氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭研究

采用氯化锌活化法在不同操作条件下制备木质活性炭产品,通过实验测定相应的活性炭得率及活性炭的碘值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和苯酚吸附值.分析研究了氯化锌活化法制备活性炭工艺过程中各种操作参数如浸渍比、活化时间和活化温度对活性炭的得率、活性炭碘值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和苯酚吸附值的影响.实验结果表明,浸渍比是氯化锌活化法制备活性炭的最重要的影响因素.综合考虑活性炭的得率和吸附性能受活化操作参数的影响规律,探讨了氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭的最优操作参数.在实验范围内,选择氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭的浸渍比100%,活化温度500℃左右和活化时间60～90min比较适宜.     

响应面法优化沙柳基活性炭的制备及其对磺胺类抗生素的吸附研究

以沙柳为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭。以磺胺二甲嘧啶钠(SMS)的吸附量为响应结果,采用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)响应面法对磷酸浓度、活化温度和活化时间3个因素进行优化,得到活性炭(SPAC)的最佳制备条件是:磷酸质量分数为68.75%,活化温度577℃,活化时间48min。以SPAC为吸附剂,对水体中的SMS进行吸附研究,考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间和溶液初始浓度对SPAC吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。     

椰壳纤维基高比表面积中孔活性炭的制备

以椰壳纤维为原料,制备高比表面积中孔活性炭.采用正交试验设计实验方案,研究KOH和NaOH复合活化法制备活性炭的实验方案与工艺条件.考察了活化剂配比、炭化温度、活化温度、时间和升温速率对所制活性炭吸附性能的影响.在最佳工艺条件下,所制活性炭的比表面积达到2032m2/g,中孔发达,特别是2nm～4nm的,中孔比例达到28%.活性炭对的碘吸附值为1435mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为495mg/g,产率为49%.     

玉米秸秆磷酸活化制备吸附剂的优化工艺研究

研究了玉米秸秆磷酸活化法制备吸附剂的工艺条件,采用正交试验探讨了料液比、磷酸浓度、硫酸浓度、活化时间、活化温度等因素对吸附剂碘吸附值和产率的影响,得到试验室条件下的最佳工艺条件,即料液比1∶3.0,磷酸浓度40%,硫酸浓度9%,活化时间45min,活化温度350℃。该条件下,制备的吸附剂碘吸附值优于市售的商业活性炭样品。用SEM和XRD表征了玉米秸秆活化前后微观结构的变化;氮气吸附仪对比表面积和孔径进行了分析,结果表明,自制吸附剂具有较规整的中孔和大孔结构,比表面积高于市售活性炭。     

化学活化法制备重质沥青基活性炭的研究

以重质沥青为原料，采用化学活化法制备重质沥青基活性炭，探究空气预氧化与硝酸钾预氧化、不同碱炭比及不同活化时间和活化温度对重质沥青基活性炭性能的影响，并采用碘吸附值与二氧化硫吸附量来确定活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明：在硝酸钾预氧化及碱炭比为4∶1的条件下，活化时间80min、活化温度850℃时制备的重质沥青基活性炭具有较为发达的微孔结构，碘吸附值为1052.2mg/g,二氧化硫吸附量为319.1mg/g。其性能优于物理活化法制备的活性炭，有望应用于吸附脱硫环保领域。     

宁夏无烟煤基活性炭的制备及吸附性能研究

优化制备工艺,改善吸附性能,一直是活性炭研究的热点问题之一。研究了宁夏无烟煤基活性炭的制备及其吸附性能。分别通过混合、氯化锌化学活化、酸洗、中和和烘干等步骤,得到活性炭并测定了碘值。另外,通过活性炭对甲基橙溶液的吸附性能,运用正交试验法,分析了温度、甲基橙溶液浓度、活性炭用量和吸附时间等4个因素对吸附效果的影响。最佳吸附条件为:活性炭用量1.5g、吸附时间20min、甲基橙溶液的浓度30mg/L、温度50℃,此时脱除率达96.23%。     

微波加热烟杆制备微孔活性炭的研究

研究了微波加热烟杆氯化锌活化法制备微孔活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验研究了氯化锌浓度、浸渍时间、微波功率和活化时间对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响.最佳工艺条件为ZnCl2浓度25%,浸渍时间36h,微波功率为700W,加热时间为16 min时,所制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为1059.32 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为21 mL/0.1g,得率为32.90 %.该工艺将常规加热方法的预热、干燥、炭化和活化简化为一个过程,所需要加热时间仅为传统方法的1/13,产品活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家一级品标准的2.33倍.同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过BET法计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明:该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1214m2/g,总孔容为0.7387 mL/g,微孔占总孔容74.03%,中孔占24.54%,大孔占1.43%.     

