分易破碎的问题,采用计算流体力学(CFD)和离散单元法(DEM)耦合模拟弯管内的柱状颗粒气力输送过程,对弯径比k分别为1、2、3、4、6的90°弯管内柱状颗粒的运动状态、碰撞特性、破碎原因及相关的力学特性进行研究。结果表明:球形颗粒与柱状颗粒在输送过程中遵循基本一致的变化规律,同样外部条件下,柱状颗粒的悬浮速度小于球形颗粒。当k=3时气力输送过程颗粒的破碎率最低。同时,颗粒与管壁的碰撞是造成颗粒破碎的主要原因。     

A statistical study of spots in torsional Couette flow

This article presents some results on the statistical behavior of localized structures—called “spots”—that propagate in the flow between a rotating and a stationary disk when those are very close one to the other. Under these conditions the rotating-disk flow belongs to the Couette-flow family and is called the torsional Couette flow. Some visualizations of its transition to turbulence have already revealed the propagation of these spots (Schouveiler et al., J Fluid Mech 443:329–350, 2001) from the rim of the disk towards its center. Using flow visualizations and an original image analysis, the present study aims to better describe the characteristics of the spots whose number continuously increases with the Reynolds number until they invade the whole flow. Moreover, we propose a statistical model that predicts an error-function shape for the probability to observe a spot at a given radial position. This prediction is confirmed by an image analysis of the flow and the stability curve of torsional Couette flow is deduced from these observations.     

A statistical evaluation of micro‐crack initiation in thermally cut structural elements

The paper presents a numerical modelling of fatigue crack initiation in thermally cut structural elements by using improved Tanaka–Mura crack nucleation model. The main goal of the study is to analyse the influence of different grain orientations generated with Voronoi tessellation on the crack initiation period. The numerical modelling of the crack initiation period is performed on the test specimens made of high strength steel with martensitic microstructure. Because the specimens are assumed to be thermally cut without any additional treatment, surface roughness is taken into account in the numerical simulation. Several computational analyses with different grain orientations are performed on the each stress level. Therefore, the stress cycles interval [N₁, N₂] in which the crack is expected to be initiated with the probability P(N) is determined by using statistical analyses of obtained computational results. Experimental testing is also performed on the uniaxial test machine by stress ratio R = 0.1.