基于弯折频率变换的Lamb波高分辨率损伤成像

Lamb波在结构健康监测中受到广泛关注,但其在传播过程中存在着多模和频散特性,不利于损伤定位和高分辨率成像。弯折频率变换（Warped Frequency Transform, WFT）通过构建合理的弯折映射可实现对频率轴的弯折。基于Lamb波群速度频散曲线设计弯折频率变换,则可用于Lamb波信号的处理。本文从直接补偿角度出发,利用WFT对传感信号进行频散抑制。提出了基于WFT的高分辨率损伤成像方法,利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行了带损伤铝板中Lamb波传播的仿真。仿真结果表明WFT能有效压缩频散的波包,通过本文所提成像方法可实现高分辨率损伤成像。     

一种改进的近邻多损伤“移相叠加”成像方法

近邻多损伤成像是Lamb波成像研究中的一个难点。在传统“移相叠加”方法基础上提出一种改进的近邻多损伤成像方法。为了避免或减轻相邻损伤散射信号间的混叠,该方法利用双面激励产生较高空间分辨率的单模式Lamb波监测信号。同时,根据Lamb波在传播中的能量衰减情况,引入衰减补偿因子来减小监测信号对不同位置监测灵敏度的差异。理论分析和实验均证明了上述两处改进对于提高近邻多损伤成像质量的有效性。     

Lamb波结构损伤检测温度补偿方法仿真与实验研究

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测和损伤检测是目前研究的热点之一。由于环境温度的改变使得结构的材料性能发生变化，从而导致导波在结构中的传播也发生变化。因此对于需要利用完整结构的基准状态信号对比当前信号来判定结构损伤存在与否的Lamb波线性损伤检测方法来说，波动传播温度影响的补偿就显得尤为重要。本文基于压电激励Lamb波传播过程分析研究了信号扩展时域温度补偿方法，分别进行了不同温度下Lamb波传播与损伤检测的有限元数值仿真和实验，利用基准信号选择和基准信号扩展的温度补偿方法处理波动响应信号。仿真和实验结果表明了温度补偿方法的有效性，得到了基准信号集中最大温度间隔要求，能够有效识别环境温度变化下的结构损伤。     

基于谱元法的复合材料裂纹梁Lamb波传播特性研究

基于谱元法提出了一种弹簧元来模拟复合材料梁由于横向裂纹导致的轴弯耦合效应,分析复合材料裂纹梁中Lamb波的传播特性。由断裂力学的相关知识求得弹簧元的刚度,建立复合材料裂纹梁的损伤谱元模型。通过模拟复合材料裂纹梁内Lamb波传播,并和传统的有限元结果进行比较,验证了所提出模型的可行性和有效性。推导了频域内Lamb波各模态的能量计算公式,裂纹处的能量守恒证明了所提出模型的正确性,同时计算表明复合材料梁中裂纹处反射与透射的Lamb波各模态能量随着裂纹深度的变化规律具有单调性,结论可以为定量识别复合材料梁裂纹提供实用依据。     

基于含金属芯压电纤维与Lamb波的结构损伤定位研究

摘要：含金属芯压电纤维（Metal-core Piezoelectric Ceramic Fiber,MPF）是一种新型压电功能器件。介绍了MPF的结构及其对圆形压电片激励Lamb波的传感响应模型。利用Gabor小波变换计算损伤反射信号到达时间延迟的原理,把MPF传感单一模式Lamb波在一维结构中进行了损伤定位研究。研究结果表明：MPF可以进行Lamb波的单一模式传感,采用Gabor小波变换计算损伤反射信号到达时间延迟效果较好,损伤定位精度较高。     

