土压平衡盾构土舱压力建立机制及设定准则研究

 土压平衡盾构掘进施工中,土舱压力的设定对于控制盾构施工对周围环境的影响意义重大。结合超大直径土压平衡盾构施工的上海市迎宾三路隧道工程,利用理论分析和实测数据分析的方法对土压平衡盾构的土舱压力建立机制和设定准则进行研究。基于进出土平衡理念研究土舱压力建立过程中各施工参数间的关系,提出开挖面土体挤压量这一概念以揭示土舱压力的建立机制。建立盾构刀盘的细化模型,分析刀盘挤压作用下盾构开挖面上土体的挤压情况。基于控制开挖面土体不发生二次扰动的理念,提出土压平衡盾构土舱压力的设定准则,并对该土舱压力设定准则进行工程应用。现场监测数据显示,盾构掘进施工引起的地表隆沉得到有效的控制。     

土压平衡盾构掘进的数学物理模型及各参数间关系研究

为保证开挖面稳定及控制地面沉降,土压平衡盾构掘进时必须合理匹配各施工参数。基于模型试验结果,推导土压平衡盾构的3个基本方程式,进而得到土压平衡盾构2个总平衡方程式,建立土压平衡盾构掘进的数理模型。在此基础上推导总推力、土仓压力、螺旋机转速、掘进速度间关系的数学表达式,利用盾构施工的现场数据验证关系式的正确性。利用现场掘进数据统计刀盘扭矩、刀盘转速、土仓压力间的经验关系式。这些关系对土压平衡盾构设计时的参数选择和匹配有重要的指导意义,可以应用于土压平衡盾构施工时的参数控制。土压平衡盾构掘进的连续性方程为土压平衡盾构掘进时的地面沉降控制提供了新的研究思路。     

Optimal control of an earth pressure balance shield with tunnel face stability

To ensure security during the excavation process of an earth pressure balance shield, this paper presents an optimal control method that accounts for the tunnel face's stability. The tunnel face is controlled by an optimal screw conveyor speed derived from the particle swarm optimization algorithm for a designed stable normal vector angle range on the distribution surface of the chamber pressure field. These normal vector angles can be computed online by measuring the changes to the earth pressure in the shield's chamber using a BP neural network model of the chamber pressure field distribution. An experimental example that uses excavation data from an actual EPB shield is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

地铁隧道盾构法施工过程中地层变位的三维有限元模拟

在全面分析土压平衡式盾构施工过程中影响周围土体变形各主要因素的基础上，提出一种能够综合考虑各种因素的盾构施工三维非线性有限元模拟方法，通过对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的模拟，分析了盾构推进过程中隧道周围及地表处土体的位移和变形以及横断面不同深度上的沉降分布规律，计算得到的隧道纵向地面沉降分布曲线与实测数据非常接近，计算结果表明所提出的盾构施工模拟方法是有效可行的。     

土压平衡盾构平衡控制理论及试验研究

土压平衡盾构在掘进时有两种平衡状态,一种是盾构与前方土体接触压力和土水压力的平衡,另一种是出土的平衡。两种平衡状态只有在刀盘开口率非常大时才等价。由于面板的挤压作用,开口率较小的盾构两种平衡状态将有较大偏离。出土率是控制土压平衡的重要指标,当其接近100%时,盾构处于出土的平衡掘进状态。盾构掘进时很难直接控制出土率,可通过施工参数间接控制。推导出土率与螺旋机转速、推进速度的定量关系,通过模型试验验证三者关系;推导平衡状态时上述三个参数的关系,该关系可作为通过施工参数控制平衡状态的标准;提出通过模型试验确定平衡状态时参数匹配的方法。当出土率小于或大于100%时及采用开口率较小的面板式刀盘时,盾构将产生不平衡掘进。大部分土压平衡盾构不平衡掘进产生挤土作用,造成正的地层损失及附加的应力场。试验结果表明,不平衡推进时挤土量一部分产生体积应变,一部分形成正的地层损失,使盾构前方地表产生了隆起;现场试验测试了刀盘前方附加应力场的大小和范围。研究成果可以指导土压平衡盾构推进时的参数控制,对控制推进时地表变形有指导意义。     

