基于压电阻抗技术监测混凝土强度发展的实验研究

本文基于压电阻抗（EMI）监测技术,对混凝土立方体标准试块的强度发展进行了监测。制作3种不同配合比的标准试块,将压电片粘贴于标准试块表面和埋置于体内,用精密阻抗分析仪HP4294A提取压电片在不同养护龄期时的电导纳信号,并测试相应标准试块的抗压强度。试验结果表明,随着混凝土养护龄期的增长,表面粘贴和体内埋置两种压电片的电导频谱均发生了变化,但是变化形式不同。对表面压电片,得到了其共振频率的变化量与标准试块抗压强度之间的定量对应关系;对内置压电片,通过引入指标δ建立了电导频谱与标准试块抗压强度的定量关系。本文工作表明采用EMI技术监测早龄期混凝土在硬化过程中强度发展是一种可行且可靠的无损检测方法。     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

基于压电阻抗方法的油气管道裂纹损伤定量研究

为了解基于压电阻抗方法识别管道裂纹损伤程度的可行性,通过人工切割方法模拟管道裂纹损伤,采用压电阻抗方法对管道裂纹损伤进行监测试验。实测各种损伤工况下压电片的阻抗信号,分析试验数据,提取均方根差(RMSD)作为损伤指标。基于RMSD 损伤指标与损伤面积的变化规律,建立了管道损伤程度量化表征的数学模型。试验结果表明:当管道出现裂纹损伤后,PZT 阻抗频谱曲线明显向左偏移,峰值对应频率下降;随着管道裂纹损伤程度不断加大,RMSD 值逐渐增长,RMSD 损伤指标能定性地判断管道损伤状况。所建立的数学模型在一定程度上实现了管道裂纹损伤的定量分析。     

防振锤非线性阻抗的实验研究及参数识别

防振锤被广泛用于减轻架空输电线微风振动,阻抗是评价其减振性能的重要指标。针对防振锤所具有的非线性特性,设计了一套利用正弦扫频测试阻抗的方案,通过测量防振锤在不同的激振速度下的阻抗谱,识别防振锤在不同振动速度下的的固有频率和阻抗,并计算出每一阶固有频率所对应的阻尼比。分析了振动速度对防振锤振动参数的影响。最后,通过对比防振锤阻抗谱的实验结果和计算结果,指出了现有防振锤线性力学模型的局限性。     

含金属芯压电纤维的纵向振动研究

建立了悬臂杆结构含金属性芯电纤维的纵向振动模型和动态测试模型。基于第一类压电方程,推导了外加简谐激励电压时,悬臂杆结构含金属芯压电纤维的等效纵向外力;基于纵向振动理论,推导出纵向振动模型;并由电位移,得到表面电荷、电流、导纳,建立了动态测试模型,通过测量共振频率fr、反共振频fa率和低频电容,计算出压电纤维的几个主要参数：弹性柔顺系数 、机电耦合系数 、介电常数 和压电常数 。详细叙述了纵向振动模型和动态测试模型的建立过程,并给出了具体的测试方法,提供了一个实际试样的测试结果。测试结果表明,根据纵向振动模型所建立的动态测试方法可以快速、准确地测量含金属芯压电纤维的主要参数。     

利用压电自传感驱动器进行裂纹钢梁损伤识别的实验研究

压电陶瓷是一种智能材料，可以在结构健康监测系统中同时用作传感器和驱动器。基于压电阻抗的损伤识别技术的基本原理，对裂纹钢梁进行了损伤识别和定位的实验研究。将三片压电陶瓷（PZT）粘贴在钢梁表面的不同部位作为驱动器和传感器，通过测量梁损伤前后压电陶瓷片的电阻抗变化来识别梁中的裂纹损伤。从导纳（阻抗的倒数）幅值谱曲线中提取裂纹梁的反谐振频率，通过比较各压电片位置的反谐振频率变化识别了裂纹位置；同时比较不同损伤工况下的反谐振频率变化定性地识别裂纹梁结构的损伤程度。     

