面齿轮副齿面磨损动态响应及其典型特征分析EI北大核心CSCD

为了揭示齿面磨损对面齿轮传动的影响,提出了一种结合黏着磨损公式的面齿轮副齿面接触分析方法。通过齿面接触分析得到面齿轮副接触椭圆离散点上的相对位移及接触应力,再根据黏着磨损公式可以定量得到齿轮的磨损深度;编写了含磨损的面齿轮副齿面坐标,并在ABAQUS软件中计算了不同磨损下系统的啮合刚度;将齿面磨损等效为齿面偏差,讨论了不同磨损对静态传递误差的影响;对比了面齿轮副在正常和磨损时的动态响应,分析了转矩对磨损的影响。结果表明:齿面磨损主要影响啮合刚度和静态传递误差的幅值,并且会导致加速度与啮合力幅值的快速增长;转矩的增大会引起磨损加重;相比于无量纲统计指标,加速度均方根对于磨损故障更敏感。     

级联双稳随机共振和基于hermite插值的局部均值分解方法在齿轮故障诊断中应用

针对于弱信号在齿轮故障中难以提取问题,提出了一种基于级联双稳随机共振 (Cascaded Bistable Stochastic Resonance,简称CBSR)降噪和局部均值分解（Local Mean Decomposition,简称LMD）齿轮故障的诊断方法。随机共振可有效削弱信号中的噪声,利用噪声增强故障信号的微弱特征;LMD方法可自适应将复杂信号分解为若干个具有一定物理意义上PF分量之和,适合处理多分量调幅调频信号。首先将振动信号进行CBSR消噪处理,然后对消噪信号进行LMD分解,通过PF分量的幅值谱找到齿轮的故障频率。通过齿轮磨损故障诊断的工程应用,表明该方法可以有效提取齿轮故障微弱特征,实现齿轮箱的早期故障诊断。       

基于包络S变换时频图像提取齿轮故障特征

齿轮故障振动信号中调幅和调频现象同时存在,其频谱包括以啮合频率及其谐波为载频,齿轮所在轴转频及其谐波为调制频率产生的调制边频带。针对齿轮故障振动信号特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于包络分析和S变换时频图像相结合的故障特征提取方法。通过变速器齿轮故障模拟实验,采集齿轮正常、轻微磨损和严重磨损时的稳态振动信号,对其进行Hilbert变换得到信号的包络,然后对包络信号进行S变换,得到包络的时频图像的等高线灰度图像,计算图像的灰度共生矩阵及其统计特征量,提取齿轮故障特征。试验结果表明：该方法能有效提取齿轮故障特征。     

基于动态侧隙的齿轮系统齿面磨损故障动力学分析

根据齿面磨损、偏心和轴承的振动等会引起齿轮系统齿侧间隙时变这一特性,提出了基于动态侧隙的齿轮系统齿面磨损故障分析方法。综合考虑动态啮合刚度、动态齿侧间隙、摩擦、偏心等因素建立了单级齿轮传动系统六自由度啮合耦合型动力学模型,给出了全齿均匀磨损和偏心磨损故障的仿真方法,并对含故障齿轮系统动力学行为进行了分析。最后,利用齿轮实验台对齿侧间隙增大的磨损故障进行了模拟,验证了理论分析结果。研究表明,齿轮系统传递误差、振动冲击状态和振动剧烈程度等会随齿面磨损形式和程度不同而变化,为齿面磨损故障的监测与诊断提供了理论依据。     

基于循环平稳解调的齿轮裂纹早期故障诊断研究

齿轮轮齿发生早期裂纹时,裂纹故障信号十分微弱.为了有效提取早期裂纹故障特征,提出基于循环平稳解调的早期故障诊断方法.该方法首先去除振动信号中的啮合基频及其谐波成分,得到残余信号,然后针对残余信号进行循环平稳解调分析和处理.仿真及工程实例分析结果表明,所提出的方法能成功地将齿轮早期裂纹故障信息从复杂的振动中提取出来,更有利于及早发现故障并且判断故障的严重程度.     

