WC晶粒离散度对WC-Co硬质合金断裂韧性的影响

硬质合金的平均晶粒度影响着合金的使用性能,而硬质相粒度分布对合金性能的影响较少报导。本文选用经典工艺制备的4批粘结相质量分数6%、平均晶粒度为1.6μm、不同WC晶粒离散度试样,1批网状合金试样,1批粘结相质量分数8%、平均晶粒度为1.6μm、WC晶粒高离散度试样,通过Palmqvist压痕实验测定其断裂韧性来研究WC晶粒离散度对硬质合金断裂韧性的影响。结果表明,经典试样WC晶粒离散系数由0.425 8增大至0.533 7时,断裂韧性由15.7 MPa·m~(1/2)降至11.6 MPa·m~(1/2),维氏硬度基本保持1 420 HV30左右;粘结相含量、平均晶粒度及维氏硬度相同的网状结构硬质合金,其WC离散系数为0.653 6时,Palmqvist压痕断裂韧性高达16.0 MPa·m~(1/2);粘结相质量分数为8%的试样,其WC离散系数为0.612 1,维氏硬度为1 350 HV30,断裂韧性仅为12.5 MPa·m~(1/2)。离散度小的硬质相分布及特别的微观结构设计都可以在不降低硬度的情况下提升合金的韧性。     

烧结温度对梯度硬质合金表层组织结构和力学性能的影响

梯度硬质合金表层组织结构的变化直接影响着CVD涂层硬质合金刀具的加工性能,而烧结温度的变化将显著影响梯度硬质合金表层和芯部组织结构。本文研究了1 410、1 440℃和1 460℃3种烧结温度对梯度硬质合金表层（0～100μm）组织结构和力学性能的影响规律。采用SEM和EBSD对梯度硬质合金表层组织结构、梯度区和合金芯部粒度进行了分析,研究了不同温度下表层组织结构的变化对梯度硬质合金抗弯强度和显微硬度的影响。结果表明：随着温度升高,表面Co含量明显下降,梯度层厚度增加。合金硬质相（WC和立方固溶体相）晶粒度随烧结温度升高而明显长大,梯度区内WC晶粒度大于芯部WC晶粒度,并且二者差异随烧结温度的升高而加大,芯部立方固溶体的生长速度高于WC。随烧结温度的升高,合金的磁力下降了10.3%,合金的断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别提高了8.5%和7.7%,相比去除梯度层试样,3个烧结温度下保留梯度层合金试样的抗弯强度提高了7.6%～9.8%。从表面至芯部合金的显微硬度先降低至最低点后逐渐上升至接近芯部硬度,梯度层内HV最低点约为芯部HV的87%。随烧结温度的升高,梯度区和芯部的HV都呈现下降趋势。     

真空-压力两步烧结制备的表层脱立方相梯度硬质合金的组织与性能

本文通过真空-压力两步烧结制备了脱立方相梯度硬质合金,并对材料的组织和性能做了研究。研究发现,相比于一步真空烧结制备的脱立方相梯度硬质合金,真空-压力两步烧结制备的梯度硬质合金脱立方相层更厚,合金内部的立方相晶粒尺寸更大。梯度硬质合金脱立方相层中的平均WC晶粒尺寸比内部的更大,这与脱立方相层中Co含量更高以及内部含Ti立方相的存在有关。梯度硬质合金中过渡层的微观硬度高于合金内部,而脱立方相层的硬度最低,微观硬度变化与Co、Ti等元素含量变化紧密相关。压力烧结对表面脱立方相层的致密化作用明显,使得脱立方相层的孔隙减少,梯度合金相对密度达到99.6%。脱立方相层厚度增加和孔隙缺陷减少促进了梯度硬质合金横向断裂强度的提高。     

Ru添加对WC-Co硬质合金结构与性能的影响

粘结相是硬质合金重要的组成部分,随着硬质合金材料技术的发展,目前,越来越多的研究者希望能够通过粘结相的掺杂技术来提升合金的综合性能.本文通过对比分析WC-Co和WC-Co-Ru硬质合金,发现Ru的添加能够抑制WC晶粒的长大,有效抑制WC晶粒的异常长大,可以提高合金中粘结相Co的显微硬度和合金的整体硬度,能够显著提升硬质...     