压电夹层梁的分岔、混沌及主动控制

研究轴向激励作用下简支压电夹层梁的分岔、混沌振动及其主动控制。基于压电材料本构关系、von Karman型几何非线性应变位移关系,考虑耦合正、逆压电效应的比例微分控制策略,运用Hamilton原理建立了压电夹层梁的非线性横向运动偏微分方程并利用Galerkin方法对其进行离散化处理。通过采用数值模拟方法,研究了压电夹层梁的动态分岔。结果表明,通过比例控制增益和微分控制增益都可控制压电夹层梁的横向振动,阻止系统发生混沌运动,保持系统的稳定性。     

用于结构健康诊断的压电阻抗技术

利用自驱动、自传感特性的压电陶瓷片 ,粘贴在外部结构的表面 ,结合动态阻抗的概念 ,提出了一种机电耦合的在线压电阻抗技术用于结构健康诊断。结构健康状况的改变 ,表现为结构动态阻抗的变化 ,则可以通过压电陶瓷片的导率表现出来。以含不同裂纹尺寸的梁结构为例 ,实验分析该种技术的有效性。结果表明 :随着裂纹尺寸的增加 ,压电陶瓷片导率的峰值不仅发生明显偏移 ,而且幅值下降。根据幅值的变化实验给出了能较好地衡量损伤程度的标尺     

二维压电材料动强度因子的扩展有限元计算

采用扩展有限元求解二维弹性压电材料动断裂问题。扩展有限元的网格独立于裂纹,因此网格生成可大大地简化,且裂纹扩展时不需重构网格。采用相互作用积分技术计算动强度因子。比较了标准的力裂尖加强函数和力-电裂尖加强函数对动强度因子的影响,结果表明标准的力裂尖加强函数能有效地分析压电材料动断裂问题。分析了极化方向对动强度因子的影响。数值分析表明采用扩展有限元获得的动强度因子与其他数值方法解吻合得很好。     

基于压电阻抗技术的疲劳裂纹监测系统计量校准

压电阻抗(EMI)技术是二十世纪末新发展起来的一种结构健康监测方法。通过测量粘贴或埋入结构内部的压电材料电阻抗信号的变化,间接反映机械结构的阻抗变化。基于该原理,特种设备检测机构开发了压电阻抗技术的疲劳裂纹监测系统,为了保障该监测系统计量性能准确,研究并搭建了相应的校准测试平台。     

Propagation of short fatigue cracks from notches in a Ni base superalloy: experiments and modelling

A notched specimen containing a semicircular slot (0.1 mm deep) was designed to simulate the growth of three-dimensional short cracks under a stress concentration. Fatigue tests were performed on N18 superalloy at 650 °C with trapezoidal loading cycles. A high-resolution optical measurement technique proved to be capable of detecting half-surface crack increments as small as 10 μm, and the potential drop method was found to be inappropriate for very small crack lengths. The stress intensity factor, Δ K , was calculated using a weight functions method. Non-uniform stress fields were determined by FEM modelling using elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations. The plasticity-induced crack closure effect was calculated within the specimen using viscoplastic FEM modelling. The prediction of crack aspect ratio was used to investigate differences of closure along the crack front. The role of notch plasticity on these differences is discussed. Using these calculations, it is shown that the apparent differences between the growth behaviour of short and long cracks can be largely accounted for.     

稳态扩展裂纹前缘形态的研究

利用超声波断口图技术对不同类型的带单侧贯穿裂纹的PMMA试件进行了测试,得到试件断口上的超声波线。基于ANSYS软件的有限元分析,计算了试件的三维J积分,得到的试件在不同裂纹长度下的三维J积分与它们断口图上的超声波线的形状和凸凹方向相似,将试件扩展裂纹前缘由直线调整为特定曲线后,计算出的三维J积分趋向常量,证实了扩展裂纹前缘的任一点,J积分矢量的幅值都是相同常量的假设。     

Stress intensity factors and weight functions for deep semi-elliptical surface cracks in finite-thickness plates

ABSTRACT Three-dimensional finite element analyses have been conducted to calculate the stress intensity factors for deep semi-elliptical cracks in flat plates. The stress intensity factors are presented for the deepest and surface points on semi-elliptic cracks with a/t -values of 0.9 and 0.95 and aspect ratios ( a/c ) from 0.05 to 2. Uniform, linear, parabolic or cubic stress distributions were applied to the crack face. The results for uniform and linear stress distributions were combined with corresponding results for surface cracks with a/t = 0.6 and 0.8 to derive weight functions over the range 0.05 ≤  a/c  ≤ 2.0 and 0.6 ≤  a/t  ≤ 0.95. The weight functions were then verified against finite element data for parabolic or cubic stress distributions. Excellent agreements are achieved for both the deepest and surface points. The present results complement stress intensity factors and weight functions for surface cracks in finite thickness plate developed previously.     

