一种新的简化延性层裂模型

重新定义损伤、应用Cochran-Banner模型中的强度函数,提出了一种新的简化延性层裂模型。新模型抛弃了Cochran和Banner为计算他们所定义的损伤所作的基本假设:一旦微损伤形成,使微损伤演化远远易于使固体进一步发生体积应变。从而修正了差分微元中固体比容的计算。强调指出,选定重新定义的损伤以及强度函数或应力松弛方程提供了确定损伤的可能,排除了任何外加的损伤演化方程。在新的简化延性层裂模型中,一旦拉伸应力达到层裂强度,重新定义的损伤将由强度函数确定的应力松弛方程、计及损伤的能量守恒方程、状态方程以及本构方程等一系列封闭方程组确定。若干平板撞击致层裂实验的理论计算与实验结果已被比较。新模型中仅含两个参数:层裂强度及临界损伤度,它们的确定能使在一定初、边值条件下的层裂试验数值计算结果与实验测得的靶自由面速度历史或靶-低阻抗材料界面应力历史以及回收观测的层裂面上的损伤一致。     

一种损伤演化方程的建立和几种层裂准则的推导

通过唯象分析和细观统计相结合的方法建立了一种韧性材料的损伤演化方程，从物理上对方程中的参数进行了合理的解释，并以此为依据推导了材料的便于工程应用的几种层裂准则，根据准则总结了一些有意义的层裂规律；通过层裂实验和数值模拟相结合的方法来确定材料参数，计算结果与实验结果较好的一致性验证了所建的损伤演化方程和推导的层裂准则是合理的，决定材料参数的方法是有效的。     

混凝土材料层裂强度的实验研究

利用f74大尺寸Hopkinson压杆和混凝土长杆试件研究了混凝土材料的层裂强度及其应变率效应。入射的压缩波通过压杆透入试件并反射成拉伸波而形成层裂。实验中采取在试件上多点贴应变片,讨论了应力波在混凝土试件中传播的波形弥散和幅值衰减,并在考虑了损伤演化影响的基础上确定了试件材料的层裂强度。对某种普通混凝土在不同应变率下的测试显示层裂强度受应变率影响明显。结果表明,本文提出了一种测定混凝土层裂强度的有效方法。     

压电压磁双层材料界面二维裂纹分析

该文利用积分变换和奇异积分方程技术研究压电压磁双材料界面裂纹二维断裂问题.假设界面上压电材料电势和压磁材料磁势为零:压电层表面受机械载荷和电位移作用,压磁层表面受机械载荷和磁导作用.导出了相应问题的应力强度因子和机械能量释放率的表达式,给出了机械能量释放率的数值结果.结果表明:在同样机械载荷作用下,压电压磁双材料界面裂...     

硬铝约束对纯铝韧脆转变的影响

本文通过四点弯曲试验以及数值模拟方法对爆炸焊接的LY12/Al/LY12层合材料中纯铝中间层在不同界面强度错配比条件下裂端应力场及韧脆转变行为进行了研究。结果表明:在双侧硬铝约束下,界面强度错配比增加对裂端应力三轴度及其分布具有显著影响,裂端前沿应力三轴度的提高对中间纯铝层韧脆转变起主导作用,在一定应力三轴度及最大主拉应力条件下,裂端前沿将发生脆性解理启裂。     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料的层裂试验研究

层裂是材料遭受冲击、爆炸等高速荷载时的一种常见破坏方式。该文利用直径80 mm的霍普金森杆实验装置,研究了超高韧性水泥基复合材料UHTCC （Ultra High Toughness Cementitious Composites）中应力波的传播特性和材料的层裂强度。通过在试件表面粘贴5组应变片,获得了在0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa打击气压下,UHTCC中应力波的传播曲线。利用高速摄影机记录层裂试验,观测了UHTCC的层裂破坏过程。由试件表面应变片测得的应力波曲线,计算了材料中的应力波波速、动态弹性模量,分析了应力波在该材料中传播的衰减规律,并计算出不同打击气压下材料的层裂强度及应变率。试验结果显示: UHTCC的层裂过程相比混凝土具有更多的韧性特征; UHTCC中的应力波峰值在0 mm~500 mm范围内衰减迅速;在同等应变率下,UHTCC与静态抗拉强度相近的混凝土相比,层裂强度高出10 MPa左右,且UHTCC的层裂强度具有明显的应变率敏感性。     

材料不均匀层对垂直裂纹的作用

界面层(或界面相)断裂行为是复合材料细观力学的一个重要问题。本文研究裂纹垂直侵入双材料之间刚度性质呈单调变化的界面层的断裂问题。近似分析与大规模有限元计算均表明:当裂纹从软相一侧跨越界面层时,裂尖应力强度因子不断上升;当裂纹从硬相一侧跨越界面层时,裂尖应力强度因子不断下降。      

高速撞击下无氧铜破坏机理实验研究

采用φ100mm一级轻气炮开展了无氧铜飞片撞击氧化铝陶瓷的一维应变冲击压缩实验,利用VISAR测试了样品的自由面质点速度历程.实验发现,在OFHC与陶瓷撞击时,OFHC飞片也可发生层裂,SEM分析表明其层裂方式为准解理断裂,在撞击区域OFHC的晶粒长大,并伴随孪晶生成,而且OF-HC在高速撞击下不会产生绝热剪切带和析出相,其原因是透射稀疏波在飞片中与飞片后界面反射的稀疏波迎面相遇形成拉伸波区所造成的.     

