基于格子Boltzmann方法的微通道受热表面析晶污垢模拟

针对现有的污垢析晶沉积模型不能有效模拟真实污垢生长的问题,建立了一种引入析晶沉积动力学模型的多物理场耦合数值模型。模型基于格子Boltzmann方法和有限差分方法,模拟了微通道非等温热表面上近壁面处的沉积物溶质质量浓度分布和污垢生长过程,研究了流速、壁温和沉积物溶质质量浓度对微通道热表面污垢析晶沉积的影响。结果表明：沉积初始时刻流速和壁温对近壁面沉积物溶质质量浓度分布具有不同程度的影响,随着污垢不断生长,污垢-流体界面处的析晶沉积速率减小;相比于流速,沉积物溶质质量浓度对污垢热阻的影响更为显著。     

可充电电池中枝晶问题的相场模拟

可充电电池已被广泛应用于电动汽车等国家重点战略发展领域,然而在电池反复的充放电过程中,金属离子的不均匀沉积会导致电极表面枝晶生长,电池可逆容量降低和内部短路。枝晶的形成是极其复杂的过程,涉及到电化学、热力学、动力学和结晶学等多个学科,并受到充电条件、压应力、电池组分、温度、磁场等多重因素的影响。本文系统剖析了枝晶成核和生长过程中涉及到的理论模型,全面回顾了相场模拟在可充电电池枝晶问题中的研究进展,重点讨论充电条件、应力、外压及离子分布等因素对枝晶生长的影响,给出了电化学相场模拟在电池枝晶领域的研究范式。进而采用相场模拟研究了隔膜涂覆颗粒对电极表面离子浓度分布及枝晶生长均匀性的影响,为抑制枝晶隔膜的设计提供了理论依据。最后指明了相场模拟在枝晶研究方面的不足及未来重要的研究方向。     

固着液滴蒸发研究进展及展望

固着液滴是指附着于壁面上的液滴,其蒸发行为及传热传质特性是喷雾冷却、喷墨打印等相变传热传质领域的基础问题之一。文中重点针对固着液滴蒸发过程所涉及的自身形态演变规律、气液固三相耦合传热/传质/流动特性进行了综述。结合毫微尺度固着液滴基本蒸发模式、热质传递形式、气液两相流动特征和界面输运行为,分析了液滴性质、壁面条件、气相环境条件等关键因素对固着液滴蒸发过程的内在作用机制和影响规律,提出了微纳尺度固着液滴（群）热质传递过程与机理的相关研究展望。     

合金元素对20CrMnTi凝固组织影响的数值模拟

利用CA（元胞自动机）和FE（有限元）耦合模型，模拟齿轮钢中Si、 Mn、 Cr、 Ti 4种元素对连铸坯凝固组织的影响。模拟所得温度场和凝固组织跟实际数据基本吻合。在国标规定的成分范围内， Si含量增加可降低钢种液相线温度，增加形核动力，从而增加晶粒数目，细化晶粒； Ti含量可增加钢中异相形核数，从而增加晶粒数目，细化晶粒； Si， Ti含量增加还可降低枝晶尖端生长速度，从而减小柱状晶区域，扩大等轴晶区域； Mn， Cr含量变化对于钢种的液相线温度以及枝晶尖端生长速度影响不大，因此对于晶粒数目，等轴晶面积影响较小。     

铌在高碳钢凝固过程中行为特性的模型分析

以高碳钢为研究对象,建立钢液凝固过程中溶质偏析与夹杂物析出的耦合热力学模型,并通过扫描电镜及能谱分析验证了模型的精确度。利用该热力学模型,研究分析了铌的质量分数对高碳钢凝固过程中铌的赋存状态及铌化物的影响作用规律。结果表明:(1)碳化铌和固溶铌在高碳钢凝固过程中开始析出,随着碳质量分数的增大,固溶铌的浓度分布呈现先减小而后增大的趋势;(2)随着铌质量分数的增大,高碳钢中碳化铌的析出温度及析出量均有所增大,固溶铌的平均析出量逐渐增大,其中碳化铌析出量的增加十分显著。     

合金凝固传热传质宏微观耦合数值研究及验证

建立了描述二元合金凝固的平面枝晶一维微观偏析数学模型,考虑溶质在固相中有限扩散,在液相中完全扩散。通过数值模拟,分析比较了A l-Cu和F e-C合金的微观偏析特性。同时,进一步将微观数值模型与宏观凝固实验的传热传质数学模型相耦合,实现了凝固宏微观复合尺度的全数值模拟。研究表明,数值计算结果与实验数据吻合良好,证明微观模型能较准确地反映微观质量传输并能可靠地与宏观相变传热传质模型相耦合。此外,从微观到宏观的计算结果都说明F e-C合金的凝固过程几乎接近平衡凝固。     

