用电阻探针法研究水环境中钢筋混凝土的腐蚀行为

混凝土中钢筋腐蚀十分严重,为了对混凝土内钢筋腐蚀进行在线监测,设计了箔栅电阻探针试样及钢筋腐蚀监测仪.介绍了电阻探针监测系统的原理及组成,采用电阻探针法测量了10 mm和20 mm两种混凝土保护层厚度的试样浸泡在青岛海水全浸区、潮差区和长江港淡水环境以及实验室内3%氯化钠溶液中的钢丝电阻腐蚀情况,由电阻值变化可计算出钢丝腐蚀率.试验结果表明,电阻探针法能实时地监测混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的行为.     

钢筋混凝土腐蚀监测技术及其应用

混凝土中的钢筋腐蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素.对钢筋腐蚀进行监测,是钢筋混凝土安全服役的重要保障手段之一.叙述了钢筋腐蚀监测几种常用的电化学测量和物理方法测量技术.分析了各种方法的原理及特点,介绍了各种方法技术在钢筋混凝土腐蚀监测上的应用.并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望.     

海洋环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀机理及监测技术概述

2014年我国由于腐蚀产生的损失约为21 278亿元,占国家GDP的3.34%。海洋环境中氯离子渗透至混凝土内部导致钢筋锈蚀是海洋环境下混凝土结构损伤的重要原因。海洋不同腐蚀区域的离子浓度、氧气浓度及海水干湿循环作用时间各不相同,这使得海洋不同腐蚀区域中暴露混凝土的氯离子传输速度和分布规律、钢筋锈蚀产物及锈蚀模式、钢筋锈蚀速率存在显著差异。其中海洋浪溅区和高潮位区域因氧气充足、海水干湿循环作用剧烈及浪溅作用导致钢筋混凝土更易破坏。钢筋锈蚀产物体积是原始体积的2~6倍,持续增加的锈蚀产物将导致混凝土开裂、保护层剥落并进一步加速钢筋锈蚀;考虑钢筋非均匀锈蚀、锈蚀产物填充效应、钢筋及混凝土性能的钢筋混凝土锈胀开裂模型将更加精确。根据海洋不同腐蚀区带特点、钢筋混凝土性能及受荷情况,建立不同腐蚀区域中混凝土的氯离子传输模型,钢筋锈蚀速率模型和混凝土锈胀开裂模型有助于准确预测海洋环境下钢筋混凝土的服役寿命。 通过对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的检测与监测有助于实时了解混凝土的服役状态。采用线性极化、电化学噪声和电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法可以较好地检测钢筋锈蚀状态、获得混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀速率。基于电化学原理开发的阳极梯和环形电极、基于钢筋锈胀应力测试的光纤监测技术以及基于数字图像技术获得混凝土中钢筋锈蚀应力应变场,有助于实现对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的监测,并且部分已应用于海洋工程。相比于普通钢筋,锈蚀钢筋的导电率和导磁率均显著降低,采用电磁感应原理开发钢筋锈蚀装置实现了暴露在海水中的普通钢筋和耐蚀钢筋磁通量变化值与钢筋质量损失线性关系的建立。这也为更精确监测混凝土中钢筋锈蚀全过程、实现混凝土中钢筋锈蚀源定位及损伤程度识别提供可能。因此,综合利用氯离子、pH微电极等实现混凝土内部微环境监测,开发先进的钢筋锈蚀监测传感器实现混凝土中钢筋锈蚀源和锈蚀速率监测,通过图像监测技术实现钢筋锈蚀诱导混凝土开裂过程监测。综合上述措施将实现对钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀的全过程监测,并为海洋钢筋混凝土服役寿命预测模型的验证与修正提供依据,同时为海洋环境混凝土的耐久性评估系统提供预警机制。     

全固态参比电极的制备及其在钢筋腐蚀监测中的应用

钢混结构中钢筋的腐蚀是影响结构耐久性的重要因素，腐蚀可以造成钢筋本身力学性能以及钢筋与混凝土粘结性能的劣化，这将严重影响钢混结构的承载力及服役寿命。基于电化学方法进行腐蚀监测的腐蚀传感器中通常需要应用参比电极为监测方法提供研究电极的电位，然而传统的参比电极由于其使用寿命有限从而限制了其在实际工程中的应用。制备了一种新的能够满足混凝土中钢筋腐蚀监测用的全固态参比电极。在水泥砂浆中应用动电位扫描的方法对钢筋的腐蚀进行了研究．研究结果表明，ASSRE的电位稳定，应用全固态参比电极能够得到理想的动电位扫描曲线。     

兰州地铁地下水环境中钢筋混凝土通电锈蚀机理研究

针对兰州地铁一号线地下水环境含有大量侵蚀离子导致混凝土中钢筋过早锈蚀的问题,本工作通过模拟地下水环境对三种不同水胶比的钢筋混凝土试件进行通电加速锈蚀试验,利用电学无损检测法表征钢筋腐蚀程度,辅以微观检测手段验证试验结果,综合分析混凝土内钢筋腐蚀规律。最终推导并定义锈蚀系数k作为表征钢筋锈蚀程度的评价参数,并验证其合理性。结果表明：随着通电腐蚀的加剧,钢筋电阻值呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中水胶比越小的试件下降程度越明显;钢筋电流值持续下降,其下降速率呈“慢-快-慢”的规律;微观结果与实测数据具有相同规律,锈蚀系数k的定义从锈蚀产物层面印证混凝土保护性的优劣会导致锈蚀产物存在一定差异。     

