基于不同分辨率DEM提取坡度值的转换关系研究

基于DEM提取计算单元坡度是分布式水文模型构建的重要手段之一,通过研究不同分辨率DEM对WEP-L模型计算单元坡度的影响及其转换关系,为模型计算中坡度与其他运算量之间非线性关系带来的计算精度与计算效率之间的矛盾提供解决方案。以NASA发布的30 m分辨率DEM数据为基础,以不同尺度流域(南小河沟流域,面积36.3 km~2;泾河流域,面积4.5万km~2)为研究对象,利用分形结合半方差函数的方法分析低分辨率DEM提取的计算单元坡度向高分辨率DEM提取的坡度信息转换的规律。研究发现以30 m分辨率DEM为基础提取的子流域套等高带结构能够很好地反映南小河沟流域地形"坡度等高分布"的特点;利用分形结合半方差函数的形式能够有效地实现基于低分辨率DEM提取的流域基本计算单元坡度向"真实"地形坡度值转换。根据模型计算需求,给出了不同分辨率DEM数据提取坡度值的转换关系。本研究可为分布式水文模型搭建面临的计算精度与计算效率矛盾问题提供借鉴和参考。     

DEM分辨率对小流域设计洪峰推求误差的影响

推理公式法在小流域设计洪水的计算中被广泛应用,DEM数据分辨率对公式中的流域地形参数取值存在重要影响,甚至会造成设计洪峰流量的计算误差。以深圳石岩流域作为研究区域,分别采用分辨率为30,60,90,120,150 m的DEM数据进行流域地形参数的提取及比较分析,并针对推理公式中的3个流域地形参数进行敏感性分析。研究结果表明:随着DEM分辨率的增大,分析的流域面积有增大趋势,主河道坡降则反之,而干流河长随DEM分辨率呈无规律变化;3个流域地形参数中,流域面积取值误差对设计洪峰计算精度影响最大,其次为干流河长,主河道坡降影响较小。综合考虑参数重要性,以及DEM数据分辨率及集水面积阈值对参数取值的影响,选用90 m分辨率的DEM数据,并设置集水面积阈值为390~500 hm~2来提取石岩流域的地形参数,推理公式计算所得设计洪峰误差是可接受的。研究结果可为类似的小流域设计洪水计算提供一定参考。     

基于DEM的坡度精度研究

在黄土高原、福建省选取20个样区为研究区域,以样区1∶1万地形图所建立的5 m分辨率DEM为研究对象,分析DEM高程误差、提取坡度的不同算法、不同地形对坡度精度的影响.将中误差、互信息、均值和标准差作为分析指标,采用随机噪声模拟DEM的误差.研究结果表明:互信息可以作为衡量原始坡度与加噪DEM提取坡度之间关联程度的指标;6种算法提取的坡度精度由高到低依次为三阶不带权差分算法、三阶反距离权差分算法、三阶反距离平方权差分算法、Frame差分算法、二阶差分算法、简单差分算法;坡度均值较小的区域,其坡度误差较大,坡度均值较大的区域,其坡度误差则稍小,若坡度标准差较大,则需要进一步考虑.     

不同分辨率 DEM 提取三峡库区地形参数的精度研究

数字高程模型（ Digital Elevation Model , DEM ）能表达地形形态的起伏变化,从中提取的地形参数,可为径流预报提供一定的基础数据。但 DEM 数据是按照一定的分辨率对地表进行近似描述的,多种分辨率 DEM 数据的存在导致了尺度问题的产生。通过提取三峡库区内虾子岭小流域不同分辨率 DEM 的地形参数,分析了不同分辨率 DEM 对坡度和汇流网络精度的影响。研究结果表明：DEM 分辨率对坡度和汇流网络有较大影响,坡度和汇流网络的准确性和 DEM 的空间分辨率密切相关;1m DEM 能够准确反映当地的地形,从中提取的坡度与汇流网络接近于实际值,从 5m DEM 提取的坡度和汇流网络也能较为准确地反映实际值,而10m DEM 、25m DEM和 50m DEM 则不能准确地反映坡度和汇流网络。因此,在进行较为精确的径流预报时,建议采用至少 5m DEM 。在进行粗略估计或较大尺度的径流预报时,可采用 10m DEM 、 25m DEM 和 50m DEM 。     