砂卵石地层土压力平衡盾构施工开挖面稳定及邻近建筑物影响模型试验研究

盾构技术在砂卵石地层中应用越来越多,砂卵石地层具有很强的不确定性特征,盾构施工的关键问题之一是保持开挖面稳定性及减小地面沉降。利用土压平衡盾构模型,研究北京砂卵石地层中不同埋深时邻近建筑物影响下的开挖面稳定性及地表沉降规律。试验中,分析柔性基础邻近建筑物及埋深对开挖面极限支护力和地表沉降的影响,揭示开挖面稳定性、土拱效应与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系。在邻近建筑物影响下,砂卵石地层中的支护压力呈非对称分布,且砂卵石地层中盾构推进引起的沉降值大于基于Peck公式的计算值,研究成果对砂卵石地层中盾构施工有重要的指导意义。     

土压平衡模型盾构掘进试验研究

土压平衡盾构掘进是软土地区地铁隧道施工的主要方法之一,然而,它在不同的土层中的适应性是不一样的。为研究土压平衡盾构机的盾构施工参数以及刀盘开口率对土层的适应性,在新建立的大型盾构模拟试验平台上,利用直径为1.8m的土压平衡模型盾构机在软土、砂土、砂砾土层中进行了盾构掘进模拟试验。试验平台的监测系统实时采集了盾构推进过程中的各种工作参数,通过分析试验数据,本文尝试对盾构掘进过程中土舱内外土压力的相关关系、刀盘扭矩和推力的变化及其影响因素进行了试验研究,还研究了不同刀盘开口率对盾构总推力和刀盘扭矩的影响规律,研究结果对土压平衡盾构机的设计和施工具有参考意义。     

Experimental study on working parameters of earth pressure balance shield machine tunneling in soft ground

Deep sedimentary deposits of soft clays are widely distributed in coastal areas as well as many interior major cities in China. In order to study the stratum adaptability of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine tunneling in such types of soft ground, model tests of tunneling excavation, using the running tunnel of the Shanghai Metro Line M8 as a background, are carried out with different over burden ratios, opening rates of cutter head, driving speeds and rotation speeds of screw conveyor. Based on the test results, the interrelationships between chamber pressure and mucking efficiency, mucking rate and driving speed, thrust force and torque are obtained. The influences of tunnel depth, opening rate of cutter head and driving speed on thrust force and torque are revealed. Such findings can not only facilitate establishing relationships between shield working parameters and soil properties, but also serve as a guide for the design and construction of shield tunnel in soft ground.     

Discrete element model for performance analysis of cutterhead excavation system of EPB machine

With the aim of probing for design theory of cutterhead excavation system of earth pressure balance (EPB) machine, the parameters representing the system performance are concluded firstly. Then a 3D model for cutterhead excavation system of EPB machine is presented with the discrete element method (DEM) software PFC^3D, which is capable of simulating the tunneling ground in site, the machine structure and the excavation operation. The performance parameters indicating stability of excavation face, soil discharging rate, cutterhead system torque and cutter wear are measured by running the DEM code. The results obtained with the DEM model are accord with situ data. It indicates that the DEM model is a promising method replacing the field experiment to analyze the influences of the structural parameters on system performances, which are essential for structure optimization design of the cutterhead system of EPB machine.     

土压平衡盾构排土量控制分析

从土的可松性概念出发,提出并计算了土压平衡盾构理论最大和最小排土量,给出了反映土压盾构各参数间关系的控制排土量的平衡条件公式,最后将土压平衡的概念加以推广,为盾构施工中合理控制排土量提供了理论依据。     

Determination of the cutterhead torque for EPB shield tunneling machine

Cutterhead torque is an important parameter for the design and operation of earth pressure balance (EPB) shields. Based on the analysis of several completed project cases from job sites, the conventional torque determination model based on experimentation proves rough enough to be improved. Composition and corresponding calculation method of cutterhead torque are presented, taking into account of cutterhead structure, cutting principle and the interaction between cutterhead and soil. Considering a Φ1.8 m EPB test machine in the lab, theoretical calculation following the improved model and test are carried out with three typical types of soils. Calculation and test results indicate that the cutterhead torque varies with geological conditions apparently, and the opening ratio of the cutterhead as well as earth pressure turns out to be the two most important factors in determining the cutterhead torque. The test results also show that the torque calculation formula for EPB shield tunneling can reasonably predict the excavation torque required by the cutterhead in clay soil tunneling, but for cohesionless tunneling, soil conditioning reduces the amount of torque necessary.     