光纤传感器对混凝土结构钢筋腐蚀监测的实验研究

光纤传感器对混凝土结构钢筋腐蚀监测的实验研究     

含氯混凝土中钢筋宏电池腐蚀的研究

为了确定含氯混凝土中钢筋的宏电池腐蚀的特性 ,研究了钢筋腐蚀速度与混凝土电阻间的关系。在宏电池阴阳极之间串联可变电阻来模拟混凝土电阻的变化。实验结果显示钢筋腐蚀反应的自然腐蚀电位主要为阳极反应决定 ,而腐蚀反应速度为阴极反应控制。混凝土电阻对钢筋腐蚀反应速度影响很大。     

混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与钢筋阻锈剂

钢筋腐蚀是影响混凝土结构耐久性的最重要因素。本文综述了混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀机理、钢筋阻锈剂的作用机理,分析了钢筋阻锈剂的发展现状,认为采用钢筋阻锈剂是防治混凝土内钢筋腐蚀的有效、经济、实用的方法。     

混凝土结构中钢筋的腐蚀与防护

混凝土结构中钢筋的腐蚀行为对结构的耐久性具有很大的影响.分析了钢筋腐蚀的原因和合理选择腐蚀防护措施的重要性以及混凝土结构中钢筋腐蚀的机理、腐蚀过程及其影响因素.提出了混凝土结构中钢筋的腐蚀防护措施.     

含氯混凝土中钢筋宏电池腐蚀的研究

为了确定含氯混凝土中钢筋的宏电池腐蚀的特性,研究了钢筋腐蚀速度与混凝土电阻间的关系。在宏电池阴阳极之间串联可变电阻来模拟混凝土电阻的变化。实验结果显示钢筋腐蚀反应的自然腐蚀电位主要为阳极反应决定,而腐蚀反应速度为阴极反应控制。混凝土电阻对钢筋腐蚀反应速度影响很大。     

Corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete by galvanostatic pulse technique

Various non-destructive quantitative techniques based on electrochemical methods for measuring the corrosion rate of steel embedded in concrete have been used. The most important is the linear polarization method. In practice, this method gives lower corrosion rates of steel in concrete due to inclusion of the resistance of the concrete in the measurement. In order to eliminate the resistance of the concrete, a galvanostatic pulse method is used. In this method the current pulse is applied to the steel in concrete and the polarizing potential is sampled after the switching off the pulse. The performance of the galvanostatic pulse technique for monitoring the corrosion of steel in concrete has been assessed by comparing the corrosion rate values obtained by the weight loss method and linear polarization resistance method for steel reinforced in M15, M20, M30 and M35 grade concrete containing 0–5% NaCl. It is found that the galvanostatic pulse technique is able to give reliable corrosion rate values of steel in concrete.     

厦门翔安海底隧道钢筋腐蚀监测技术

海底隧道由于其特殊及地质环境的复杂性,为保证海底隧道钢筋混凝土的耐久性与结构服役能力,对其腐蚀状态进行监测尤为迫切。该文研究了翔安隧道钢筋腐蚀监测系统的设计,包括商用的以及基于电化学和物理方法的自主研发的腐蚀传感器,腐蚀监测断面与测点的布置、腐蚀传感器的安装,以及腐蚀数据库的建立。通过现场采集的腐蚀监测数据,评价了翔安海底隧道目前的腐蚀状况。最后介绍了基于超声导波的钢筋腐蚀监测研究新进展。     

混凝土设计参数对氯盐环境下钢筋锈蚀的影响研究

研究了混凝土设计参数包括水胶比、胶凝材料组成、保护层厚度和混凝土氯离子含量等对氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响。通过模拟氯盐环境下混凝土中钢筋所处的锈蚀环境,并以一定的方法加速混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀,采用电化学测试手段(钢筋腐蚀电位和钢筋腐蚀电流密度)来评价各设计参数对钢筋锈蚀的影响。结果表明,水胶比越小、保护层厚度越大、混凝土氯离子含量越小、使用矿物掺合料能有效延缓钢筋开始锈蚀时间,并在不同程度上减小钢筋的锈蚀速率。试件在试验一段时间后被破损,将钢筋周围砂浆制样并进行SEM扫描电镜元素分析试验,进一步验证电化学测试方法的准确性及钢筋的锈蚀程度。     

Corrosion Process and Mechanisms of Corrosion‐Induced Cracks in Reinforced Concrete identified by AE Analysis