基于LiDAR的青藏高原山坡小流域地形提取方法

数字高程模型(DEM)的精度和分辨率影响着地形分析的结果,这种影响在高原、高山地带尤为明显。以拉萨河夺底沟小流域一处山坡为研究对象,选取典型剖面对比3种DEM数据对实际地形的还原效果。分析表明:SRTM和ASTER GDEM地形数据在青藏高原高山区存在高估山谷谷底高程、漏失地形要素的现象,使用LiDAR技术获取的DEM则可以准确反映实际地形。针对8种分辨率(1,2,5,10,15,20,25,30 m)的LiDAR DEM,使用局部方差均值分析坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率等地形属性,发现低分辨率DEM在高山地区会遗失大量地形信息,造成地形平坦化和山坡微地形改变。为避免高山地区地形特征失真,给出了坡度和曲率研究适用的最小分辨率阈值:在坡度研究中使用的DEM分辨率应<5 m,曲率研究的最优分辨率为1 m。研究表明在青藏高原高山区,使用LiDAR技术提取高分辨率DEM具有远大的应用前景。     

高分辨率数字高程模型的构建方法

高分辨率数字高程模型(DEM)是正确计算坡度坡向、提取流域地形特征、进行水文分析的前提。本文以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区小流域为例,基于大比例尺(1∶10?000)数字化地形图和专业化DEM插值软件ANUDEM,探讨了ANUDEM在应用中的几个重要参数的取值,建立了高分辨率DEM,并对拟合DEM的质量进行了评价。研究表明,最佳分辨率为等高线间距的一半,一般为5m或2.5m,第二糙度系数为0.8,计算迭代次数为20～30次。ANUDEM建立的DEM表面光滑,回放等高线与原等高线符合度高,能真实地表现地形起伏,由其提取的水系与流域沟谷完全吻合且连续完整,适宜水文分析,是一种建立高质量DEM的优良方法。     

基于DEM的山丘区小流域河网提取分析研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是提取流域河网水系的重要基础数据,DEM分辨率直接影响河网水系的空间拓扑关系和数字流域水文特征。选取美国俄亥俄州印第安纳河流域为研究对象,基于不同分辨率的DEM提取河网,引入野外勘测河源信息,建立可靠度、灵敏度评价指标,探讨不同DEM分辨率所提取数字河网的适用性。结果表明:(1)与野外勘测河源相比,基于高分辨率DEM提取的河网与实际河网更为接近,但会生成伪支流;(2)研究流域地形破碎化程度高,局部地形坡度大,河网发育主要受上游集水面积控制;(3)DEM分辨率为5 m时,研究流域河网提取结果的可靠度和灵敏度较为理想,过高或过低的分辨率均不适用于该流域的河网提取。     

基于DEM的鄱阳湖水下地形分析

利用数字化的鄱阳湖1∶10 000比例尺水下地形高程数据,生成5 m水平分辨率的鄱阳湖水下数字高程模型(DEM)。在此基础上,应用地理信息系统空间分析方法,提取了水下地形断面,生成了坡度、地形起伏度和地表粗糙度等地形指标数据,计算了不同水位下的曲面积和库容,分析了鄱阳湖水下地形特征。分析结果可为鄱阳湖区水利工程规划和设计、水患灾害防治提供依据。     

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 分辨率是基于地形测绘数据插值生成DEM的基本问题。利用合适的分辨率既可使生成的DEM如实反映和描述地面地形特征，又可避免引入新误差。基于地貌学原理，以读取基础数据所有信息和有效表达地貌特征为目标，利用多种栅格DEM的坡度均方差 栅格尺寸关系曲线，结合对插值DEM上地貌特征的分析，可以客观地确定地形图插值生成DEM的合适栅格尺寸。系统介绍了这种方法的基本原理，并以黄土高原1∶25万地形图插值生成DEM为例，对该方法的应用进行了讨论。典型地区试验研究表明，黄土丘陵区1∶25万和1∶1万地形图（等高距分别为100 m和5 m）插值生成DEM，DEM的坡度均方差 栅格尺寸关系曲线拐点分别位于50 m和2.5 m处，因而分辨率分别为50 m和2.5 m。本研究可以为改进我国DEM质量提供支持。
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基于DEM的岸坡稳定性的精度研究

对于岸坡稳定性的分析较多采取水下坡度分析法,选择某一河段岸坡为试验区,分析不同空间分辨率的水下数字高程模型(DEM)对坡度提取的影响,结果表明:由于水下地形较为复杂且不便观测,因此应选用坡度分级方法进行描述;随着DEM格网的增大,不同坡度等级的不确定程度不同,中间坡度等级逐渐向两极坡度等级集中;对于1:500高精度水下地形数据而言,15 m是保证护岸工程准确有效的DEM最大栅格尺寸.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.