《基于谱元法的梁结构中Lamb波传播特性研究》

把谱元法应用于结构中弹性波的传播的模拟,建立基于二维谱元法的梁结构模型,提出模拟结构裂纹损伤的节点分离法;研究无损伤和含有损伤的铝合金梁结构中Lamb波的传播规律,通过和理论解对比,验证谱元法模拟结构中Lamb波传播的有效性;研究不同程度损伤对响应信号的影响,探讨了梁结构损伤识别方法。结果对基于Lamb波的结构损伤识别方法的研究具有借鉴意义。     

基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的复合材料T型加筋损伤监测

为了监测整体成型复合材料结构的损伤,提出了一种基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的能量损伤指数。首先,通过应用Hilbert变换提取Lamb波信号的波形包络;然后选取具有最大峰值的波包,将此波包在结构出现损伤后的能量变化值与损伤前的能量之比作为损伤指示;该方法不需要选择特定的Lamb波模式,克服了Lamb波在复合材料结构中存在的频散、多模式及模式转换给信号分析带来的困难;最后在复合材料T型加筋的损伤演化试验中,对该能量损伤指数进行了应用验证研究。研究结果表明：该能量损伤指数可以用于复合材料T型加筋的损伤监测,当能量损伤指数（EDI）值达到0.62时,所研究的复合材料T型加筋确定有损伤产生。     

基于改进空间滤波器的复合材料结构损伤成像方法

为降低Lamb波在复合材料结构中传播时存在的频散现象和各方向传播特性的不一致性给损伤监测带来的困难, 提出一种利用Hilbert变换改进的空间滤波器对复合材料结构损伤进行成像的方法。分析了基于空间滤波器的信号合成成像原理, 在此基础上利用Hilbert变换构造传感器时域响应信号的解析信号参与到信号合成成像过程中。通过对仿真声源的成像实验, 验证了该方法的可行性, 通过对碳纤维复合材料板结构上激励源和损伤的成像实验, 验证了该方法的功能。研究表明该方法能够识别损伤相对于压电传感器阵列的角度位置和损伤散射信号的到达时刻。      

基于超声导波的钢梁结构损伤大小识别研究

本研究探讨了应用超声导波检测技术在较厚结构中对结构损伤大小识别的可行性。基于优化的激励波形和PZT换能器布局,应用商业有限元软件Abaqus对导波在结构中的传播进行了仿真;同时对无损伤及有损伤的仿真模型进行了实验验证,实验信号与仿真波形具有很好的吻合度。仿真结果表明：随损伤深度或者损伤厚度的增加,损伤反射波波包、透射波波包的到达时间和信号幅值都会随之呈现一定规律的变化,从中提取变化较大的信号特征可用于损伤大小的识别。     

基于三维弹性理论的碳纤维板中Lamb波建模

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测是目前复合材料结构损伤监测技术研究的热点之一,了解Lamb波的传播特性对进行可靠的损伤监测非常重要.本文结合经典三维弹性理论与Lamb波的运动位移方程,对碳纤维复合材料板中传播的Lamb波传播特性进行了建模研究,在此基础上推导了碳纤维板的相速度频散曲线,并讨论了Lamb波传播方向与坐标轴之间的夹角及碳纤维铺层方向对频散曲线的影响,建模结果证明了这种建模方法的正确性.     

基于传递阻抗能量的无基准Lamb波裂纹检测

该文提出了一种获取压电陶瓷(PZT)传感器间Lamb波传递阻抗的方法,以实现对板结构裂纹的无基准快速检测。该方法从两组并排的PZT元件间提取包含Lamb波转换模式的损伤特征信号,对特征信号进行分类并求出其传递阻抗,通过比较传递阻抗的能量差异来判断裂纹是否存在。首先通过有限元仿真研究了裂纹导致的Lamb波模式转换现象以及PZT极化特性对各模式之间相对相位的影响,分析了所提出的方法的可行性;进一步通过在铝板上的实验验证了该方法的有效性。研究表明该文所提出的方法无需选择最优的激励频率和采样时间即可实现对裂纹的快速检测,具有较强的鲁棒性和适用性。     