基于吸附性能的生物质基多孔活性炭制备方案的响应面法优化

以废弃核桃壳作为原料,采用微波加热法制备生物质基多孔活性炭。基于响应面法和数值模拟方法研究活性炭前驱体进行物理活化过程中微波功率、活化时间以及磷酸质量分数对生物质基多孔活性炭吸附性能的影响,对生物质基多孔活性炭制备方案进行优化,并对最优条件下制备的生物质基多孔活性炭进行表征。结果表明,3个因素均对生物质基多孔活性炭的吸附性能有影响,其影响显著性为:微波功率磷酸质量分数活化时间。优化的制备条件为:微波加热法对活性炭前驱体进行物理活化过程中的微波功率为746W、活化时间为11.2min以及磷酸质量分数为85.9%。优化生物质基多孔活性炭的碘吸附值为1074.57mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为294.4mL/g,获得率为52.1%。     

K_2CO_3活化法制备芋叶柄基活性炭的研究

以废弃的芋叶柄为原料,K2CO3为活化剂,制备芋叶柄基活性炭,考察炭化和活化工艺条件对活性炭吸附性能的影响,采用等温氮吸脱附测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品材料进行了测试。结果表明:若以碘吸附值作为评价指标,最佳工艺条件为K2CO3浓度200g/L、活化温度850℃、活化时间35min,碘值为1930.4mg/g,BET比表面积为633.215m2/g,孔容为0.194cm3/g,孔径为18.45nm。以亚甲基蓝吸附值作为评价指标,最佳工艺条件为K2CO3浓度175g/L、活化温度875℃、活化时间35min,亚甲基蓝吸附值为298.8mg/g,BET比表面积为604.708m2/g,孔容为0.076cm3/g,孔径为18.533nm。     

磷酸活化甘蔗叶制备活性炭的工艺研究

采用正交试验方法系统研究了活化剂、添加剂、活化温度、活化时间等因素对磷酸活化甘蔗叶制备活性炭的得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响,并利用SEM对样品进行了表征。结果表明,磷酸活化甘蔗叶制备活性炭的最佳工艺为:将甘蔗叶浸泡于6%添加剂1及1%添加剂2、体积浓度为35%的磷酸溶液中,浸泡12h后,在673K条件下活化40min,所制得的活性炭的微观孔结构排列整齐,活性炭的得率和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为47.05%、202.50mg/g,其中亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家标准GB/T 13803.2-1999活性炭一级品的1.5倍。     

Textural development of sugar beet bagasse activated with ZnCl2

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from sugar beet bagasse, which is side product and waste in sugar plants, by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Influence of activation temperature was investigated on to pore structure. ZnCl2/sugar beet bagasse ratio (impregnation ratio) was selected as 1:1. The impregnated sample was raised to the activation temperature under N(2) (100ml/min) atmosphere with 10 degrees C/min heating rate and hold at this temperature for 1h. The activation temperature was varied over the temperature range of 400-900 degrees C. BET surface area values were determined in the range of 832-1697 m(2)/g. Under the experimental conditions, 500 degrees C was found to be the optimal condition for producing high surface area carbons with ZnCl2 activation. Sugar beet bagasse was suitable for preparation of activated carbon with essentially microporous structure. Activated carbon ash content was found in the range of 1.2-2.7 (%w/w d.b.). Activated carbon samples and raw material were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, DTA and TGA.     

Production of granular activated carbon from waste walnut shell and its adsorption characteristics for Cu(2+) ion

Production of granular activated carbon by chemical activation has been attempted employing walnut shells as the raw material. The thermal characteristics of walnut shell were investigated by TG/DTA and the adsorption capacity of the produced activated carbon was evaluated using the titration method. As the activation temperature increased, the iodine value increased. However, a temperature higher than 400 degrees C resulted in a thermal degradation, which was substantiated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and the adsorption capacity decreased. Activation longer than 1h at 375 degrees C resulted in the destruction of the microporous structure of activated carbon. The iodine value increased with the increase in the concentration of ZnCl2 solution. However, excessive ZnCl2 in the solution decreased the iodine value. The extent of activation by ZnCl2 was compared with that by CaCl2 activation. Enhanced activation was achieved when walnut shell was activated by ZnCl2. Applicability of the activated carbon as adsorbent was examined for synthetic copper wastewater. Adsorption of copper ion followed the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic aspects of adsorption have been discussed based on experimental results. The adsorption capacity of the produced activated carbon met the conditions for commercialization and was found to be superior to that made from coconut shell.     

KOH活化法高比表面积竹质活性炭的制备与表征

以竹屑为原料,研究了KOH活化法高比表面积活性炭的制备工艺.分别考察了浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间等工艺参数对产品吸附性能的影响,并提出了可能的活化机理.在所研究的实验条件下,最佳的制备工艺是浸渍比1.0,活化温度800℃,活化时间2h.所得到的活性炭产品的比表面积和孔容可达2996m2/g和1.64cm3/g.该产品附加值高,在吸附领域特别是在双电层电容器的电极材料领域有广阔的应用前景.     

