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1.
    
Abstract— An integral floating display (IFD) with a long depth range without floating lens distortion is proposed. Two lenses were used to reduce barrel distortion of the floating lens and three‐dimensional (3‐D) image deformation from object‐dependent longitudinal and lateral magnifications in the floating‐display system, combined with an integral imaging display. The distance between the floating lenses is the sum of their focal lengths. In the proposed configuration, lateral and longitudinal magnifications are constant regardless of the distance of the integrated 3‐D images, so the distortions from the distant‐dependent magnifications of the floating lens do not occur with the proposed method. In addition, the proposed floating system expands the depth range of the integral imaging display. As a result, the display can show a correct 3‐D floating image with a large depth range. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully displays a 3‐D image without floating lens distortions across a large depth range.  相似文献   

2.
    
While the viewing angle (VA) is an important parameter of three‐dimensional (3‐D) displays, a method has not yet been devised to determine the VA. We proposed a new approach to determine a VA of an integral imaging display. An integrated point appears at the cross section between collected rays and a lens array; the VA of the integrated point is thus equal to the angle between the two farthest rays. This approach is useful to determine the VA of all 3‐D displays, because a 3‐D point appears in the cross section of collected rays. The result of this study showed that the VA depends on the position of the integrated point and is smaller than the VA of the conventional calculation.  相似文献   

3.
    
We propose a high optical efficiency three‐dimensional (3D)/two‐dimensional (2D) convertible integral imaging display by using a pinhole array on a reflective polarizer. The 3D mode is realized by adopting a pinhole array on a reflective polarizer to generate a point light source array. Three‐dimensional/2D convertible feature is realized by electrically controlling a polarization switcher. The reflective polarizer can reflect the light that has the orthogonal polarization direction with the reflective polarizer and transmit the light that has the same polarization direction with the reflective polarizer. The reflected light is recycled, so the optical efficiencies for both 3D and 2D modes are enhanced. In the practical experiments, the optical efficiencies of the proposed integral imaging display increase by 8.04 times and 1.65 times in 3D and 2D modes comparing with the conventional integral imaging display that has no light recycle, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
    
Floating three‐dimensional (3D) display implements direct interaction between human hands and virtual 3D images, which offers natural and effective augmented reality interaction. In this study, we propose a novel floating autostereoscopic display, combining head tracking lenticular display with an image projection system, to offer the observers with an accurate 3D image floating in midair without any optical elements between observers and the virtual 3D image. Combined with a gesture recognition device, the proposed system can achieve in situ augmented reality interaction with the floating 3D image. A distortion correction method is developed to achieve 3D display with accurate spatial information. Moreover, a coordinate calibration method is designed to improve the accuracy in the in situ interaction. Experiments were performed to prove the feasibility of the proposed system, and the good results show the potential of human‐computer interaction in medicine and life sciences.  相似文献   

5.
    
Abstract— Improvements achieved in image resolution and volume in a volumetric display based on the two‐frequency, two‐step upconversion (TFTS) method are presented. Two digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are utilized to generate fast scanning of the image volume at high resolution. Improvements in resolution and image size over previous implementations are achieved by choosing sodium—ytterbium—fluoride for the imaging crystal instead of the conventional ytterbium—lithium—fluoride composition. Experimentally, images at 532 nm were constructed using 45 slices with each slice rendered at 1024 × 768 resolution, resulting in almost 35 million voxels. The resulting system has the potential to achieve a resolution beyond a targeted 800 million voxels without viewpoint obstruction and with expandability to three‐color imagery.  相似文献   

6.
    
Near‐eye light field displays based on integral imaging through a microlens array provide attractive features like ultra‐compact volume and freedom of the vergence‐accommodation conflict to head‐mounted displays with virtual or augmented reality functions. To enable optimal design and analysis of such systems, it is desirable to have a physical model that incorporates all factors that affect the image formation, including diffraction, aberration, defocusing, and pixel size. Therefore, in this study, using the fundamental Huygens‐Fresnel principle and the Arizona eye model with adjustable accommodation, we develop an image formation model that can numerically calculate the retinal light field image with near‐perfect accuracy, and experimentally verify it with a prototype system. Next, based on this model, the visual resolution is analyzed for different field of views (FOVs). As a result, a rapid resolution decay with respect to FOV caused by off‐axis aberration is demonstrated. Finally, resolution variations as a function of image depth are analyzed based on systems with different central depth planes. Significantly, the resolution decay is revealed to plateau when the image depth is large enough, which is different from real‐image type light field displays.  相似文献   

7.
    