基于粒子群优化的故障特征提取技术研究

齿轮传动箱的故障征兆,可以通过不同的特征参量表现出来.传动箱工作过程中,由于响应信号成分复杂,提取其敏感的故障特征信息非常困难.故障程度、部位和类型等对特征参量的敏感程度差别很大,通过传统的特征提取和分析方法可以建立庞大的特征参量集.如何从众多的特征参量中确定可靠有效的故障特征参量,如何根据故障对特征参量的敏感程度优化筛选特征参量集,是实现实时在线故障诊断亟待解决的一个问题.针对传动箱故障特征选择问题,提出了基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法的特征选择方法.将粒子群优化技术用于研究传动箱振动响应信号的分析与处理,用于故障诊断特征参量集的提取与优化,形成了适合该齿轮传动箱的有效故障特征参量,从而建立了与齿轮传动箱故障现象密切相关的特征参量集.把此算法应用到齿轮传动箱故障诊断中,结果证明,该算法有很好的效果,提高了诊断精度,比常用的梯度下降算法具有更快的优化速度.     

嵌入式传感器的齿轮裂纹故障诊断

针对传统的齿轮箱体振动信号的故障诊断,提出了一种新的测试方法,即把传感器直接安装在齿轮箱体内的齿轮体上,缩短了振动信号的传递路径,有效降低了振动信号在传递过程中幅值衰减,能诊断出齿轮传动系统的早期故障。为验证该方法的有效性,对齿根2 mm裂纹的故障齿轮传动系统进行了动力学仿真和实验验证,结果发现从齿轮体上的振动信号中能成功诊断出齿轮裂纹的早期故障,而箱体上的振动信号则不能体现故障特征。这充分说明了振动信号在经过复杂的传递路径后导致幅值衰减和频率成分丢失,微弱的故障信息被削弱。这为齿轮箱的早期微弱故障的诊断提供了一种有效的方法。     

机车传动系统故障特性分析

随着机车速度的提高,对机车的运行安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。研究了轴承、齿轮故障下机车动力学模型和信号故障特征。考虑机车传动转子和齿轮啮合刚度、轴承接触刚度对转动系统的影响下,建立机车转子系统动态模型。针对机车传动系统各故障特征类型,给出齿轮、轴承局部故障特征表示。分析系统内有局部故障缺陷时,数值验证系统调幅及调频特征,解释信号能量的传递特性及其相互关系。     

基于LabVIEW的齿轮传动误差测量系统的设计

基于labview设计了一种新型齿轮箱的齿轮传动测控系统。给出了齿轮传动误差测控系统的硬件选择和软件设计过程,基于齿轮传动误差计算原理,分析了在不同负载下不同转速的齿轮传动误差的相互变化。实验结果表明:基于labview开发的测控软件系统稳定,界面友好,操作方便,测试精度高,能够对齿轮传动进行实时的检测和数据采集,达到齿轮传动误差精密测量的目的。     

应用Hilbert变换和ZFFT提取变速器齿轮故障特征

变速器故障齿轮振动信号,调幅现象和调频现象同时存在,其频谱中包括啮合频率及其谐波、调制产生的耦合频率。Hilbert变换无法提供足够高的频率分辨率解调低频调制信号,为此提出复调制细化谱分析方法。通过变速器齿轮故障模拟实验,采集齿轮正常、轻微磨损和严重磨损时的稳态振动信号,对其进行Hilbert变换得到信号的包络,对包络信号进行复调制细化谱分析,得到齿轮轴转频基波及其谐波幅值。随着齿轮磨损程度的增加,齿轮轴转频基波及其谐波幅值明显增大,可作为齿轮磨损故障特征参数。     

Analytical model for mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair with non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack

Gear tooth crack is likely to happen when a gear transmission train is working under excessive and/or long-term dynamic loads. Its appearance will reduce the effective tooth thickness for load carrying, and thus cause a reduction in mesh stiffness and influence the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system, which enables the possibility for gear fault detection from variations of the dynamic features. Accurate mesh stiffness calculation is required for improving the prediction accuracy of the dynamic features with respect to the tooth crack fault. In this paper, an analytical mesh stiffness calculation model for non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack along tooth width is proposed based on previous studies. It enables a good prediction on the mesh stiffness for a spur gear pair with both incipient and larger tooth cracks. This method is verified by comparisons with other analytical models and finite element model (FEM) in previous papers. Finally, a dynamic model of a gear transmission train is developed to simulate the dynamic responses when cracks with different dimensions are seeded in a gear tooth, which could reveal the effect of the tooth root crack on the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system. The results indicate that both the mesh stiffness and the dynamic response results show that the proposed analytical model is an alternative method for mesh stiffness calculation of cracked spur gear pairs with a good accuracy for both small and large cracks.     