Preparation of adsorbents made from sewage sludges for adsorption of organic materials from wastewater

The carbon-bearing adsorbents were prepared from biochemical and surplus sludges by physical activation and chemical activation. The results indicated that the adsorbents made by way of chemical activation were better, with the optimum activator being complex of ZnCl(2) and H(2)SO(4). Moreover, the optimum preparation conditions were concentration of two activators 5 mol/L (the ratio of ZnCl(2) and H(2)SO(4) was 2:1), at the activating temperature of 550 degrees C, in the proportion of solid to liquid 1:2.5, in a period of 2h. Contrasting the active carbon, the carbon-bearing adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), BET and BJH. By application of those adsorbents to treatment of wastewater of urban, the treatment effect of the carbon-bearing adsorbents were better than the active carbon. On the condition that the concentration was 0.5%, the COD, P and chromaticity color removal rates of carbon-bearing adsorbent made from the biochemical sludge of sewage were higher, which were 79.1, 98.3 and 87.5%, respectively, and the dynamic adsorption capacity was 47.8 mg/g.     

中药渣制备活性炭及其工艺优化

以中药渣为原料,采用真空化学活化法制备活性炭,并以活性炭的亚甲基蓝和碘吸附值为优化指标,选用Doehlert设计安排实验,在合适的范围内,对影响ZnCl2活化法最重要的两个因素活化温度和浸渍比进行了优化。结果表明,在实验条件范围内,对于所有的响应,活化温度的影响均大于浸渍比,且两者对活性炭产率的影响都不大。得到的最优条件为活化温度474℃,浸渍比1.225,在此条件下制得活性炭的亚甲基蓝值和碘值分别为316 mg.g-1和994 mg.g-1,与理论模型计算值非常接近。和普通商品活性炭相比,用该实验方法所制活性炭具有更好的实际吸附效果。     

Preparation of oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol: optimization using response surface methodology

The effects of three preparation variables: CO(2) activation temperature, CO(2) activation time and KOH:char impregnation ratio (IR) on the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) uptake and carbon yield of the activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were investigated. Based on the central composite design, two quadratic models were developed to correlate the three preparation variables to the two responses. The activated carbon preparation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology by maximizing both the 2,4,6-TCP uptake and activated carbon yield within the ranges studied. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from EFB for adsorption of 2,4,6-TCP were found as follows: CO(2) activation temperature of 814 degrees C, CO(2) activation time of 1.9h and IR of 2.8, which resulted in 168.89 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP uptake and 17.96% of activated carbon yield. The experimental results obtained agreed satisfactorily with the model predictions. The activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions was mesoporous with BET surface area of 1141 m(2)/g, total pore volume of 0.6 cm(3)/g and average pore diameter of 2.5 nm. The surface morphology and functional groups of the activated carbon were respectively determined from the scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis.     

Preparation of activated carbon from coconut husk: optimization study on removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol using response surface methodology

Activated carbon was prepared from coconut husk using physicochemical activation method which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gasification. The effects of three preparation variables (CO(2) activation temperature, CO(2) activation time and KOH:char impregnation ratio) on the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) uptake and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design, two quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables to the two responses. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The activated carbon preparation conditions were optimized by maximizing both the 2,4,6-TCP uptake and activated carbon yield. The predicted 2,4,6-TCP uptake and carbon yield from the models agreed satisfactorily with the experimental values. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from coconut husk for adsorption of 2,4,6-TCP were found as follow: CO(2) activation temperature of 750 degrees C, CO(2) activation time of 2.29 h and KOH:char impregnation ratio of 2.91, which resulted in 191.73 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP uptake and 20.16 % of activated carbon yield.     

ZnCl2活化茄子秸秆制备活性炭及表征

以茄子秸秆为原料、ZnCl2为活化剂制备活性炭。通过正交实验方法确定了制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件,采用低温氮气吸附、BET、Langmuir和BJH理论对其孔结构进行了表征,利用红外光谱分析样品的表面官能团,扫描电镜观察表面形貌。结果表明以茄杆活性炭的最佳工艺条件:浸渍比为2,浸渍时间为8h,活化温度为550℃,活化时间为60min,所得的活性炭的碘吸附值为1270.06mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为17.4mL/g;BET和Langmuir比表面积分别为1649.615和1851.649m2/g,吸附总孔容为0.488cm3/g,吸附平均孔径为2.241nm。     

Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater

This study deals with the use of activated carbon prepared from bamboo waste (BMAC), as an adsorbent for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color of cotton textile mill wastewater. Bamboo waste was used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) as chemical agent. The effects of three preparation variables activation temperature, activation time and H₃PO₄:precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio on the color and COD removal were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD) and quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables to the color and COD. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum condition was obtained by using temperature of 556 °C, activation time of 2.33 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 5.24, which resulted in 93.08% of color and 73.98% of COD.