Development of a DC −1 MV insulating transformer for neutral beam injectors

A DC −1 MV insulating transformer has been developed for the power supply of the neutral beam injector (NBI ) at ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) . A DC long‐pulse −1 MV insulation structure between the primary and secondary windings, considering potential variation in the insulator for DC long pulse, has been designed. Simultaneous development of a compound bushing, which consists of an AC 500 kV condenser bushing inside a cylindrical fiber‐reinforced plastic tube, has been carried out. The DC −1 MV insulation design has been verified by high‐voltage insulation tests of AC 50 Hz 1300 kV peak for 1 min, DC −1200 kV for 1 h, and a long‐duration test of DC −1060 kV for 5 h. The results showed that the insulating transformer satisfies the power supply requirements for the ITER NBI . Copyright © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Impulse creeping discharge characteristics in insulating oils with EHD function reinforced by added HFC gas components

The basic properties of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping and dielectric strength were examined for two insulating oils, rapeseed ester oil and silicone oil, which were denatured by a bonding of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)134a gas components decomposed using a barrier discharge reactor. In this work, the mechanism of a pure conduction pumping contributed to the evaluation of the electrical pumping in sample oils. Dielectric strength of oils was evaluated from the impulse creeping discharge characteristics and the 60 Hz breakdown voltage test. Experimental results revealed that the creation of radicals such as C-F and C-H in denatured oils led to a slight deterioration of the insulation ability compared to standard oils, but the pumping ability was reinforced significantly. Such additional EHD function may be utilized as a new cooling method in oil-filled power apparatuses in view of the dielectric strength.     

500kV变压器段间雷电冲击试验模型的实现与电场的数值分析

应用二维四节点有限元电场数值分析的方法，通过对500kV电力变压器段间绝缘雷电冲击试验模型的关心区域内的电场与电场分布的比较，提出一种500kV变压器段间绝缘雷电冲击试验模型的简化方案，经对绝缘试验模型的电场数值分析，得出由段间固体绝缘材料与变压器油形成的油楔中会出现段间最大电场强度的结论。     

1000 kV特高压电力变压器绝缘水平及试验技术

中国1 000 kV交流特高压系统绝缘配合不是对 500 kV系统的简单放大,也并未完全依照GB311.1-1997或IEC60071-1-1993标准,是在优化原则下研究确定的。变压器绝缘水平为：雷电冲击耐压2 250 kV、操作冲击耐压 1 800 kV、工频耐压1 100 kV(5 min)。由于特高压变压器各绕组绝缘水平及绝缘试验电压要求不同,而变压器各绕组是通过电磁耦合紧密联系的,工频和操作冲击试验电压在各绕组间按变比传递,因此势必造成有些线端绝缘设计不能按其技术规范所规定的试验电压来考核。此外,特高压电力变压器电压高、容量大、尺寸超大,试验回路尺寸也相应扩大,杂散电感、电容影响也更加突出。这将造成雷电冲击试验电压波形的波头时间拉长,而设计计算一般按照标准波头进行。因此,在特高压变压器绝缘设计中,应关注长波头试验电压的影响。文中详细介绍了中国1 000 kV交流特高压工程用电力变压器的结构特点、绝缘水平及绝缘试验中的特殊问题。     

Fundamental insulation characteristic of high-pressure CO/sub 2/ gas under actual equipment conditions

SF₆ gas has been widely used in electrical power equipment such as circuit breakers and transformers due to its superior insulation and interruption characteristics. However since 1997, SF₆ gas has been designated a greenhouse gas subject to emission restrictions at COP3 (The 3rd session of the Conference Of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) so a new insulating gas is needed as a substitute for SF₆ gas. This research considers the use of high-pressure CO₂ gas as an insulator while stressing the environment aspects. Fundamental insulation data for the insulating gas acquired supposing gas insulated switchgears (GIS) consists of; (1) insulation breakdown characteristics under clean conditions and, (2) insulation breakdown characteristics with metallic particle contamination. The parameters in this case were assumed from an actual apparatus viewpoint, to be a high gas pressure up to 2.0 MPa, an electrode size capable of determining the surface area effect, the electrode surface roughness, and metallic particle length, etc. at the base electrode of the 72 kV GIS. As a result, experiments using these parameters revealed insulation characteristics for high-pressure CO₂ gas and that negative lightning impulse decided the insulation design, as well as the present SF₆ GIS. The need for taking measures to suppress PD under AC voltage and also the need for restricting metallic foreign particles around the central conductor and insulating spacer were recognized     