新型泡沫剂在土压平衡盾构施工中的研究与应用

针对土压平衡盾构在砾砂地层掘进过程中,土体塑流性差,刀盘及螺旋输送机磨损严重,开挖面平衡不易保持等问题,开发了一种土压平衡盾构用新型泡沫剂,以北京地铁16#线西苑站~万泉河桥站区间砾砂地层土压平衡盾构施工为案例,对新型泡沫剂改良砾砂地层的塑流性进行了室内试验研究,得出含水率为5%~12.5%,泡沫掺量为20%~40%时,土体塑流性良好。利用该泡沫剂进行了盾构掘进试验,改良后刀盘上土压力主要集中在0.45~0.55 MPa,扭矩在3000~3750 kN/m,掘进速度在35~45 mm/min之间,结果显示,新型泡沫剂能满足施工需求,大大提高了掘进效率。     

盾构掘削土体颗粒运动规律及传力特性DEM研究

土压平衡盾构掘进时土舱压力的设定往往缺乏足够的理论支撑,其内部掘削土体颗粒的运动规律也无法直观展现。基于离散单元法(DEM)对土舱内砂卵石颗粒集合进行三维精细化仿真,通过支持向量机反演标定细观接触参数,获得了土舱内部颗粒流速度场分布情况和运移沉积规律,纵向上从土舱前端到隔板流动效果越来越差,横断面上靠近辐条外边缘及支撑柱附近区域的流动性较好,结合局部滞流特征提出了土舱内部结构优化措施。进一步阐述土颗粒内部接触力链变化更迭特征,分析了土舱隔板压力分布情况,其总体上呈现隔板压力左右对称,从上而下逐渐增大的特征。同时揭示了在砂卵石地层中开口率为66%的辐条式刀盘盾构机土舱隔板压力与刀盘前支护压力的映射关系,DEM计算所得压力传递系数为0.771 1,土舱隔板压力的合理设定值为47.08 kPa～70.69 kPa,研究成果可为砂卵石地层盾构土舱压力的设定提供理论基础。     

土压平衡盾构平衡控制的新思路

由于仅采用土舱压力控制土压平衡盾构平衡状态的方法存在缺陷,因此提出了在环境变化时调整土舱压力的新思路作为补充。这一新思路是针对土舱压力控制标准的不确定性、分析了土舱压力波动的原因后,形成了采用土压平衡比控制盾构平衡状态的辅助方法,这种新方法更有利于土舱压力的稳定。     

Experimental study on working parameters of earth pressure balance shield machine tunneling in soft ground

Deep sedimentary deposits of soft clays are widely distributed in coastal areas as well as many interior major cities in China. In order to study the stratum adaptability of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine tunneling in such types of soft ground, model tests of tunneling excavation, using the running tunnel of the Shanghai Metro Line M8 as a background, are carried out with different over burden ratios, opening rates of cutter head, driving speeds and rotation speeds of screw conveyor. Based on the test results, the interrelationships between chamber pressure and mucking efficiency, mucking rate and driving speed, thrust force and torque are obtained. The influences of tunnel depth, opening rate of cutter head and driving speed on thrust force and torque are revealed. Such findings can not only facilitate establishing relationships between shield working parameters and soil properties, but also serve as a guide for the design and construction of shield tunnel in soft ground. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40(9): 87–94 [译自: 岩土工程学报]     

Real-time analysis and prediction of shield cutterhead torque using optimized gated recurrent unit neural network

An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation. A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network. PSO is utilized to assign the optimal hyperparameters of GRU neural network. There are mainly four steps: data collection and processing, hybrid model establishment, model performance evaluation and correlation analysis. The developed model provides an alternative to tackle with time-series data of tunnel project. Apart from that, a novel framework about model application is performed to provide guidelines in practice. A tunnel project is utilized to evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid model. Results indicate that geological and construction variables are significant to the model performance. Correlation analysis shows that construction variables (main thrust and foam liquid volume) display the highest correlation with the cutterhead torque (CHT). This work provides a feasible and applicable alternative way to estimate the performance of shield tunneling.     