Lamb wave-based quantitative identification of delamination in CF/EP composite structures using artificial neural algorithm

Delamination in composite structures plays a major role in lowering structural strength and stiffness, consequently downgrading system integrity and reliability. A Lamb wave-based quantitative identification technique for delamination in CF/EP composite structures was established. Propagation of Lamb waves in a series of composite laminates, individually bearing a delamination, was evaluated using dynamic FEM analyses. Taking advantage of wavelet transform and artificial neural algorithms, an Intelligent Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition (ISPPR) package was developed, by which the spectrographic characteristics of simulated Lamb wave signals in the time-frequency domain were extracted and digitised as Digital Damage Fingerprints (DDF), to construct a Damage Parameters Database (DPD). The DPD was then used offline to train a multi-layer feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) under supervision of an error-backpropagation (BP) algorithm. Assisted by an active online structural health monitoring (AO-SHM) system with an active piezoelectric actuator/sensor network, the proposed methodology was validated online by identifying actual delaminations in CF/EP (T650/F584) quasi-isotropic composite laminates.     

应用非线性Lamb波识别三维铝板中的微裂纹方向的研究

针对结构中不同裂纹方向的检测问题,采用数值模拟的方法,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了一种包含人工粘弹性吸收边界的三维铝板模型,对Lamb波S0模态信号与微裂纹的非线性关系进行研究。在该模型中,将三维埋藏微裂纹嵌入到模型内部的固定位置,在相同激励条件下改变裂纹方向并对仿真获得的时域信号进行频谱分析,然后对不同裂纹方向的二次谐波与基波信号的幅值比指向性图的变化规律进行了比较和讨论。仿真结果表明,不同方向的裂纹对Lamb波在裂纹区的散射场分布有明显的影响,波的传播路径满足反射定律,且前向散射信号的幅值比普遍大于后向散射的幅值比。加上人工吸收边界后,前向散射与后向散射的幅值比差值随着裂纹方向角度的增大而增大。检测结果表明,该方法可以在误差允许范围内对任意裂纹方向的角度进行识别。     

表面裂纹的激光超声可视化兰姆波检测研究

兰姆波在板材的缺陷检测中具有重要的地位,但兰姆波在裂纹检测过程的可视化实验研究较少。通过激光超声可视化技术,观察了激光激励出的宽频兰姆波在0.4 mm深、0.2 mm宽的裂纹上的反射和透射现象;并利用带通滤波技术,研究了不同中心频率的兰姆波在裂纹上的散射特性。结果发现:兰姆波在裂纹上发生了模态转换现象,出现了传播速度较快的兰姆波模态;并随着兰姆波频率的增加,反射兰姆波的能量增强。该研究为板中裂纹的兰姆波检测提供了实验参考。     

基于含金属芯压电纤维与Lamb波的一维结构损伤定位研究

含金属芯压电纤维(Metal-core Piezoelectric Ceramic Fiber,MPF)是一种新型压电功能器件.介绍了MPF的结构及其对圆形压电片激励Lamb波的传感响应模型.利用Gabor小波变换计算损伤反射信号到达时间延迟的原理,把MPF传感单一模式Lamb波在一维结构中进行了损伤定位研究.研究结果表明:MPF可以进行Lamb波的单一模式传感,采用Gabor小波变换计算损伤反射信号到达时间延迟效果较好,损伤定位精度较高.     