纯电动汽车两挡变速器减振降噪研究

针对纯电动汽车两挡自动变速器在工作过程中存在的振动和噪声问题,通过建立变速箱-电机转子刚柔耦合动力学模型,对变速器系统进行传递误差、齿面接触应力等分析和计算。根据纯电动汽车的常用工况及其特点,以齿轮修形参数为优化变量,传递误差为主要优化目标,综合考虑齿面载荷分布以及齿面接触应力,在多工况下对齿轮进行修形。结果表明修形后达到了优化齿面载荷分布、提高齿轮使用寿命、减小振动、降低噪声的目的,实现了齿轮多目标优化。研究结果对纯电动汽车变速器的开发有一定的借鉴作用。     

等高齿锥齿轮非线性振动特性的联合求解方法

齿轮重载啮合中发生的轮齿接触损失会引起齿轮传动中的动态传递误差,动态传递误差的存在是等高齿锥齿轮非线性振动的重要原因,准确预测和计算等高齿锥齿轮传动中的动态传递误差是进一步改善这类齿轮系统振动特性的有效手段。针对某重载等高齿锥齿轮,研究了其在一定运行速度和扭矩范围内的频率响应特性;运用一种新的曲面积分与局部有限元联合求解方法求解了等高齿锥齿轮传动中的动态传递误差,从而揭示出此类传动系统振动的强非线性特性。这种方法无需将时变拟合刚度和啮合频率变量等非线性因素作为外部的激励进行求解,而是从齿轮啮合的每一时步,计算动态啮合力以及动态传递误差,最终得出等高齿锥齿轮的非线性振动特性。该方法可以精确表达轮齿几何及轮齿接触力等因素对齿轮动力学性能的影响,为等高齿锥齿轮这类复杂振动特性的传动系统提供了一种行之有效的分析方法。     

Detection and Diagnosis of Gear Fault By the Single Gear Tooth Analysis Technique

This paper, presents a procedure of single gear tooth analysis for early detection and diagnosis of gear faults. The objective of this procedure is to develop a method for more sensitive detection of the incipient faults and locating the faults in the gear. The main idea of the single gear tooth analysis is that the vibration signals collected with a high sampling rate are divided into a number of segments with the same time interval. The number of signal segments is equal to that of the gear teeth. The analysis of individual segments reveals more sensitively the changes of the vibration signals in both time and frequency domain caused by gear faults. In addition, the location of a failed tooth can be indicated in terms of the position of the segment that deviates from the normal segments. An experimental investigation verified the advantages of the single gear tooth analysis.     

支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响研究

支承刚度对自动变速器齿轮副的啮合质量有着重要影响,研究支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响具有重要意义。以某七挡双离合自动变速器的一挡斜齿轮副为研究对象,建立了2种不同支承刚度的齿轴系统刚柔耦合模型,分析了不同工况下支承刚度对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响规律;通过FCL-250H齿轮精测试验台得到有/无磷酸锰转化涂层齿轮的齿形齿向参数,并将其代入有限元模型进行仿真分析;进行齿轮接触疲劳点蚀实验,对比齿面涂层处理前后齿轮的接触疲劳寿命,并从齿轮表面形貌、动力性能及跑合性能等角度进一步揭示了涂层的强化机理。研究结果表明：齿轴跨度增大,支承刚度减小,则齿轮单位长度所受最大载荷和啮合错位量对输入扭矩的变化更为敏感;有涂层齿轮跑合后更有利于啮合,其疲劳寿命得到提高。研究结果为汽车自动变速器齿轮传动系统的结构优化和齿轮疲劳寿命的提高提供了参考。     