真空自耗熔炼工艺参数对齿轮钢凝固组织的影响

为进一步提高Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢材料的均匀性和细晶化,建立了直径290 mm的齿轮钢钢锭真空自耗熔炼过程三维数学模型,研究了熔炼工艺参数对钢锭凝固组织分布及晶粒大小的影响规律。结果表明：在工艺参数可调范围内,冷却强度越大,晶粒尺寸越小、数目越多,二次枝晶间距越小;熔池温度越低,晶粒的细化效果越好,二次枝晶间距也越小;降低冶炼速率,形核数目增多,晶粒尺寸减小,但对二次枝晶间距的影响较小。对齿轮钢真空自耗熔炼工艺参数优化调整后,模拟结果显示,自耗锭内部等轴晶区域增大将近一倍,晶粒尺寸得到明显细化;最大二次枝晶间距减小了4.88%,合金元素分布实现均匀化。     

电渣重熔过程中传热及凝固组织的数值模拟

在凝固传热数学模型基础上,采用正态分布形核模型和二维偏心生长模型,模拟了钢锭重新凝固过程温度场及钢锭凝固组织的生长情况.数值结果表明：电渣重熔钢锭以倒“V”形的柱状晶为主,中心和底部为等轴晶,模拟结果与实验结果符合良好.随着渣温的提高,熔池变得深且宽;随着侧壁换热系数的增大,熔池深度变浅;随着重熔速度的减小,熔池深度也逐渐变浅;较低的渣池温度、较大的对流换热系数有利于等轴晶形成,而重熔速度对凝固组织的影响不大.     

热质渗透壁面饱和多孔介质通道流动与热质传递的数值模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了多孔介质中存在温度梯度、浓度梯度并具有热质渗透壁面时的受迫对流对传热传质的影响。采用有限容积法在同位网格上离散控制多孔介质内流体流动与热质传递方程守恒方程(即N-S)，对流项采用二阶精度的QUICK格式，扩散项采用中心差分格式。利用SIMPLE算法求解压力和速度耦合问题。利用所发展的程序研究了在不同孔隙率，不同的温度、浓度边界条件下，流场、温度场和浓度场以及Nu和Sh的变化规律。     

非圆形微通道热沉的流动换热特性数值模拟

建立了非圆形硅微通道内单相流动和换热过程的三维模型,并分别对三角形、矩形和梯形微通道中流动换热进行了数值模拟.研究发现,截面平均努塞尔数在通道入口处数值最大,然后沿流体流动方向急剧减小,直至流动充分发展时趋于恒定.固体和流体温度沿流动方向近似线性升高.换热面壁温仅沿流动方向升高,在垂直于流动方向,温度则基本保持均衡;雷诺数对微通道的流动与换热特性存在着较大的影响,雷诺数越大,其对应的努塞尔数也越大.对3种微通道的热经济性分析比较发现,三角形通道的热有效性最高.     

Effects of electromagnetic stirring during the controlled solidification of tin

The role of natural and forced convections during solidification of pure tin in an annular crucible was studied. The forced convection was generated by electromagnetic stirring. Maps of electromagnetic body forces and velocity fields were obtained for various stirring intensities and various positions of the solidification front. Temperature measurements made it possible to follow the evolution of the solidification front with time. These experiments were carried out from various degrees of superheat both in the absence and presence of electromagnetic stirring. A discussion is presented relating the metallurgical findings (macrostructure) to the heat and fluid flow measurements.     

Thermal and heat transfer characteristics in a latent heat storage system using lauric acid

The thermal and heat transfer characteristics of lauric acid during the melting and solidification processes were determined experimentally in a vertical double pipe energy storage system. In this study, three important subjects were addressed. The first one is temperature distributions and temporal temperature variations in the radial and axial distances in the phase change material (PCM) during phase change processes. The second one is the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid, which include total melting and total solidification times, the nature of heat transfer in melted and solidified PCM and the effect of Reynolds and Stefan numbers as inlet heat transfer fluid (HTF) conditions on the phase transition parameters. The final one is to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the heat flow rate and also discuss the role of Reynolds and Stefan numbers on the heat transfer parameters. The experimental results proved that the PCM melts and solidifies congruently, and the melting and solidification front moved from the outer wall of the HTF pipe (HTFP) to the inner wall of the PCM container in radial distances as the melting front moved from the top to the bottom of the PCM container in axial distances. However, it was difficult to establish the solidification proceeding at the axial distances in the PCM. Though natural convection in the liquid phase played a dominant role during the melting process due to buoyancy effects, the solidification process was controlled by conduction heat transfer, and it was slowed by the conduction thermal resistance through the solidified layer. The results also indicated that the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat flow rate were affected by varying the Reynolds and Stefan numbers more during the melting process than during the solidification process due to the natural convection effect during the melting process.     

