铸态42CrMo环坯热辗扩微观组织模拟

为避免传统环件热成形工艺需要多次加热等问题,以铸态42CrMo合金环坯短流程铸辗复合成形工艺为研究对象,通过Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机及金相显微镜进行系列试验研究,得到温度850~1 150℃,应变速率0.05~5 s-1的流变应力曲线。对流变应力曲线进行图形变换求解出位错密度变化和每个动态再结晶晶粒生长的动力学行为,并评估成核和动态再结晶晶粒的生长动力学行为。研究晶粒拓扑变形技术,并通过主成分分析对晶粒的拓扑结构进行优化。结果表明,采用Kock-Mecking(KM)位错密度模型可以揭示42CrMo合金动态再结晶过程中的位错密度演变,结合元胞自动机和优化后的晶粒拓扑变形技术的KM位错密度模型,能精确地模拟位错密度动态再结晶过程。     

42CrMo钢铸造环坯辗扩成形理论与工艺分析

与目前常用的环类零件生产工艺相比,基于环形铸坯的短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺具有节约材料和能源、缩短工艺流程等优点。以轴承环件常用的42CrMo钢为研究对象,探讨基于环形铸坯的轴承环件辗扩成形机理和工艺。借助于热力模拟试验和组织测试分析,揭示42CrMo钢在热变形条件下组织演变机理和规律;通过理论分析与数值模拟,研究铸坯环件辗扩成形过程中变形工艺参数及其对金属变形和组织演变规律的影响,实现环形零件铸辗复合成形/成性一体化调控;在洛阳LYC轴承股份有限公司,完成轴承套圈铸辗复合成形工业试验。试件的力学性能测试结果表明,这种短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺生产的环形零件具有良好的力学性能指标,可满足工业使用要求。     

基于铸坯的42CrMo轴承环件辗扩成形工艺与试验

轴承套圈是轴承的核心组件。针对目前大型轴承套圈生产工艺存在的材料浪费多、生产效率低、加工能耗高等问题,以典型的42CrMo转盘轴承套圈为对象,开展铸辗复合成形大型轴承套圈加工新技术的研究。通过环件辗扩工艺理论分析,提出铸辗复合成形主要工艺参数的设计准则。根据热压缩模拟试验结果,得到铸态42CrMo钢的本构关系模型和动态再结晶过程的数学模型。建立套圈径轴向辗扩热力耦合有限元模型,模拟计算和预测环件在热辗扩过程中的动态再结晶体积分数和晶粒尺寸,得到初始辗扩温度和芯辊径向进给速度两个主要工艺参数对套圈材料微观组织演变过程的影响规律。根据模拟结果,设计并完成基于铸环坯的工业辗扩试验;对辗扩成形套圈进行力学性能测试和金相组织分析,得到铸辗轴承套圈的力学性能参数和金相组织结构。试验和测试数据表明:由铸辗复合成形技术成形的轴承套圈各项性能指标达到工业要求,新技术可以成功成形出合格的轴承套圈。该项研究实现了由铸造环坯直接成形大型轴承套圈的加工技术,可为大型环类零件的节能、节材和高效的先进制造提供有效的工艺理论指导。     

环形零件辗扩成形工艺研究现状与发展趋势

环形零件的辗扩成形工艺是一种局部加载连续成形工艺,成形过程中变形区材料在高温和外载荷作用下经历了非稳态、非线性的塑性变形。为探讨辗扩工艺中金属塑性变形机理,促进该工艺的改进、完善和推广新应用,国内外学者利用理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究等方法,对辗扩成形工艺过程、工艺参数及其对材料组织、性能的影响规律进行系统深入的研究。综合论述这种先进成形工艺研究现状;分析辗扩成形工艺参数理论与试验研究、环件辗扩过程组织演变规律数值模拟、环件辗扩成形过程成形/成性一体化调控等方面的发展趋势;针对目前环件辗扩成形工艺存在的流程长、能耗大、浪费材料等问题,提出环件短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺,并探讨这种新的短流程工艺的重点研究内容和推广应用前景。     

基于铸辗复合成形的42CrMo钢环坯铸造工艺与试验研究

针对目前环形零件生产工艺流程长,加热次数多,浪费材料和能源等问题,提出和研究环形零件短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺。该工艺采用铸造环坯直接辗扩成形,具有节能、节材和缩短工艺流程等优点。在这种新工艺中,环坯的铸造质量、组织和力学性能对后续的辗扩工艺和环形零件组织、性能具有重要的影响。以轴承环件常用的42CrMo钢为研究对象,通过理论分析和模拟研究,提出高质量环形铸坯铸造工艺;并进行实际工业试验。通过试验研究和性能测试,表明该铸造工艺生产的环形铸坯具有良好的质量、组织和力学性能,可以为轴承环件铸辗复合成形提供高质量的铸坯。     