混凝土板在弹体冲击下的响应试验与数值模拟

混凝土板在刚性弹体垂直冲击下，受到侵彻对击穿，本文用有限元数值模拟了这一过程，得到了弹体击穿靶板后的剩余速度，靶板被击穿后形成的开坑区和层裂区的大小以及靶板中未被破坏部分的应力应变值，并与实弹试验结果及其它分析方法得到的结果作了比较，都较接近。     

激光层裂法测量复合材料界面拉伸强度研究进展

本文介绍激光层裂法检测复合材料界面拉伸强度的基本原理与实验方法 ,并从该测量方法的几个关键技术 ;应力波生成与传播的数学模型、应力波形的测量与临界值的判定 ,评述该技术及其研究进展的情况。     

On the validity of the traditional measurement of spall strength

Basing on Gathers's work, a set of general equations for traditional determination of spall strength is given under some assumptions for the planar spall experiment with a low-impedance buffer placed behind the target. In the case of no buffer, the equations become the traditional expression given by Novikov within the acoustic approach. It is revealed that the propagation of wave profile in the spall scab is affected seriously by the damage evolution on the spall plane. Therefore, the free surface velocity profile of target or the stress profile of interface between target and low-impedance buffer depends critically on the damage evolution on the spall plane. It is concluded that the traditional determination of spall strength without taking into account the stress relaxation due to the damage evolution on the spall plane could be valid only for the numerically simulated ‘pullback’ by the simple spall cutoff criterion but not valid for the experimental ‘pullback’ in general.     

A modified Cochran–Banner spall model

The original Cochran–Banner spall model was modified to suit the usual definition of damage and to abandon the simplifying approximation as unnecessary. The strength function given by Cochran–Banner was maintained using the redefined damage and the correction concerning the volume of the mesh cells was realized considering it unnecessary to expect that it is much easier to open microcracks once they are formed than to strain the solid further. In the case of abandoning the simplifying approximation made by Cochran–Banner to calculate the damage, the redefined damage also does not become a new independent variable for which new dynamic laws would need to be specified. Once the spall strength was reached, the damage would be only determined by a series of closed equations including the stress.relaxation relationship given by the strength function, the energy conservation equation, the equation of state and the constitutive equations for the damaged aggregate. The modified Cochran–Banner spall model also included only two parameters: the spall strength and the critical damage, which relate to material properties and specific loading conditions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results for some spall tests was performed. It was found that the computed free surface velocity profile of target or stress profile of interface between target and soft buffer in plane spall tests was sensitive to the spall strength and the critical damage in the modified Cochran–Banner spall model.     

A void coalescence-based spall model

A void coalescence-based spall model is presented using stress relaxation equations based on the assumption that the main effect of the microcracks is to reduce the area over which the stress acts in the early stages and the stress decreases to porosity-dependent value in the void coalescence stages. The stress- (or pressure-) dependent spall porosities given by Thomason, by Tonks et al and by Cochran et al. are, respectively, combined with conservation equations, equation of state and constitutive equations for the damaged aggregate to establish a series of closed equations for all variables including the damage. The void coalescence-based spall model contains only two parameters: the spall strength and critical damage, the values of which can be initially estimated for plate-impact spall tests and be finally determined to make the computed results of spall tests under the initial and boundary conditions consistent with experimental velocity (stress) profile and the observed damage at spall plane in general. The computer simulations of spall experiments for copper, uranium and steel are performed with the one-dimensional Lagrangian finite difference method. The computed results based on the pressure-dependent spall porosities given by Tonks et al., and by Cochran et al., are consistent in general, but different from the computed results based on Thomason's 2D stress-dependent spall porosity to a considerable extent.     

Influence of Shock Pre‐Compression Stress and Tensile Strain Rate on the Spall Behaviour of Mild Steel

Abstract: A series of plate‐impact spall experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of shock pre‐compression stress and tensile strain rates on the dynamic tensile fracture (or spall) behaviour of shocked mild steel. The shock pre‐compression stress amplitude and tensile strain rate were controlled independently to ensure that only one single‐loading parameter varied for each experiment. A push–pull type velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) was used to measure the free surface velocity profiles of samples. It is observed from experimental results that the influence of shock pre‐compression stress amplitude on the spall strength is less significant in the range attained in these experiments, whereas with increasing tensile strain rate, an evident 65% increase of spall strength is determined in the present tensile strain rate range of 10⁴ to 10⁶ s^?1. VISAR data are compared with finite‐difference calculations employing a modified damage function model with a percolation–relaxation function, and a good agreement between the calculation and the experiments was obtained. Preliminary simulation results also revealed that a critical damage exists, which physically corresponds to the critical intervoid ligament distance for triggering the onset of void coalescence, and may be regarded as a material parameter for describing the dynamic tensile fracture and independent of the loading conditions.     