Verification tests and insulation design method of cold dielectric superconducting cable

A High‐Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable has a bulk power transmission capacity as a candidate for the replacement of aged cables and/or for the increase of the power transmission capacity, and its diameter is preferred to be smaller than the inner diameter of the duct for the existing cables. To reduce the diameter of HTS cable, the cold dielectric (CD)‐type electrical insulation in which a cable core is immersed into liquid nitrogen (LN₂) should be adopted, and the thickness of its electrical insulation layer has to be optimized. Since a partial discharge (PD) in the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable is considered as a major cause for the aging of the insulation layer, PD‐free design must be adopted for the CD‐type HTS cable. This paper describes a design method for the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable adopting the PD‐free design under AC stress, based on the experimental results such as a PD inception stress (PDIE), an impulse breakdown stress, and PD extinction characteristics under AC stress superimposed with an impulse stress. Moreover, the proposed design method was applied to a 500‐m HTS cable and was verified by a field test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 25–36, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20512     

500kV同塔双回输电线路反击耐雷性能分析

与单回500 kV输电线路相比,同塔双回500 kV输电线路杆塔高度增加,引雷面积增大,将直接影响到线路的耐雷水平。文章依据先导发展闪络判据,模拟电弧的非线性特性,建立了绝缘闪络模型。利用电磁暂态仿真软件（ATP-EMTP）,搭建了500 kV同塔双回输电线路反击耐雷性能仿真电路,分析了杆塔高度、冲击接地电阻和工频电压等因素对线路反击耐雷性能的影响。结果表明：杆塔高度增加后,线路反击耐雷水平显著降低;杆塔冲击接地电阻的增大,将导致线路跳闸率上升,在电阻较高的情况下尤为明显;同时工频电压对500 kV同塔双回输电线路耐雷性能影响尤为明显,因此,在500 kV同塔双回输电线路的设计中应充分考虑工频电压对线路耐雷性能的影响。     

特高压变压器雷电冲击伏秒特性研究

随着750 kV、1000 kV输电技术的发展,相应的电力变压器和并联电抗器的容量、尺寸和入口电容随之增大,试验回路尺寸亦相应扩大,这使雷电冲击试验电压的波前时间拉长,无法达到国内外标准的要求。根据500 kV、750 kV和1000 kV变压器和电抗器的实际雷电冲击试验波形,结合油纸复合绝缘结构的雷电伏秒特性,分析了不同波前时间对特高压变压器和电抗器绝缘水平的影响。目前变压器的设计计算和试验电压的选取一般按照标准波头进行,而充油设备的雷电冲击伏秒特性表明,雷电冲击试验电压波前时间的长短与绝缘强度有密切关系,波前时间延长可能会对某些纵绝缘的考核偏松,同时对主绝缘的考核偏严。因此,应在特高压变压器、电抗器的设计研制和试验中,考虑和重视雷电冲击波形波前时间延长所带来的影响。     

±1100kV特高压直流换流站过电压保护和绝缘配合

为合理确定±1 100 kV特高压直流换流站的绝缘水平,基于准东—成都±1 100 kV特高压直流输电工程,根据特高压换流站的绝缘配合方法,对准东换流站的绝缘配合进行了研究。根据特高压直流换流站避雷器布置基本原则,并结合现有±800 kV特高压直流换流站的绝缘配合经验,提出了±1 100 kV准东换流站的避雷器布置方案,详细分析了换流站交流侧、阀厅、直流母线和中性母线等不同区域的过电压保护策略,最后根据推荐的设备绝缘裕度确定了换流站设备的绝缘水平,直流侧1 100 kV直流极线的雷电冲击和操作冲击绝缘水平推荐为2 600 kV和2 150 kV;直流极线平波电抗器阀侧设备和高压端Y/Y换流变阀侧设备的绝缘水平建议取为一致,雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平分别为2 500 kV和2 250 kV。研究结果对换流站设备的选型和制造具有重要指导意义,将为该特高压工程建设提供重要依据。     