埋地原油管道停输期间温降及原油凝固传热模型及数值模拟

假设原油凝固区域为一固相和液相组成的动态多孔介质区域,建立了土壤、管道能量方程与原油质量、动量和能量方程相互耦合的传热模型,并对埋地原油管道停输温降过程进行了数值模拟.数值模拟结果能够合理解释停输期间温度场、凝固界面和自然对流规律.     

Thermal Performance of a Phase Change Material‐Based Latent Heat Thermal Storage Unit

An experimental analysis is presented to establish the thermal performance of a latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) unit. Paraffin is used as the phase change material (PCM) on the shell side of the shell and tube‐type LHTS unit while water is used as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing through the inner tube. The fluid inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of HTF are varied and the temperature distribution of paraffin in the shell side is measured along the radial and axial direction during melting and solidification process. The total melting time is established for different mass flow rates and fluid inlet temperature of HTF. The motion of the solid–liquid interface of the PCM with time along axial and radial direction of the test unit is critically evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the melting front moves from top to bottom along the axial direction while the solidification front moves only in the radial direction. The total melting time of PCM increases as the mass flow rate and inlet temperature of HTF decreases. A correlation is proposed for the dimensionless melting time in terms of Reynolds number and Stefan number of HTF. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21120     

Modeling of Droplet-Based Processing for the Production of High-Performance Particulate Materials using the Level Set Method

The dynamic and thermal processes of an Mg-Zn-Y alloy droplet's spreading and solidification are investigated using the level set method in order to understand their effects on the phase change process in a uniform droplet spray process. The level set method, driven with the solidification velocity predicted by a free dendritic growth model, is capable of tracking the evolution of the solidification front within the deformed droplet. It is found that the solidification process heavily depends on the initial thermal state of the droplet, the latent heat released during solidification, and the heat loss to the substrate. A rapid solidification occurs in the initial microseconds before a slow solidification process takes place.     

Entropy generation in combined heat and mass transfer

Irreversible entropy generation for combined forced convection heat and mass transfer in a twodimensional channel is investigated. The heat and mass transfer rates are assumed to be constant on both channel walls. For the case of laminar flow, the entropy generation is obtained as a function of velocity, temperature, concentration gradients and the physical properties of the fluid. The analogy between heat and mass transfer is used to obtain the concentration profile for the diffusing species. The optimum plate spacing is determined, considering that either the mass flow rate or the channel length are fixed. For the turbulent flow regime, a control volume approach that uses heat and mass transfer correlations is developed to obtain the entropy generation and optimum plate spacing.     

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR SOLUTAL CONVECTION DURING DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION

Computational investigation is conducted during time-dependent behaviors induced by solutal convection in the melt for directional solidification of a binary alloy. Effects of solutal Rayleigh number on flow, heat, and mass transfer are studied for upward Bridgman configuration restricted to fluid phase. The results compare well with spectral ones exhibiting various hydrodynamic solutal transitions (symmetric, asymmetric, time-dependent). The finite-volumes method is tested for various uniform and refined meshes near the walls to obtain spectral accuracy. Calculations are extended to configurations including melt/solid interactions by the use of a homogeneous formulation and a linearized equilibrium phase diagram.     

节流型微通道换热特性研究

为研究节流型微通道换热特性,设计并加工制作了突缩突扩结构的微通道实验件。采用控制变量法控制改变加热电压、质量流量、入口温度,通过实验数据对比分析研究了影响节流型微通道对流换热的规律。研究结果表明:随着质量流量的增加,微通道蒸发器的对流传热系数不断减小;随着雷诺数的增大努谢尔数不断增大,对流换热效果比较明显。     

Exploration of thermal Péclet number,vortex viscosity,and Reynolds number on two-dimensional flow of micropolar fluid through a channel due to mixed convection

The present theoretical investigation is conducted on a micropolar fluid medium channel in the presence of mixed and nonlinear convection with the assumptions of thermal radiation and species reactive agents. The nonlinear governing equations, which describe the micropolar fluid flow and energy, are converted into ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables. With the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method, the resultant equations are numerically solved. The physical characteristics of flow restrictions over velocity, microrotation, energy, and concentration profile are plotted and discussed. Further, the impact of several dimensionless parameters on Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is investigated and depicted graphically. In addition to observing flow patterns, contour plots of streamlines are plotted and discussed. It is demonstrated that the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration of micropolar fluid have a maximum value at the center of the channel. However, the microrotation velocity of the micropolar fluid has both maxima and minima. The thermal and solutal properties of micropolar fluid influence heat and mass transport rates, that is, mixed convection and buoyancy parameter boost up the local heat transfer at the surface. Finally, Péclet number and chemically reactive parameters boost up the local mass transfer at the surface.