Abstract: Concrete structures could suffer from the corrosion of reinforcing steel bars (rebars) because of the penetration of chloride ions. For crack detection and damage evaluation in concrete, acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been extensively applied to concrete and concrete structures. In the corrosion process of reinforced concrete, it is demonstrated that continuous AE monitoring is available to identify the onset of corrosion and the nucleation of concrete cracking because of the expansion of corrosion products. At the latter stage, the expansion of corrosion products generates corrosion‐induced cracks in concrete. The generating mechanisms of these cracks are studied in accelerated corrosion tests of reinforced concrete beams. Kinematics of microcracks are identified by SiGMA (Simplified Green’s functions for Moment tensor Analysis) analysis of AE. It is demonstrated that AE activity at the onset of corrosion and at the nucleation of corrosion‐induced cracks is in remarkable agreement with the phenomenological model of the corrosion process in steel. Then, mechanisms of corrosion‐induced cracks are visually and quantitatively investigated by the SiGMA analysis.     

Potential measurement to determine the chloride threshold concentration that initiates corrosion of reinforcing steel bar in slag concretes

The chloride content at which reinforcement corrosion occurs (Ccrit) is an important parameter for the determination of the service life of a concrete structure. Many studies have been conducted on Portland cement concrete but few data are available concerning slag concrete. In this study, a method for determining the Ccrit value is proposed. It uses capillary suction and a diffusion phase with steel-potential monitoring during the progressive contamination of the concrete by chloride. The same experimental process, capillary suction then diffusion, was performed simultaneously with tap water and chloride solution to verify the specific behaviour of specimens due to the presence of chloride. During the phase of diffusion and potential monitoring, samples were kept immersed in saturated conditions. The criterion for detecting corrosion initiation was a variation of about –250 mV (Ghods et al., Corrosion Science 52:1649–1659, 2010), which corresponds to the difference usually noted between steel in the passive and active state. Two concrete compositions were investigated: one with only Portland cement as the binder and one incorporating slag with a substitution level of 60 %. As expected, in the Portland cement concrete, a drop in potential occurred when corrosion started. For slag concrete, no potential drop was recorded because the initial potential of the steel before the introduction of chlorides was lower. The method for determining Ccrit, based on the fall in potential recorded when corrosion started, would not be suitable to compare the different compositions of binder in saturated conditions. The presence of sulphides in the pore water solution of the slag concrete is a possible explanation of this result. Tests in a solution with added sulphides tended to confirm this hypothesis.     

Inverse analysis using particle swarm optimization for detecting corrosion profile of rebar in concrete structure

In this paper, inverse analysis with the use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is developed for detecting the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete from a relatively small number of potential data measured on the concrete surface. PSO is a promising optimization method due to its simplicity of programming and comparable accuracy. In this proposed inverse analysis using PSO, corrosion profiles represent the location and size of reinforcing steel corrosion. In this method, candidate solution is modeled as a swarm of particles. The objective function, which is proportional to the cost function, is evaluated for the swarm of particles. This function is the difference between the calculated and measured potentials on the concrete surface. The calculated potentials on the surface of the concrete are obtained by solving the Laplace's equation by using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The corroded and non-corroded parts of the reinforcing steel are represented by each polarization curve. Inverse analysis is carried out by minimizing the cost function using PSO. Examples of the numerical simulation were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It shows that proposed inverse analysis had promising capability in detecting the corrosion profile of reinforcing steel in concrete.     

A critical discussion on rebar electrical continuity and usual interpretation thresholds in the field of half-cell potential measurements in steel reinforced concrete

Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures is a recurrent problem affecting civil engineering structures and costing the world billions of dollars per year. This physical phenomenon mainly results from chloride ingress or concrete carbonation. Corrosion can be diagnosed through a nondestructive method such as half-cell potential measurements. The present paper studies this method on a reinforced concrete wall containing eighteen unconnected steel bars and subjected to chloride-induced macrocell corrosion. Three corrosion systems with different configurations of connections between the steel bars are generated, involving three different anode-to-cathode surface ratios. Then, half-cell potential variations are observed versus macrocell corrosion current. The results lead to a critical discussion regarding the physical relevance of the usual potential threshold method to detect corroding rebars in reinforced concrete structures. In addition, the experiments demonstrate that electrical continuity between reinforcing steel bars is not necessary to get meaningful information about the macrocell corrosion system. At last, the paper show that the electric field (potential gradient) relative to a macrocell corrosion system may be measured by connecting the measurement system (reference electrode?+?voltmeter) to any electrochemical system in electrolytic contact with the concrete.     

Possibility of improvement of potentiodynamic method for monitoring corrosion rate of steel reinforcement in concrete

Quantitative data on corroding steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures are undoubtedly very useful for evaluation of their service life and timely repairs. The method of electrode potential measurement is a convenient and simple test for this purpose, but it provides no quantitative data on corrosion rate and only information regarding active or passive state of steel reinforcement can be obtained. We show here the possibility of obtaining quantitative data on degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement by a potentiodynamic method. The developed method is based on experimentally estimated mathematical relation between the results of potentiodynamic method and degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement. It is possible to calculate the degree of corrosion of steel reinforcement using this mathematical relation and the measured values of current density by the potentiodynamic method.