500 kV交流线路复合绝缘子并联间隙应用研究

为了设计和开发性能优良的的超高压输电线路并联间隙防雷保护装置,开展了绝缘子串并联间隙的相关研究,包括其雷电冲击放电特性试验、操作冲击放电特性试验、工频短路电流试验和工频电压分布研究。提出了一种兼具绝缘子防雷保护和工频电场均压功能的环形并联间隙,并评估了加装并联间隙后的500 kV交流线路的耐雷性能。研究结果表明,所设计的并联间隙具有绝缘子雷击闪络保护、转移疏导工频电弧和均匀电场分布的功能,使得平原地区架空线路加装并联间隙后雷击跳闸率低于0.14次/(100 km.a)。     

交流500kV海底电力电缆结构设计

以南方主网与海南电网联网跨越琼州海峡500 kV海底电力电缆工程为例,介绍了交流500 kV海底电缆的形式、导体、绝缘、铅护套、加强层、铠装层的设计原则和思路。     

Comparative tests of tape dielectrics impregnated with liquid nitrogen

Superconducting power cables with so-called "cold dielectric" insulation system normally use tape dielectrics impregnated with pressurized liquid nitrogen (LN2). The AC and lightning impulse (LI) dielectric strength of four commercially available dielectrics have been measured under nitrogen pressures in the range 0.15-0.35 MPa, absolute. A planar test cell is used, and slits were made in the dielectric sheets to simulate butt gaps. Polypropylene laminated paper (PPLPreg) and mica filled polyamide based paper (Nomexreg 418) show AC and LI breakdown field in the range 50-80 kV/mm and 130-160 kV/mm, respectively, whereas Kraft paper and polyethylene paper (Tyvekreg) are found to have a significantly lower dielectric strength. Most of the results are reasonably consistent with previous studies. However, as opposed to other investigations, the dielectric strength for PPLPreg and Nomexreg is not found to increase with increasing nitrogen pressure     

500 kV电力电缆用国产交联聚乙烯绝缘材料性能分析

讨论了新型国产超净XLPE绝缘材料应用于500 kV交流电缆的适用性，首先分析了对应基料与进口基料在分子量以及分子链结构上的异同；然后对比研究了该国产绝缘材料与2种进口绝缘材料的电、热、力学性能，发现3种材料性能相当且均满足应用于500 kV电缆绝缘的要求；最后结合基料的分子链结构特性，认为在基料中引入更多的端基双键以提升交联效率，可能是后续国产绝缘材料提升的方向之一。     

特高压电容式电压互感器介损和电容测量方法分析

电容式电压互感器（CVT）的电容量和介质损耗角的测量是检验设备绝缘性能的一项重要试验,特高压1 000 kV CVT因其具有自身独有的特性,其试验方法也具有特殊性。比较系统地介绍了特高压变电站中2种不同结构的500 kV CVT电容量和介损的测量方法。主要针对1 000 kV电容式电压互感器结构特殊性采用了一种新的试验方法,通过现场试验,测试结果符合特高压交流试验示范工程电气设备交接试验标准要求,证明采用外高压、内标准、正接法测量CVT中压臂电容C2是可行的。     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms -

To lower the lightning impulse withstand voltage of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is important to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding researches, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Then, the dielectric breakdown voltage ? time characteristics were measured under several different conditions on the quasi-uniform SF6 gas gaps and partly the coneshaped insulating spacers that represent insulation elements of GIS for six kinds of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. In this paper, the resultant breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration, which led to their formulation in a unified way. On the basis of these insulation characteristics and their unified formulation, the paper investigated a method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. When the constructed algorithm was applied to five examples of representative two type waveforms in the lightning surge time region, they were converted into standard lightning impulse waveforms with crest values reduced by 20% to 34%, suggesting potentiality for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of GIS.     

