复合肥实现动态原料配方降低生产成本

论述对一定规格的复合肥产品,原料消耗与制造成本变化不大,而各种原料在不同时期的价格波动对产品成本影响较大,因此,应根据多种原料价格,在满足一定规格的复合肥产品养分要求的前提下,可改变原料的配方,以达到降低生产成本的目的.介绍实现动态原料配方的具体做法、意义及注意事项.     

Biomass assisted microfiltration of chromium(VI) using Baker's yeast by ceramic membrane prepared from low cost raw materials

This work deals with the preparation of ceramic microfiltration membrane from inexpensive raw materials such as kaolin, quartz, calcium carbonate by uniaxial dry compaction method. The prepared green membrane was initially dried at 100 °C for 24 h, 200 °C for 24 h and finally sintered at 900 °C for 6 h. The properties of the membrane such as porosity, flexural strength, chemical stability and hydraulic permeability were investigated. The fabricated membrane possessed an average pore diameter of 1.32 μm, porosity of 30% and flexural strength of 34 MPa. Furthermore, the chemical stability of the membrane was found to be excellent. Eventually, the separation performance of the membrane in terms of flux and removal of chromium(VI) ion using baker's yeast biomass as a function of applied pressure, pH, metal ion concentration and biomass dosage was also studied. The removal of Cr(VI) was found to be strongly dependent on the initial pH of the solution. At lower pH, the metal solution shows higher removal due to higher binding of the metal ion with biomass. It was also observed that the removal of Cr(VI) ion increases with increasing the biomass concentration and decreases with increasing the metal ion concentration. The removal of Cr(VI) was found to be independent of the applied pressure. The maximum removal of Cr(VI) was found to be 94% with the permeate flux of 2.07 × 10^-5 (m³/m² s) for a metal solution concentration of 100 mg/L.     

原材料涨跌：敲响成本管理的警钟

2008年,各种原材料价格一路高涨,集体“加速上升”,尤其是国际市场以原油、有色金属和铁矿石为代表的原材料价格的上涨行情更是让人惊心动魄。轮番上涨一路走高的原材料价格,给下游加工制造业带来巨大的成本压力,对下游企业的利润影响巨大,不少企业出现巨额亏损,而原材料成本高涨就是部分企业亏损的重要原因之一。     

Evaluation of dust removal in firing raw materials

Ways to calculate the fraction of dust caught in firing raw materials are presented in the form of formulas. It is recommended that in using the results the method by which they have been obtained be indicated. Translated from Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika, No. 5, pp. 26–27, May, 1996.     

利用低价原料降低原料成本提高产品合格率

通过合理的利用低价位矿物原料，调整泥料配方，提高了成形合格率和烧成合格率，降低了产品生产成本，为企业取得了明显的经济效益。     

吸附法净化制氨原料气技术方案的财务评价

采用吸附法净化制合成氨原料气,比传统的铜洗法有节约能耗、物耗,降低生产成本,净化度高以及工艺简单等优点.通过对年产8万t吸附法净化制氨原料气技术方案的财务评价,得出应大力推广该项新技术的结论.     

不同原料加氢催化裂解制取液化石油气

选择正己烷、正庚烷以及不同终馏点直馏汽油作为反应物,用负载金属活性组分的双功能加氢裂解催化剂进行制取液化石油气的考察。结果表明,在双功能加氢裂解催化剂存在下,正庚烷加氢催化裂解制取液化石油气的转化率较正己烷高,超过59%,而选择性相差不大。终馏点180 ℃直馏汽油气体收率、液化石油气对气体的选择性、液化石油气对原料的收率分别为68.17%、45.69%和31.14%,均比终馏点190 ℃直馏汽油高（分别为53.37%、39.37%和21.01%）。     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts for the production of liquid fuels from various raw materials

The properties of cobalt catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis used in XTL processes (the conversion of any organic raw materials into liquid hydrocarbons) are considered. It is shown that the catalysts used for the production of synthetic petroleum are characterized by a relatively low activity in polymerization reactions, and they make it possible to obtain hydrocarbon mixtures with the concentration of solid paraffins no higher than 10%. The catalysts used for conducting the synthesis of middle oil distillates are characterized by high polymerizing activity (alpha of 0.9 or higher) and by the high yields of C₅₊ hydrocarbons.     

Fabrication and characterization of anorthite-based ceramic using mineral raw materials

The purpose of this study is to design a novel single crystalline phase ceramic based on anorthite whose properties fulfill the tableware market requirements such as high appearance quality, strength and thermal shock resistance. To obtain the single phase anorthite ceramic, ball clay, quartz, calcite, feldspar and alumina were used as raw materials. The single phase anorthite ceramic was fabricated by slip casting and sintering at 1230 °C for 1 h. It has a high flexural strength of 103 MPa, which is higher than that of the conventional porcelain. The single phase anorthite ceramic had relatively low (4.9 × 10^?6 K^?1) thermal expansion coefficient which can be matched with applicable glaze easily. Furthermore, the single phase anorthite ceramic had high degree of whiteness (L* = 94) and excellent translucency behavior which could achieve a high-quality decorative effect.     

