Utilization of geothermal energy in Russia

At present geothermal energy is utilized in Russia mostly for space and district heating, and for industrial and agricultural purposes. Six towns whith a total population of about 100,000 use geothermal district heating systems. The total area of geothermally heated greenhouses is about 700,000 m². Electric energy generated at geothermal power stations remains negligible: the installed capacity of the only operating Pauzhetskaya station (Kamchatka) is 11 MW_e. Another station at the Mutnovsky geothermal field is currently under construction and is expected to have 70 MW_e, installed by 1995 and 210 MW_e, by 2000. The proven geothermal resources in Russia provide hope for a significant increase in the utilization of the earth's deep heat and a significant contribution to the power budget in the near future.     

Russia and the EU electricity directive

In this paper, the authors argue that, from the technical viewpoint, penetration of the Unified Power System of Russia to the European market causes no radical problems, but that the political atmosphere plays an important role in realizing such plans     

Problem of heat pumps in central Russia

This article describes the problems of heat pumps due to climatic conditions and the characteristics of energy sources. As energy sources for heat pumps, solar power, air, groundwater, soil, and rejected heat are considered. It is shown that in central Russia it is only rational to use waste heat as an energy source for heat pump systems.     

俄罗斯油田提高采收率技术进展

俄罗斯是世界油气资源最丰富的地区之一,2009年,俄罗斯石油产量为4.94×108t,天然气产量为5560×108m3,高居世界榜首。前苏联及俄罗斯非常重视提高采收率(EOR)问题,早在20世纪70年代,提高采收率技术就已成为油气开采的热点,研发运用了包括热法、气法、流体转向技术等多种EOR技术。另外,EOR技术对俄罗斯国家石油产量的贡献也非常突出,2006年,俄罗斯EOR技术贡献产量达(17～18)×106t。俄罗斯EOR技术分类与世界通用分类存在一定差别,水动力学法、侧钻水平井等所有增产措施都纳入到EOR技术范畴。回顾了前苏联和俄罗斯提高采收率发展历史,分析俄罗斯EOR技术与世界通用分类之间的差异,总结近30年来俄罗斯EOR技术的发展现状,并对流体转向技术、气驱、热采、水动力学方法、微生物EOR和非常规EOR等技术应用情况进行总结与评述。     

Energy wood resources in Northwest Russia

The energy wood procurement possibilities for the eight regions making up Northwest Russia were assessed. Wood byproducts from logging and mechanical wood processing were considered for energy production based on actual cut, sawmill and plywood production figures for 2006. Of the total calculated potential of 31 million solid m³ (62 TWh), nearly 70% (21.8 million m³) is from logging. The remainder (9 million m³) is from sawmill and plywood production. The approximate available energy wood by region would be: 2.3 million m³ from the Republic of Karelia, 2.7 million m³ from the Republic of Komi, 5.4 million m³ from Arkhangelsk, 4.6 million m³ from Vologda, 3.8 million m³ from Leningrad, 2.0 million m³ from Novgorod, 0.8 million m³ from Pskov, and 41,000 m³ from the Murmansk region. There are large differences in the potentials between and within the regions. This is due to the differences in their forest resources; differences in their utilisation of these resources; the available infrastructures; and some limitations on logging. Nearly 65% of all the potential energy wood from logging is non-industrial roundwood, 19% is spruce stumps removed after final felling, 8% is unused branches and tops, and 8% is defective wood resulting from logging. About 58% of the total potential energy wood from logging is coniferous. However, there are large differences between the regions and within the regions in the species proportions. Currently about 40% of the allowable cut is used. This means that it would be possible to intensify the utilisation of the forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood for energy production. Full implementation of the allowable cut could provide 73.5 million m³ of energy wood (147 TWh). In addition, if the technical potential for thinnings is utilised, the total potential energy wood provided by logging, and mechanical wood processing could be 104 million m³ (208 TWh).     

俄罗斯GTE-180型燃气轮机的技术特点

介绍了俄罗斯GTE－180燃气轮机的结构及性能特点。     

俄罗斯先进燃气-蒸汽联合循环技术的发展

介绍了俄罗斯大型燃气轮机的发展、联合循环机组的设计开发以及联合循环电站的建设情况，以便供国内了解和在今后联合循环电站建设时选用。     

Economic aspects of nuclear and hydrogen energy in the world and Russia

Hydrogen, when used as a fuel, has the most minimal impact on the environment and is a viable, promising, but insufficiently studied alternative fuel. World demand for its production may increase by tens and hundreds of times, and alternative energy sources - renewable and non-renewable, including nuclear ones - are needed to meet it.The paper discusses the characteristics of these sources, shows the important role of nuclear energy.The development of hydrogen production stimulates the development of the symbiosis of nuclear and hydrogen energy in conjunction with renewable energy and allows the formation of a new sustainable global energy system - alternative energy.     

High-temperature fluid flows in the dachny field of the Mutnovsky hydrothermal system, Russia

High-temperature hydrothermal reservoirs typically have complex structures that are difficult to characterize even after a number of wells have been drilled. The most effective methods for characterizing the flow regime within a reservoir are: (1) three-dimensional mapping of the geological structure, temperature, pressure and permeability; (2) interpretation of tracer tests and reservoir fluid chemistry; and (3) flow test data analysis. (It is assumed that the petrophysical parameters of the various lithologic units have been determined on the basis of core and geophysical log data.) When these methods are applied to the Dachny reservoir of the Mutnovsky geothermal system, they yield the distribution in the field of lithologies, temperatures, phases and pressures, as well as the characteristics of the high-temperature fluid circulation (natural state initial and boundary conditions for the associated heat transfer problem).     