土压平衡式盾构掘进过程的相似模型试验

土压平衡式盾构掘进过程是一个多系统综合运作的复杂力学过程。为实现土压平衡盾构掘进过程的相似模拟,设计制造能够完成掘削面开挖、螺旋出土器出土、盾构机推进、管片拼装、盾尾注浆等全过程模拟的土压平衡式模型盾构机。其次对盾构-地层系统的相关参量进行甄别,选出对试验结果有重要影响的参量,同时基于相似理论,通过量纲分析的方法得到盾构-地层系统的相似准则。基于该相似准则,进行土压平衡式盾构掘进过程的室内相似模型试验,获得土压平衡式盾构掘进对地层影响的一般规律,该试验结果经过相似关系换算后可直接反映出原型中的实际地层沉降量。这种能够实现掘进全过程模拟的土压平衡式模型盾构机为深入研究盾构施工对地层及周围环境的影响提供新手段。     

遮拦叠交效应下地铁盾构掘进引起地层沉降分析

 地铁隧道施工诱发的土体沉降以及临近地下构筑物变形是我国城市轨道交通施工安全控制和风险评估中较为关心的一类施工问题。目前,针对该领域地层沉降的简化理论研究还仅仅针对自由位移场,没有考虑临近既有构筑物的遮拦效应影响。依托上海在建地铁施工工程实践,采用简化理论方法、三维有限元数值模拟方法以及现场监测方法,分析考虑运营隧道遮拦效应影响的土压平衡盾构施工引起的周围土体沉降规律,并与自由位移场条件下盾构施工引起的地层变形进行对比分析;在此基础上,给出地铁盾构复杂叠交穿越引起的临近地铁隧道的变形规律。研究表明,本文提出的简化理论方法和三维有限元数值模拟方法可以较好地模拟遮拦叠交效应下地铁盾构掘进引起的地层沉降变形;临近既有建(构)筑物施工,盾构施工引起的周围土体沉降较大程度地受到遮拦效应影响,与自由位移场条件下的计算结果对比存在较大差别。最后,结合盾构施工监测数据,提出复杂遮拦叠交效应下的盾构叠交施工变形控制技术措施。成果可为合理制定施工场地存在复杂建(构)筑物工况条件的地铁隧道开挖对周围环境保护措施提供一定的理论依据。     

PSO-based Elman neural network model for predictive control of air chamber pressure in slurry shield tunneling under Yangtze River

The excavation face stability is crucial for safety and risk management in slurry shield tunneling, especially for the river-crossing tunnel. To avoid face collapse or blow-out, shield operators need to keep air chamber pressure balanced using their own experience, which would be difficult, discontinuous and less reliable in the process of construction. Considering the disadvantage of the manual control process, this paper presents a predictive control system for air chamber pressure in slurry shield tunneling using Elman neural network (ENN) model. It mainly contains a theoretical model, an ENN predictor and an ENN controller to set optimal control parameters automatically tracking the desired air chamber pressure. Moreover, to improve the learning capability of ENN model, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is implemented. This system has been tested with collected data of slurry shield operation parameters in the Yangtze riverbed metro tunnel project in Wuhan, China. Analysis revealed that the predictive control system using PSO-based Elman neural network model in this paper has the potential for enhancing face stability in slurry shield tunneling.     

济南复合地层土压平衡盾构掘进效能实测分析#br#

依托济南轨道交通一号线复合地层土压平衡盾构掘进施工,提出一种在盾构机额定配置条件下的分项功耗和施工参数离散性指标双结合的掘进效能评价方法,并据此分析得到刀盘切削、盾构推进和螺机出土效能的变化特征。结果表明：①土压平衡盾构穿越济南复合地层时,盾构掘进总功耗在400~1250kW变化,其中,刀盘切削和盾构推进是盾构掘进功耗的主要组成部分,占总功耗的66%~84%;②刀盘切削的扭矩和转速具有明显的聚集特征,而盾构推进速度和推力分布形态的聚集特征弱于刀盘参数;③螺机出土的转速和扭矩在不同地层中的差异性不大,螺机参数的聚集特征不明显;④由于盾构掘进的分项功耗与其离散性指标不存在必然的联系,盾构施工中可能存在掘进功耗小但施工控制困难的情况,应在盾构选型及施工过程中予以充分考虑。