东平湖老湖调整为综合利用水库的可行性——南水北调东线通水后

东平湖作为蓄滞洪区对当地生活和生产经济带来一定限制,但南水北调东线工程通水、京杭运河复航又为东平湖创造机遇,从而对东平湖老湖区功能需要调整提出要求。通过分析蓄滞洪区与水库的差异、东平湖蓄滞洪区运用机率以及模拟运行水位、实际运行水位等,探讨了东平湖老湖调整为综合利用水库的可能性和可行性,并认为把东平湖老湖调整为防洪、调蓄、航运、生态景观旅游、养殖等多种功能综合利用的水库,对当地经济发展也有促进作用。     

海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算

从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发,探讨河流系统生态环境需水量的内涵,指出生态环境需水量是指地表水体维持特定的生态环境功能所必须蓄存和消耗的最小水量。在这一概念的基础上,构建计算河流系统生态环境需水量的理论基础。以海滦河流域为例,分河流基本生态环境需水量、河流输沙排盐水量和湖泊洼地生态环境需水量三部分,概算了区域河流系统的生态环境需水量。计算结果表明,海滦河流域生态需水量为124×108m3,约占流域地表径流总量的54%。若海滦河流域水资源开发率超过40%时,就会对生态环境造成严重影响。     

干旱内陆河流域河流系统生态需水量计算

以玛纳斯河流域为例,分河流基本生态环境需水量、河流输沙排盐水量和湖泊洼地生态环境需水量以及河流污染防治需水量四部分,对区域河流系统的生态环境需水量进行了概算。计算结果表明,玛纳斯河流域生态需水量为8.63×108m3,约占流域地表径流总量的55.03%。因此,研究结果对提高水资源利用效率、控制河流污染、改善生态环境有着重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

生态环境需水计算方法概述

目前对生态环境需水量的研究越来越多,对生态环境需水量的定义和计算方法也各不相同。对各种定义加以区分,着重对不同类型生态环境需水量的计算方法进行概括总结,分别介绍了城市、湖泊、湿地和流域生态系统的生态环境需水量的计算方法。     

济南市生态环境需水量的计算

以济南市为例探讨了生态环境需水量的概念、计算方法以及预测方法,认为城市是一个特殊的生态系统,其生态环境需水量应包括生活用水、生产用水以及环境用水三部分。在此基础上,计算了2003年济南市生态环境需水量为40 975.553×104m3,并预测了2010年生态环境需水量为92 575.848×104m3。研究结果丰富了生态环境需水量的理论研究,为单一城市的生态环境需水量的研究提供了依据。     

宁夏引黄灌区适宜生态需水估算

为实现黄河水资源的可持续利用,合理配置有限的水资源,在充分掌握相关资料的基础上,对宁夏引黄灌区非农地(荒地)、湖泊湿地、人工防护林、城市以及地质的适宜需水量采用相应的计算方法进行计算并汇总进行分析。结果表明：在现状条件下,平水年份(降水频率50％)灌区周边的适宜生态需水量为 11.12亿m3,枯水年份(降水频率75％)灌区周边的适宜生态需水量为12.72亿m3,该成果可为灌区基于生态的水资源合理配置提供科学依据。     

新郑市生态水系需水量研究

在探讨生态环境需水量概念的基础上,总结了目前常用的生态需水量研究方法。并在对新郑市水系调查分析的基础上,根据新郑市水系的实际情况,采用换水周期法根据水系水体规模、蒸发量及渗漏量计算了新郑市水系生态环境需水量。计算结果表明,新郑市河道和人工湖泊生态需水量分别为3533万m3和1079万m3。今后需要加强河道生态资料的监测和收集,建立以生态学信息为基础的物理实验模型,为定量研究河道内生态环境需水量提供有力支撑。     

宁夏阅海湖生态需水量计算与保障对策研究

阅海湖是银川市内最大的人工湿地,近年来随着经济社会的发展,湿地生态环境面临严重威胁,维持湖泊生态水量是保证湖泊生态系统健康的关键。本文采用水量平衡法,计算出阅海湖的基本生态需水量及适宜生态需水量,并从节水、开源截污、制度保障3个方面提出生态水量的保障对策,可为水行政主管部门合理配置水资源、保护生态环境提供理论支撑。     

宁夏阅海湖生态需水量计算与保障对策研究

阅海湖是银川市内最大的人工湿地,近年来随着经济社会的发展,湿地生态环境面临严重威胁,维持湖泊生态水量是保证湖泊生态系统健康的关键。本文采用水量平衡法,计算出阅海湖的基本生态需水量及适宜生态需水量,并从节水、开源截污、制度保障3个方面提出生态水量的保障对策,可为水行政主管部门合理配置水资源、保护生态环境提供理论支撑。     

东平湖分级分区调蓄洪水的合理性分析及2001年洪水反思

1 东平湖新、老湖的分级分区调蓄洪水 东平湖古为大野泽,又称小洞庭。1855年黄河夺大清河入海后,原安山湖向北扩展,形成现在的老湖区,由于当时积水区属东平县所辖。故民国年间有了“东平湖”之称。1958年改建为综合利用的平原水库。1960年7月26日开始蓄水,蓄水位达43.5m,蓄水量24.5亿m~3。由于工程质量差、渗水严重、湖外沼泽和盐碱     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.