裂纹对金属磁记忆信号影响的试验研究

为分析构件应力集中区域裂纹对磁记忆信号的影响,分别对Q345钢材有裂纹和无裂纹两类菱形缺陷试件开展逐级加载拉伸试验,采集卸载后试件表面磁记忆信号,通过ABAQUS有限元模拟得出试件卸载后等效残余应力分布,对比分析磁记忆信号分布和演变规律,提取了4个反映磁记忆信号畸变程度的特征参数。结果表明：磁记忆信号可以反映残余应力扩展的演变过程;由于裂纹的存在,磁记忆信号的分布特征会发生改变;对磁记忆信号特征参数定量分析发现,裂纹的存在不会改变磁记忆信号畸变程度随外加荷载变化的整体规律,但是磁记忆信号畸变程度和其随荷载增大的速率都会增加。     

Calculation of stress intensity factors for a longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in a finite-length thick-walled cylinder

The purpose of this paper is to present the effect of finite boundary on the stress intensity factor of an internal semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized finite-length thick-walled cylinder  ( R _i/ t = 4)  . The three-dimensional finite element method, in conjunction with the weight function method, is used for computing the stress intensity factor at the deepest and surface points of an axial semi-elliptical crack in a cylinder. The transition aspect ratios, the aspect ratios in which the maximum stress intensity factor translates from the deepest to the surface points of the crack, are calculated for different relative depths and cylinder lengths. The results show that the stress intensity factor increases as the cylinder length decreases, especially at the corner point of the crack compared with the deepest point. The major advantage of this paper is that a closed-form expression is extracted for the stress intensity factor at the surface point of a semi-elliptical crack, which experiences higher changes due to the effect of the finite boundary of the cylinder.     

基于微观结构的热喷涂WC/Co涂层裂纹生长模拟

涂层微观结构特征直接影响涂层的寿命,基于涂层微观结构研究涂层裂纹扩展特征成为评价热喷涂层性能的重要问题.本文基于WC/Co涂层微观结构建立了有限元模型,并采用XFEM方法研究了单应力状态预存裂纹行了模拟,获得了涂层微观裂纹扩展的损伤规律.研究表明:在拉应力作用下,沿着WC-Co边界产生的应力集中是涂层裂纹产生的根源;WC/Co涂层浅表面(0.125b,b为涂层厚度)的水平裂纹对垂直拉应力敏感、吸收能量快,0.78b处的裂纹扩展后对应力响应迅速,因此0.125b与0.78b是WC/Co涂层裂纹生长的关键深度;在0.78b处,当初始裂纹角度0°～45°时,扩展位移逐渐减小,扩展偏转角增大,45°时存在能量积累导致角度快速偏转.在周期应力作用时,WC/Co涂层的疲劳周期随应变幅值增加而减小;应变幅值相同时,WC/Co涂层的疲劳周期随频率增加而增加.     

The in-plane and out-of-plane stress constraint factors and K-T-Tz description of stress fields near the border of a quarter-elliptical corner crack

The elastic T-stress and stress intensity factor K for quarter-elliptical corner cracks have been investigated in elastic plates by detailed three-dimensional finite-element calculations. The distributions of normalized K and T-stress have been obtained along the crack front with aspect ratios (a/c) of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0, and far-field tension and the effect of Poisson's ratio have also been considered. The normalized K increases and the normalized T-stress decreases with the increase of Poisson's ratio v. For v= 0.3, the normalized K gradually increases in the range of crack-face angle φ≥ 22.5° and decreases in the range of φ≤ 22.5° with the increase of a/c. The normalized T-stress increases in the beginning and then decreases with increasing φ except for a/c= 0.2 and a/c= 0.3. By fitting the numerical results with the least squares method, empirical formulae have been given for the convenience of engineering applications. Combining with the corresponding out-of-plane constraint factor T_z, the three-parameter K-T-T_z approach has been provided, which can accurately describe the stress field around the crack front.