In this paper, we present a new fabrication of micro‐lens array (MLA) with pinhole array—pinhole/micro‐lens array (P/MLA) for integral imaging 3‐D display (II), which combine lithography and ink‐jet printing. A black circular groove array (BCGA) is used as pinhole array, and laser 3‐D microscope and a homemade setup have been used for the characterization of P/MLA. The results show that high‐precision P/MLA can be obtained using BCGA as templates. By controlling the driving voltage at different steps, the distance between nozzle and substrate, as well as the number of liquid droplets, P/MLA with smooth morphology, different sizes, good repeatability of geometry parameters, great uniformity of focusing, and good converging performance can be achieved. For demonstration, P/MLA with curvature, focal length, numerical aperture, and F‐number of 815.8 μm, 1.60 mm, 0.1311, and 3.8 are applied for the reconstruction in II, exhibiting good reconstruction performance with high resolution, and BCGA reduces the influence of stray light on II and improves the quality of the reconstructed image.  相似文献   

8.
    
Due to the limitation of traditional microlens arrays (MLAs) in integral imaging display, the depth of field (DOF) is restricted in space and the center depth plane is difficult to extend in a large range. Here, we propose a microfabrication method based on bifocal MLAs to improve DOF. The bifocal MLAs for extended DOF were fabricated by using two-step photolithography and thermal reflow. This method allows diverse microlenses of high to low numerical aperture to achieve high spatial resolution as well as accurate depth estimation. Microlenses of different focal lengths were simultaneously deposited on a substrate by repeated photolithography with multiple photomasks with alignment mark to define micro-posts of different thicknesses. Hexagonally packaged bifocal MLAs clearly show the DOF extended from 0.004 to 4.908 mm for 57.6 μm in lens diameter, and their corresponding object distance ranges from 0.125 to 0.165 mm. Based on the proposed scheme, this method provides potential applications in integral imaging 3D display or light field display.  相似文献   

9.
    
Abstract— An improved 3‐D/2‐D switchable display system with enhanced depth and viewing angle by adding two LCD panels to an integral imaging system has been realized. The proposed system uses the see‐through property of an LCD panel and displays multiple sets of elemental images on the LCD panels to integrate them on multiple locations simultaneously. As a result, the depth of the 3‐D image can be enhanced. For wide viewing angles, the time‐multiplexing method was adopted by displaying mask patterns on the front LCD panel. In addition, another technique to increase the contrast ratio of the proposed system has also been developed. Some experimental results will be provided.  相似文献   

10.
    
This paper proposes a method for combining multiple integral three‐dimensional (3D) images using direct‐view displays to obtain high‐quality results. A multi‐image combining optical system (MICOS) is used to enlarge and combine multiple integral 3D images without gaps. An optical design with a simple lens configuration that does not require a diffuser plate prevents the deterioration in resolution resulting from lens arrangement errors and the diffuser plate. An experiment was performed to compare a previously developed method with the proposed method, and the latter showed a significant improvement in image quality. A method for expanding the effective viewing angle of the proposed optical design was also developed, and its effectiveness was confirmed experimentally. A prototype device of the proposed optical design was constructed using a high‐density organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) panel with 8K resolution and 1058 ppi pixel density to achieve 311 (H) × 175 (V) elemental images, a viewing angle of 20.6° in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and a display size of 9.1 in. In addition, the proposed optical design enabled making device considerably thinner, ie, with a thickness of only 47 mm.  相似文献   

11.
    
Abstract— A 360°‐viewable cylindrical three‐dimensional (3‐D) display system based on integral imaging has been implemented. The proposed system is composed of a cylindrically arranged electroluminescent (EL) pinhole film, an EL film backlight, a barrier structure, and a transmission‐type flexible display panel. The cylindrically arranged point‐light‐source array, which is generated by the EL pinhole film reconstructs 360°‐viewable virtual 3‐D images at the center of the cylinder. In addition, the proposed system provides 3‐D/2‐D convertibility using the switching of EL pinhole film from a point light source to a surface light source. In this paper, the principle of operation, analysis of the viewing parameters, and the experimental results are presented.  相似文献   

12.
In this paper, we present an autostereoscopic 3D display based on the moiré effect. The left and right images are built of the moiré patterns. When observed from a proper location, these moiré images can be perceived stereoscopically without special eyeglasses. The principle is confirmed by preliminary experiments.  相似文献   

13.
    
Abstract— The jerkiness of moving three‐dimensional (3‐D) images produced by a high‐density directional display was studied. Under static viewing conditions in which subjects' heads did not move, jerkiness was more noticeable when moving 3‐D images were displayed in front of the display screen and was less noticeable when moving 3‐D images were displayed behind the screen. We found that the perception of jerkiness depended on the visual angular velocities of moving 3‐D images. Under dynamic viewing conditions in which subjects' heads were forced to move, when moving 3‐D images were displayed in front of the screen, jerkiness was less noticeable when the subjects' heads and 3‐D images moved in opposite directions and was more noticeable when they moved in the same direction. When moving 3‐D images were displayed behind the screen, jerkiness was less noticeable when subjects' heads and 3‐D images moved in the same direction and was more noticeable when they moved in opposite directions.  相似文献   

14.
    