PVC型材原材料老化性能的评价

通过测试PVC型材原材料、PVC干混料及塑化物的静态热稳定性能、光老化性能,评价了原材料的老化性能,为提高PVC型材的老化性能奠定基础。     

Synthesis of manganese ferrite from non-standard raw materials using ceramic technique

Manganese ferrite spinel has been synthesized by using mill scale and fines of manganese ore sinter as sources of iron oxide and manganese oxide, respectively. The magnetic and physico-mechanical properties of the produced sample are largely dependent not only on the sintering condition but also on the Mn:Fe mole ratio. The effect of silica (which is one of the constituents of the fines of manganese ore sinter) on the properties of the sintered samples is investigated. The results show that a single phase of manganese ferrite spinel with weak magnetic properties is obtained in a sample containing a Mn:Fe mole ratio of 1.4:2 and sintered at 1300 °C for 2 h. On the other hand, a maximum saturation magnetization (62 emu/g) with reasonable physico-mechanical properties is obtained for a sample containing a Mn:Fe mole ratio of 1.3:2 and sintered at the same sintering conditions.     

Fluorphlopgopite ceramic via sintering of glass using inexpensive natural raw materials

Fluorphlopgopite ceramic was prepared from kaolin, feldspar and steatite with the addition of pure chemicals Na₂CO₃, AlOOH·H₂O and MgF₂. Glass-ceramics containing the crystal phase fluorphlogopite were prepared using two different routes. The first route was to melt a glass and to crystallize fluorphlogopite by subsequent annealing at temperatures in the range from 900 to 1050 °C kept for 2 h. Here, fluorphlogopite and cordierite were formed. In the other route a sintering procedure was applied using the pre-mentioned materials and sintering temperatures in the range from 900 to 1200 °C kept for 2 h. Here, fluorphlogopite [(Na,K)Mg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)F₂], spinel and norbergite were precipitated. The unit cell parameters of the formed fluorphlogopite phase are larger than those according to JCPDS data. This is caused by a partial replacement of Mg by Ca or Ba from the raw materials. The microstructure of sintered samples show interlocked fluorphlogopite rods and small spinel crystals. The samples prepared by thermal annealing of the glass showed curved fluorphlogopite and additionally tiny cordierite crystals.     

以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的基础配方

阐述了脂肪酸含量指标影响肥皂性能的基本原理，提出了以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的脂肪酸含量参考指标，演示了基础配方的设计方法并得到了有一定代表性的基础配方，介绍了用软性油脂制备的硬皂产品的质量特点。     

Redox potential of a glass mass when using off-grade raw materials

The redox conditions for glass making are investigated on a working glass-melting furnace using molding sand. Data obtained from instrumental measurements of the ROP of the glass mass and reasons for destabilization of the technological process are presented. __________ Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 6, pp. 6–8, June, 2007.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定陶瓷原料的化学成分

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对陶瓷原料的化学组成中常量及微量元素Si、Al、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Fe、Ti、B、Zn、Zr、Sr、S、P、Mn、Pb、Ge等进行检测。     

电石渣做钙质原料的熟料形成动力学研究

对电石渣做钙质原料烧制熟料形成动力学进行研究,探索电石渣配料对熟料烧成的影响。根据金斯特林格方程和阿累尼乌斯公式计算熟料形成反应的表观活化能。研究表明：电石渣配料煅烧水泥熟料的形成反应动力学较好地满足金斯特林格方程,电石渣替代石灰石配料烧制水泥熟料是可行的。但电石渣在替代石灰石煅烧熟料时熟料形成的表观活化能升高,会引起煅烧困难,在实际操作中要控制电石渣的掺量和改变工艺参数。     

Porosity of polymer materials by various techniques

The porosity of porous copolymer 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene has been studied by nitrogen adsorption, temperature programmed desorption, and positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. It was shown that the pore structure characteristics depends on the swelling of the polymer material in various solvents. The structural features of polymeric materials restructured under different conditions are described and the structural changes are discussed. The applicability of PALS technique in structural investigations is presented.     

Characterization of microstructural and thermal properties of steatite/cordierite ceramics prepared by using natural raw materials

Steatite/cordierite ceramics were fabricated by using a combined method of high-energy ball milling, cold pressing and sintering. Steatite and cordierite powders were separately synthesized from natural raw materials such as kaolinite and talc. The powder blends containing different amounts of cordierite (5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were wet-milled for 1 h in a vibratory ball-mill (Fritsch™ Pulverisette 7 Premium Line), using zirconia vial and balls. After drying, powders were compacted to cylindrical preforms with a diameter of 12.7 mm by uniaxial pressing at 300 MPa. The green compacts were sintered at 1200-1350 °C for 2 h under air. Phase, microstructural and thermal characterizations of the sintered materials were carried out by using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), thermogravimetry/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Densities, open porosity and water absorption values of sintered bodies were measured by Archimedes method. Thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) measurements were conducted by a dilatometer.