铸辗复合成形法兰坯高温变形行为及加工图

环件铸辗复合成形工艺具有缩短工艺流程、高效和节能节材等优点,研究铸态环坯在铸辗复合成形工艺下的高温变形行为,揭示其组织演变机理,是实现材料在该成形工艺中成形与成性的关键。在不同变形条件下对砂型铸造和离心铸造Q235B法兰坯进行高温压缩试验,分析其流变应力的变化,推导出二者的本构方程。综合变形温度和应变速率对材料微观结构与性能的影响,建立基于动态材料模型的加工图。试验结果表明:二者的流变应力随着应变速率的增加和变形温度的降低而增大。离心铸造法兰坯的流变应力较低,动态再结晶易于发生,且功耗效率值及其变化幅度都要大于砂型铸造,表明了其显微组织变化剧烈,演变更加充分。结合二者的热加工图及其识别出的典型区域显微组织,获得了适合该法兰坯辗扩工艺的热力参数范围,离心铸造可为法兰坯铸辗复合成形工艺提供高质量的铸坯。     

42CrMo钢轴承环件铸辗成形及淬回火组织性能研究

42CrMo轴承环件是高铁动车和风力发电等装备制造领域关键承载、传动构件。基于环件铸辗复合成形技术开展42CrMo钢轴承环件离心铸造、热辗扩成形及淬回火试验研究,分析高温变速进给时辗扩成形环件的微观组织及力学性能,并对后续淬回火过程组织性能演变规律进行探讨。结果表明,成形环件沿径向厚度区域晶粒得到细化,环件近中层和最小宽展处伴有不规则和等轴状的粗大晶粒;强度、硬度值较高,塑、韧性偏差,拉伸和冲击断口形貌表现为韧窝均聚集在剪切唇上,以解理断裂形式为主。530℃回火时沿环件壁厚方向未观察到碳化物,塑韧性仍较低;590℃回火后析出少量细小、弥散分布的碳化物颗粒,各项力学性能指标均满足标准要求,拉伸断口的韧窝数量多、直径大,冲击断口也比530℃时的平整,韧窝分布更加均匀,使得铸辗复合成形轴承环件的强度和塑韧性得到良好的配合。     

考虑晶粒变形动态再结晶过程模拟的元胞自动机法

结合金属塑性成形过程的冶金学原理,给出了一种考虑动态再结晶过程晶粒变形的元胞自动机模型.考虑了晶粒变形对再结晶形核的影响,给出了一种与基元形状有关的形核概率计算方法.根据动态再结晶晶粒生长速度和与其相邻基元形状确定转变概率.采用元胞自动机模型对动态再结晶组织的演变进行了模拟,模拟结果与不考虑晶粒变形的结果进行了比较.     

环件辗扩成形过程微观组织及性能控制研究进展

高性能大型环件精确辗扩控形控性一体化制造是大型运载火箭仓体、风电法兰、核电反应堆及石油化工容器等高端装备向着安全、轻量、高效和长寿命方面发展的迫切需求。综述环件辗扩成形过程微观组织及性能研究现状,分析单、双道次简单热模拟压缩试验和显微组织演变数值模拟技术在环件辗扩过程组织演变研究中的应用,探讨环件组织与性能控制中存在的问题,并指出目前的研究已无法满足上述高性能环件制造要求。提出复杂多道次物理模拟及内变量组织建模用于环件辗扩组织演化分析的必要性,探明环件宏观/微观织构定量表征和晶体塑性有限元法(Crystal plasticity finite element method,CPFEM)揭示组织演变机理的可行性。阐述今后高性能环件辗扩成形组织演变及性能控制的研究方向与重点,未来必须构建辗扩过程环件组织、织构和力学性能之间及其与工艺参数的定量关系。     

大锻件控性锻造过程的计算机模拟技术

提出能够模拟大锻件空洞型缺陷演化和微观组织演变等控性指标的数值模拟方法。基于典型体元模型建立空洞体积变化与宏观应力应变场关系的数学模型,以图从多尺度角度揭示宏观的塑性变形及其应力状态对随机分布的微小空洞的体积变化影响规律。将该模型与有限元法集成,当锻件内任意一点有空洞型缺陷(给定缺陷体积百分比)时,能够模拟得到成形过程中空洞型缺陷的体积变化,从而可被用来评估含缩孔缩松缺陷材料的压实状态。采用元胞自动机方法建立一种转子钢的微观组织演变模拟方法,根据"应变—位错密度—动态再结晶—流动应力"之间的宏微观相互影响规律,模拟出动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和完成分数。将这些模型与热力耦合有限元法相结合,构造大锻件控性锻造过程的数值模拟技术。根据大锻件增量成形的变形特点开发基于刚性区自由度凝聚技术的快速有限元法,从而为大锻件成形的工艺优化提供有效的计算工具。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.