WC粒度对梯度硬质合金组织和性能的影响

由于不同材料的热膨胀系数不同,涂层在冷却过程中可能因为热应力不同而产生裂纹,表面富粘结相的梯度硬质合金基体因粘结相含量高,韧性好,能有效吸收裂纹扩展时的能量,延长涂层刀具的使用寿命。为了研究WC晶粒度对梯度硬质合金的组织及性能的影响,制备了三种WC粒度的硬质合金。采用XRD和SEM对梯度硬质合金的相成分、微观组织进行了分析。实验结果表明,三种WC晶粒度的硬质合金表面均形成了梯度层。随着WC晶粒度的增大,梯度层厚度减小,抗弯强度和断裂韧性增大。三种梯度硬质合金表层显微硬度分布趋势相似。当WC晶粒度较小时,梯度硬质合金无梯度的合金芯部断裂形式均以沿晶断裂方式为主,随着WC晶粒度的增加,穿晶断裂方式增多;梯度表层出现了Co相变形和撕裂形貌,存在蜂窝状的韧性花样。     

Cr、V、RE添加剂对特粗晶与超粗晶硬质合金微观组织与性能的影响

利用特粗晶与超粗晶硬质合金粗大粘结相平均自由程以及粗大WC原料粉末的特性,研究单一Cr、V以及Cr-RE与V-RE添加剂对特粗晶与超粗晶WC-Co合金微观组织结构、物理力学性能以及合金中Co粘结相纳米压痕力学性能的影响。结果表明,在此合金体系,Cr的加入可使合金保持微观组织结构均匀、WC晶粒粗大以及高韧性的特性,而且可使Co粘结相纳米压痕硬度HV2 mN提升了20.5%;V的加入使合金中WC晶粒大小出现明显两极分化,并显著降低合金韧性;微量混合稀土(RE)对V和Cr在合金中的作用行为影响不显著;合金矫顽磁力、硬度以及Co粘结相弹性模量对合金成分变化不敏感。     

无η相梯度WC-Co硬质合金的微观结构与性能

采用气氛烧结法制备了无η相梯度WC-Co硬质合金,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察渗碳处理前后样品的微观形貌和WC晶粒尺寸,X射线能谱仪测量Co含量的分布,X射线衍射仪分析样品的相结构,显微硬度计测量样品表面、心部的硬度,X射线应力仪测量样品烧结表面的残余应力,钴磁测量仪和矫顽磁力计测量样品的钴磁值、矫顽磁力,对梯度硬质合金的微观结构和性能进行了分析。结果表明,通过渗碳处理可以制备出无η相的梯度WC-Co硬质合金,WC晶粒有长大的趋势,但长大幅度较小;渗碳处理后合金钴磁值增大,矫顽磁力减小;梯度硬质合金的硬度呈梯度分布,表面硬度显著高于渗碳处理前的硬质合金的平均硬度;梯度硬质合金烧结表面的残余应力为压应力,残余应力数值低于渗碳处理前的硬质合金。     

WC-Co梯度硬质合金的制备及渗碳对其组织的影响

采用光学金相检测、扫描电镜分析、能谱分析等方法对WC-6Co硬质合金渗碳处理后的成分和梯度组织结构进行分析.结果表明:对硬质合金渗碳处理后可形成显微组织和钨、钴含量的梯度分布,其特征是合金表层和次表层的η相已经完全消失,属正常的WC γ两相组织,合金的芯部依然是含η相的三相组织,中间形成了一个富钴层;碳原子的扩散和液相钴的流动是形成梯度的原因;在各渗碳温度下,合金的梯度结构厚度均随渗碳时间的增加而增加;在渗碳时间和渗碳温度相同的情况下,合金的梯度层厚度均随合金初始总碳含量的增加而增厚.渗碳处理后外表面的WC晶粒可能会产生一定的粗化现象.     

硬质合金热处理机理研究

通过对YT14（WC－TiC－Co合金）、YG15（WC－Co合金）两种合金热处理前后其粘结相、硬质相、应力状态等方面的分析研究，结果发现，合金热处理后，粘结相中Co含量增加，马氏体相变得到抑制，碳化钨晶粒邻接度下降，同时，还改变了合金内部的应力状态。作者从多方面阐述了热处理的强化作用。     

渗碳工艺对WC-Co梯度硬质合金的梯度结构和硬度的影响

对缺碳硬质合金采用渗碳处理制备梯度硬质合金,利用显微组织分析和维氏硬度测试等方法,研究渗碳工艺对梯度硬质合金的梯度结构和硬度的影响。结果表明：渗碳处理后随着渗碳时间延长,梯度层厚度增大,长时间渗碳还会出现梯度结构消失现象;渗碳时表面层WC晶粒长大,且渗碳时间越长晶粒长大越严重;渗碳后梯度硬质合金的表面硬度明显提高;渗碳后合金的表面硬度明显高于烧结态合金的表面硬度;随着渗碳时间的延长,合金表面硬度先增大后减小;合金的硬度在截面上沿梯度方向呈连续梯度变化,合金表面层因WC含量较高、钴含量较低而具有较高的硬度,中间层因钴含量较高、WC含量较低,其硬度较低。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。