Application of a novel polypropylene to the insulation of an electric power cable

Cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely adopted as insulating material for high‐voltage power cables up to 500 kV. Further improvement of electrical and thermal properties on insulating material is required in order to increase cable operation efficiency. Therefore, the development of novel insulating material possessing high thermal properties will be necessary. Recent progress of catalysis technology contributes to obtain new polymeric materials which may be applied to electrical insulation. The authors investigated the basic properties of newly developed stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) which is synthesized with homogeneous metallocene catalyst. Though recycling of cross‐linked polymers such as conventionally used XLPE may be difficult because of their poor heat deformation, the s‐PP which is not cross‐linked must be suitable for recycling. A series of experiments on its physical and electrical properties gave the following results.

• (1) s‐PP has sufficient flexibility compared with isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP ).
• (2) Both AC and lightning impulse breakdown strength of s‐PP in spite of no cross‐linking are superior to those of XLPE in the temperature range from 25 to 90 °C.
• (3) Degradation by copper of s‐PP is less than that of i‐PP.
• (4) s‐PP/VLDPE blend shows sufficient brittleness temperature for use.

These results suggested that s‐PP should serve as insulating material for power cables at higher‐temperature operation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 18–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002//eej.10210     

纳米绝缘油交流击穿特性分析

绝缘油填充于各型变压器、电力电容器等充油电力设备中,起绝缘、导热、灭弧等作用,在电力系统中有着广泛地应用。随着输电电压等级的不断提高,对绝缘油提出了更高的要求,因此提高绝缘油性能,对中国特高压发展具有重要意义。由于纳米粒子的尺寸效应,传统的小桥击穿理论可能将不再适用,为改善绝缘油的性能提供了新的途径。笔者研究了纳米绝缘油的制备方法,并对不同质量分数纳米粒子的绝缘油进行了交流击穿电压实验。研究结果表明,适当质量分数的纳米粒子能有效地改善绝缘油的交流击穿特性。应用纳米粒子球形介质极化模型,计算了粒子表面产生的势阱,并指出了纳米粒子改善绝缘油击穿特性和添加纳米粒子过多导致绝缘油的击穿性能降低的原因。     

Experimental enhancement for dielectric strength of polyethylene insulation materials using cost-fewer nanoparticles

The use of nanocomposite polymers as electrical insulating materials has been growing rapidly in recent decades. The base polyethylene properties have been developed by adding small amounts of different fillers to the polyethylene material. It is economically to get polymer development by using cost-fewer nanoparticles; therefore, polyethylene dielectric properties are trapped by presence cost-fewer nanofillers like clay and fumed silica which are importance in development manufacture of power cables products. Dielectric strength is a vital pointer for quality of insulation materials of electrical power applications; hence, experimental measurements have been investigated on ac high voltage breakdown of new cost-fewer polyethylene nanocomposites materials. All experimental results of the new polyethylene nanocomposites have been compared with conventional polyethylene insulation materials; therefore, it has been specified the influence types and their concentrations of cost-fewer nanofillers on dielectric strength of polyethylene nanocomposite insulation materials.     

全浇注母线检测及试验方法探讨

某电厂330 MW机组6 kV厂用母线系统改造中采用全浇注母线,这是该类型母线在国内大型机组中首次应用,为保证母线安全可靠运行,结合全浇注母线绝缘结构特点,提出了红外成像分析、段间接触电阻测试、绝缘电阻测量、交流耐压试验等多种检测手段。此外,尝试进行了全浇注母线介质损耗因数和电容量测试,并估算BIM（betobar insulation mix）相对介电系数,进一步深入了解全浇注母线绝缘材料的特性。几年来的全浇注母线运行情况表明,这些停电及带电测试方法简便有效,同时设备的运行维护及检修试验工作更具有针对性,相应工作量明显降低。     

1000kV输电线路带电作业保护间隙的研究

为研究1000kV交流输电线路带电作业的保护间隙,确定了它的设计原则和电极结构,根据该保护间隙工频击穿、工频耐压、操作冲击放电试验的结果得出了不同海拔高度下1000kV输电线路带电作业保护间隙间隙距离的最大允许值;在11塔窗中模拟带电作业各实际工况,采用升降法对保护间隙与作业间隙的绝缘配合进行了操作冲击放电试验,验证了保护间隙对带电作业间隙的保护性能,并计算了1000kV带保护间隙带电作业的危险率。最后证明加装保护间隙不仅可提高作业的安全性,而且能有效地减小塔头尺寸。