Serbian gas sector in the spotlight of oil and gas agreement with Russia

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper identifies the benefits for Serbia as transient country to European Union for Russian natural gas through South Stream gas-line in the current political context of implementation of gas agreement. On the other hand, according to the Agreement on Stabilization and Integration to European Union, Serbia is obligatory to implement reforms in energy sector and its energy policy must be in accordance with the European Union policy. Republic of Serbia has produced and consumed natural gas domestically since 1952, but has always been net importer. Strategy of Energy Development in Serbia and especially, National Action Plan for the gasification on the territory of Republic of Serbia dedicated special attention to gas economy development in respect with expected contribution in efficient energy use and environmental policy protection in the country.     

Solar power engineering in the future world: A view from Russia

The paper suggests an energy model for the future world based on solar power engineering and new Russian energy technologies. Chlorine-free solar silicon technologies, stationary concentrators, solar modules with service lives doubled up to 40 years, matrix solar elements with an efficiency factor of 20% at a concentration of 5–500, and resonance waveguide methods for transmitting energy for solar energy systems are considered.     

Some problems with the development of combined generation of electricity and heat in Russia

The current state of cogeneration in Russia is analyzed. It is characterized by a sharp decrease in industrial heat consumption and a reduction in the demand for electricity. As a result many cogeneration plants presently operate under off-design conditions, which change their economic indexes to the worse. The ways of introducing small-scale cogeneration installations are considered, which show promise under the existing conditions of limited investments. The problems that accompany the introduction of modern highly efficient large-capacity power units at cogeneration plants are analyzed.     

AHP-based risk analysis of energy performance contracting projects in Russia

Understanding and properly managing risks that could potentially affect the target- and performance-based profits of energy performance contracting (EPC) projects are essential. It is particularly important for the establishment and success of energy service companies (ESCOs) acting in the vulnerable environment of the vast but highly energy-inefficient Russian market. This study systematically explores common risk factors and causes of risk associated with EPC projects executed in three Russian sectors: (1) industrial; (2) housing and communal services; and (3) public. Several interviews with the Russian EPC experts were accomplished and a qualitative risk assessment by using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. The data were obtained from a web-based questionnaire survey conducted among Russian EPC project executors. For each focus sector, a specific preference-based ranking of the identified risk factors and causes of risk was derived. The AHP results show that causes of risk related to the financial and regulatory aspects contribute most to the riskiness of EPC projects performed in all three focus sectors in Russia, calling for the special attention of EPC policy- and business-makers. Due to sectorial particularities and different actors involved, we conclude that there is a need for elaboration of sector-specific contractual schemes for EPC projects.     

俄产发电机集电环刷的优化设计

分析了俄产发电机组集电环刷的电刷过流发热问题,介绍了发电机转子集电环刷架结构优化改造方案,从而解决了电刷刷辫抖动、磨损、过热等问题,提高了发电机运行的安全稳定性能.     

俄罗斯全自动化船用辅锅炉装置

1前言俄罗斯现设计建造的各种型号船用辅锅炉装置可用于各种船级和无限航区的船舶,其辅锅炉装置与西方典型的立式圆筒形、采用针刺管的奥勃(Al-bory)和施洛得(Sunrod)的船用辅锅炉不同,沿用俄罗斯传统的圆形炉膛,通常是光管,机械基地式自动调节装置。整台锅炉装置平均使用寿命1     

苏联直流电弧炉技术水平

本文较全面地介绍了苏联直流电弧炉的结构、技术和发展趋势,说明了用直流电弧炉熔炼优于交流电弧炉。     

中俄双边石油贸易进展探讨

俄罗斯拥有全球1/3的天然气和12%的石油资源,分别居世界第一位和第六位。石油是俄罗斯的战略资源与经济命脉,由能源产业创造的产值约占俄GDP的50%,其中3/4依靠石油出口。俄罗斯拥有丰富的油气资源储量,20年来一直保持着100%的石油储量替代率,天然气新增储量基本与总产量持平。2009年俄罗斯石油产量4.94×108t,天然气产量5560×108m3,高居世界榜首。2009年俄罗斯石油(含凝析气)出口量2.474×108t,比2008年增加了1.8%。近几年中国石油产量年均增长仅1.8%左右,而石油消费增长率则稳定在6%以上,2009年我国原油进口依存度已超过50%。我国目前的境外石油贸易方式对中东石油过度依赖、石油运输通道单一、运输能力不足,石油供给安全及供给多元化已成为迫切需要解决的问题。2000年以后,中俄石油贸易成倍增长,2009年中国从俄罗斯进口原油1530.4×104t。俄罗斯丰富的石油资源、中国巨大的石油消费市场,为中俄石油贸易合作提供了物质基础和合作条件。中俄"贷款换石油"协议的签订、中俄能源投资股份有限公司的成立,是大力发展两国石油领域合作的"双赢"之举。我国应加大开拓中俄石油贸易市场的研究力度,进一步加强俄罗斯石油领域相关法律、政治、经济贸易等方面的研究。