Abstract— Stereoscopic 3‐D digital imaging holds the promise of improving the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease as well as enhancing the training and preparation of medical professionals through use of stereoscopic 3‐D displays in concert with the many volumetric visualization techniques/modalities developed in recent years. While so‐called 3‐D graphics have improved the state of computer visualization in general, 3‐D displays make full use of the human‐visual perception, and thus can provide critical insight in complex computer‐generated and video 3‐D data. The stereo 3‐D applications reviewed in this paper include screening of breast cancer and diabetic retinopathy, visualization for minimally invasive surgery, and the teaching of anatomy. Also included is a discussion of ground‐breaking results from a stereo digital mammography clinical trial under way at Emory University.  相似文献   

15.
    
Abstract— An integral imaging time‐division‐multiplexing 18‐view 3‐D display based on the one‐dimensional integral‐imaging (1‐D‐II) technique using a 9‐in. OCB‐LCD, lenticular sheet, and active shutter has been developed. By simulating a lens shape and a shutter structure and analyzing the light‐beam profile of the increasing‐parallax‐number region to find the best conditions, depth range, and viewing angle were an enhanced and a brighter and flicker‐less 3‐D image with smooth motion parallax was obtained.  相似文献   

16.
    
Abstract— A new approach to resolution enhancement of an integral‐imaging (II) three‐dimensional display using multi‐directional elemental images is proposed. The proposed method uses a special lens made up of nine pieces of a single Fresnel lens which are collected from different parts of the same lens. This composite lens is placed in front of the lens array such that it generates nine sets of directional elemental images to the lens array. These elemental images are overlapped on the lens array and produce nine point light sources per each elemental lens at different positions in the focal plane of the lens array. Nine sets of elemental images are projected by a high‐speed digital micromirror device and are tilted by a two‐dimensional scanning mirror system, maintaining the time‐multiplexing sequence for nine pieces of the composite lens. In this method, the concentration of the point light sources in the focal plane of the lens array is nine‐times higher, i.e., the distance between two adjacent point light sources is three times smaller than that for a conventional II display; hence, the resolution of three‐dimensional image is enhanced.  相似文献   

17.
    
Abstract— Several rare‐earth‐doped fluoride crystals that are excited to emit visible light by sequential two‐photon absorption have been investigated as display‐medium candidates for static volumetric three‐dimensional displays. Dispersion of powders of these materials in a refractive‐index‐matched polymer is reported because such a medium may result in a scalable display. The scattering problem in such a medium is greatly reduced by index‐matching the polymer to the crystalline particles. An index‐matching condition that optimizes the performance is identified.  相似文献   

18.
    
Abstract— A flat‐panel display with a slanted subpixel arrangement has been developed for a multi‐view three‐dimensional (3‐D) display. A set of 3M × N subpixels (M × N subpixels for each R, G, and B color) corresponds to one of the cylindrical lenses, which constitutes a lenticular lens, to construct each 3‐D pixel of a multi‐view display that offers M × N views. Subpixels of the same color in each 3‐D pixel have different horizontal positions, and the R, G, and B subpixels are repeated in the horizontal direction. In addition, the ray‐emitting areas of the subpixels within a 3‐D pixel are continuous in the horizontal direction for each color. One of the vertical edges of each subpixel has the same horizontal position as the opposite vertical edge of another subpixel of the same color. Cross‐talk among viewing zones is theoretically zero. This structure is suitable for providing a large number of views. A liquid‐crystal panel having this slanted subpixel arrangement was fabricated to construct a mobile 3‐D display with 16 views and a 3‐D resolution of 256 × 192. A 3‐D pixel is comprised of 12 × 4 subpixels (M = 4 and N = 4). The screen size was 2.57 in.  相似文献   

19.
    
Abstract— Motion artifacts observed in 3‐D LCDs using shutter glasses (SG 3D) has been investigated. A ghost‐like artifact has been observed for static images due to incomplete image separation between the left and right views. The observed motion artifacts are different for the left and right views. And they occur even for images with zero binocular disparity. In this respect, the phenomena of observed artifacts in 3‐D moving images are differentfrom those of 3‐D static images. 3‐D motion artifacts were analyzed and are related to the moving speed of the images and the amount of binocular disparity.  相似文献   

20.
    
Abstract— This paper describes a method for reducing the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence when viewing stereoscopic 3‐D images. The method uses a newly developed stereoscopic 3‐D display system with a telecentric optical system and a mobile LCD. The examination of a mono‐focal lens showed that a correction lens having the appropriate refractive power and conditions for presenting stereoscopic 3‐D images clearly reduces the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The authors also developed a stereoscopic 3‐D display that uses dynamic optical correction to reduce the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The display equalizes the theoretical points of accommodation and convergence. The purpose of the development was to expand the regeneration range of a stereoscopic 3‐D image having the appropriate accommodation. An evaluation of the developed display showed that it resolves the discrepancy between convergence and accommodation.  相似文献   

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