Detectability of Crack Lengths from Acoustic Emissions Using Physics of Wave Propagation in Plate Structures

This paper presents a study to understand the physical nature of fatigue crack growth as an acoustic emission source and detectability of the crack length form the recorded acoustic emission signal in plate structures. For most of the thin walled engineering structures, the acoustic emission detection through sensor network has been well established. However, the majority of the research is focused on prediction of the acoustic emission due to fatigue crack growth using stochastic methods. Where, stochastic models are used to predict the criticality of the damage. The scope of this research is to use predictive simulation method for acoustic emission signals and extract the damage related information from acoustic emission signals based on physics of material. This approach is in contrast with the traditional approach involving statistics of acoustic emissions and their relation with damage criticality. In this article, first, we present our approach to understand fatigue crack growth as source of acoustic emission using physics of guided wave propagation in FEM. Then, using this physical understanding, we present our investigation on detectability of crack lengths directly from crack-generated acoustic emission signals. Finally, we present our method to extract fatigue crack length information from acoustic emission signals recorded during fatigue crack growth.     

识别薄板中兰姆波和体波的阶梯板方法

斜探头在某些频率下激励出的兰姆波,其群速度与体波的传播速度相近,所以通过判断传播速度不易区分出兰姆波和体波。通过数值模拟和实验,分别研究了激励频率为2 MHz的纵波和S0模态兰姆波在阶梯板上的反射特性,发现:在阶梯板上入射S0模态兰姆波时,有反射回波;而入射纵波时,无反射回波。基于这种反射特性的差别,提出了一种利用阶梯板区别薄板中兰姆波和体波的方法,该方法可用于确认探头的激励特性。     

Quantitative classification of adhesive bondline dimensions using Lamb waves and artificial neural networks

Adhesive bonding of metal assemblies is gaining acceptance for use with safety critical structures, and there is a need for effective inspection for both quality assurance (QA) and the assessment of condition in service. One aspect of QA is the need for the dimensions of adhesive bondlines to be within tolerance and measurable. This paper describes the application of ultrasonic Lamb waves in the determination of the principal dimensions of two forms of adhered joints (Lap and T-form) between metal plates. Low order Lamb wave modes (s0 and a1) are propagated across adhered bond-lines, and the received signals are transformed to the modulus frequency domain (FD). The FD data are used as input to artificial neural networks (ANNs), which are trained to associate features in the input data with principal bondline dimensions. The performance of different network structures and simplified forms of these is examined, and the technique gives reliable estimates of the required dimensions in bondlines not included in network training. The interconnected weights of simplified networks provide evidence of the features in Lamb wave signals that underlie the successful operation of the method.     

Assessment of debonding in sandwich CF/EP composite beams using A0 Lamb wave at low frequency

The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess debonding in sandwich CF/EP composite structures with a honeycomb core using acoustic waves activated and captured by surface-mounted PZT elements. For experimental investigation, debonding was introduced at different locations in sandwich CF/EP composite beams. The fundamental anti-symmetric A₀ Lamb mode was excited at a low frequency. The transmitted and reflected wave signals in both surface panels were captured by PZT elements after interacting with the debonding damage and specimen boundaries. Aided by finite element analysis (FEA), the differences in wave propagation characteristics in sandwich composite beams and composite laminate (e.g. skin panel only) were investigated. The debonding location was assessed using the time-of-flight (ToF) of damage-reflected waves, and the severity of debonding was evaluated using both the magnitude of the reflected wave signal and the delay in the ToF of Lamb wave signals. Good correlation between the experimental and FEA simulation results was observed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of Lamb waves activated and captured by surface-mounted PZT elements on either surface of sandwich composite structures in assessing debonding.     

Lamb波在铝板缝类缺陷检测中的应用

为了研究Lamb波在缺陷板检测中的应用,建立非线性Lamb波检测系统。该系统用于检测具有不同深度裂纹的铝合金板和具有不同拉伸载荷循环的铝合金板。通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对获取的时域波形进行分析,得到两种缺陷对Lamb波非线性效应的影响。测试结果表明,对于裂纹缺陷,缺陷深度增加将增大试件超声非线性效应。当裂纹深度超过4 mm时,裂纹缺陷的非线性效应不会增加。对于疲劳裂纹缺陷,裂纹缺陷的出现也会加剧试件非线性效应,但是当试件疲劳断裂时,其宏观缺陷对非线性影响较小。