Differential diagnosis of spall versus cracks in the gear tooth fillet region

This paper presents a technique to differentially diagnose two localized gear tooth faults: a spall and a crack in the gear tooth fillet region. These faults could have very different prognoses, but existing diagnostic techniques only indicate the presence of local tooth faults without being able to differentiate between a spall and a crack. The effects of spalls and cracks on the behavior/response of gear assemblies were studied using static and dynamic simulation models. Changes in the kinematics of a pair of meshing gears due to a gear tooth root crack and a tooth flank spall were compared using a static analysis model. The difference in the variation of the transmission error caused by the two faults reveals their characteristics. The effect of a tooth crack depends on the change in stiffness of the tooth, while the effect of a spall is predominantly determined by the geometry of the fault. The effect of the faults on the gear dynamics was studied by simulating the transmission error in a lumped parameter dynamic model. A technique had previously been proposed to detect spalls, using the cepstrum to detect a negative echo in the signal (from entry into and exit from the spall). In the authors’ simulations, echoes were detected with both types of fault, but their different characteristics should allow differential diagnosis. These concepts are presented prior to experimental validation in hopes that the diagnostic techniques will be useful in the failure analysis community prior to the validation by ongoing experimental testing of the concepts and the evaluation of how metallurgical defects may influence fault development and detection.     

基于有限单元法的多间隙耦合齿轮传动系统非线性动态特性分析

针对齿轮传动系统的动态传递误差、单双边冲击状态、脱齿、拍击及混沌现象等复杂非线性动力学问题,在同时考虑齿侧间隙、轴承间隙、时变啮合刚度及齿面摩擦等非线性特性的基础上,首次提出一种基于有限单元法的多间隙耦合齿轮传动系统的非线性动态特性分析方法。以某单级斜齿轮传动系统为例,利用大型通用有限元分析软件AN-SYS/LS-DYNA建立耦合系统动力学模型,分析支撑状态下耦合系统的非线性动态特性,研究了不同转速及负载力矩对耦合系统非线性动态特性的影响规律。结果表明有限单元法能在满足高精度分析的条件下求解各种复杂工况的齿轮系统非线性动力学问题,为进一步研究齿轮传动系统非线性动力学问题提供有力工具。     

基于EMD小波阈值去噪和时频分析的齿轮故障模式识别与诊断

建立了齿轮故障系统试验装置,对齿轮传动系统在各种转速与故障状态下进行测试分析,获取了有关振动信号,对齿轮系统的无故障、齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损四种状态信号进行特征提取,并对提取的信号进行基于经验模态EMD分解的小波阈值去噪处理,然后对预处理后的信号进行时频分析与诊断。结果表明,采用基于EMD的小波阈值去噪方法比单纯采用小波阈值去噪对测试信号进行预处理,能提高信噪比,并更加有效的提取出故障特征,而在EMD的小波阈值去噪的基础上,再与时频分析方法相结合能够较好的识别不同运转状况下不同种类的故障,如齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损等,可用于对实际工程工作的齿轮系统进行故障诊断。     

The Use of Cooling Holes to Decrease the Amount of Thermal Damage on a Plastic Gear Tooth

A new method was developed to decrease the amount of thermal damage on the contact surface of a plastic gear tooth. The main aim of this method is to decrease the amount of thermal damage on the tooth surface by reducing the heat accumulated in the tooth under working conditions. For this reason, air-cooling holes on the plastic gear tooth were drilled in different locations, with the intention of lowering the tooth temperature by transferring the heat away from the tooth through these holes via convection. Using three the different configurations of holes, the air and temperature at the tooth contact zone were measured and compared.     

三维环境下高阶椭圆齿轮副的运动仿真

依据非圆齿轮传动特性,确定啮合齿轮在非圆节曲线上的位置及传动关系式,给出了非圆齿轮三维建模设计方法。利用Visual Basic语言对三维软件Solid Edge进行二次开发,实现了三维环境下椭圆齿轮参数化设计及运动仿真,能直观的观察到齿轮副的啮合状况。系统运行效果良好,为非圆齿轮传动三维设计提供了一种方法。