Atomistic Modeling of Spall Response in a Single Crystal Aluminum

Materials used in soldier protective structures, such as armor, vehicles and civil infrastructures, are being improved for performance in extreme dynamic environments. Accordingly, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the spall response in a single crystal aluminum atom system. A planar 9.6 picoseconds (ps) shock pulse was generated through impacts with a shock piston at velocities ranging from 0.6 km/s to 1.5 km/s in three <1,0,0>, <1,1,0>, and <1,1,1> crystal orientations. In addition to characterizing the transient spall region width and duration, the spall response was characterized interms of the traditional axial stress vs. axial strain response for gaining an understanding of the material failure in spall. Using an atom section averaging process, the snapshots, or the time history plots of the stress and strain axial distributions in the shock direction, were obtained from the MD simulations’ outputs of the atom level stresses and displacements. These snapshots guided the analyses to an estimation of the spall widths and spall transients. The results were interpreted to highlight the effects of crystal orientation and impact velocity on the spall width, spall duration, spall stress, strain rate, critical strain values at the void nucleation, and the void volume fraction at the void coalescence. For all the combinations of the crystal orientations and the impact velocities, the void nucleation was observed when the stress reached a peak hydrostatic state and the stress triaxiality factor reached a minimum, i.e. by the simultaneous occurring of these three conditions for the stress state: 1. pressure reaching a negative minimum, 2. axial stress reaching the magnitude value of the peak pressure, and 3. the effective stress reaching a zero value. At these conditions, void nucleation was mainly caused by atom de-bonding. In fact, the void nucleation strains were shown to have been preceded by the strains of the stress triaxiality condition in this study, thus confirming the stress triaxiality condition for the void nucleation in spall. Based on the observation that the axial stress reached a maximum value of ∼6 GPa during the void nucleation phase in spall and stayed approximately at that value for different crystal orientations and impact velocities, the value was proposed as a material spall strength.     

爆炸荷载作用下地下结构的震塌破坏模型研究

过去对地下结构震塌破坏的研究,往往是在假设地下结构为半无限厚的基础上进行的.基于层状介质中应力波的界面效应理论,提出了能考虑地下结构实际厚度的震塌破坏模型.通过实际算例,得到了应力波在地下结构中的传播规律,分析了岩石性质对地下结构局部震塌的影响.分析方法与结论对类似问题也有参考价值.     

Ultrasonic evaluation of spall damage accumulation in aluminum and steel subjected to repeated impact

This paper shows that the spall damage accumulated in target plates during repeated impact tests can be effectively evaluated by invoking ultrasonic techniques. The experimental data obtained for commercially available, pure aluminum and medium carbon steel subjected to three times repeated plate impact test, serve as a proof of efficiency and accuracy of our method. The spall damage was evaluated using a low frequency scanning acoustic microscope (C- and B-scan images) as well as measurement of ultrasonic velocity, attenuation (amplitude change of B2-B1 echo) and backscattering intensity. We provide here a detailed account of the damage history in essentially ductile aluminum. This proves that the voids nucleated during the first impact form the defect array undergoing coalescence when the stress of second impact is lower than the level applied in the first one. The case of aluminum contrasts the behavior of carbon steel, governed by the development of microcracks generated already during the initial impact. Our conclusions are based on the output of B- and C-scan images consistent with the results of ultrasonic measurements. While providing insights into the evolution of the spall damage, the non-destructive ultrasonic technique promoted by the present authors offers advantages of efficiency, direct applicability to the components of commercial structures, and for early damage prediction.     

弹丸冲击贯穿有限厚混凝土材料靶板的背面成坑效应

弹丸冲击贯穿有限厚混凝土靶板后,靶板背面有大块的混凝土剥落,形成近似的锥形坑。为了研究背面弹坑半锥角θ这一作为混凝土靶板贯穿后破坏范围问题研究中的重要参量,将贯穿问题等效为轴对称条件下的冲切破坏问题。采用双剪应力三参数强度准则及刚塑性模型,得到了极限应力圆的包络线方程,给出了轴对称破坏机构,进而求得θ值的表达式。理论计算结果与数值模拟结果、实验数据三者之间吻合度较好。研究表明,θ值由混凝土材料抗压强度与抗拉强度比值决定。基于上述研究,提出在混凝土中掺加钢纤维以提高有限厚靶板抗贯穿能力的实际方法,并进行了弹道实验。实验结果表明,贯穿破坏后靶板碎片的数量及θ大幅降低,显示了高含量异型钢纤维混凝土在抗贯穿方面的适用性。     

Cavitation erosion as a kind of dynamic damage

The purpose of this work is to show that the spherical shock waves arising in a liquid during cavitation bubble collapse can lead to formation of deep needle-like pits on the solid surface. The nature of dynamic damage during cavitation erosion is the spallation caused by interference of rarefaction waves. Rarefaction at spherical wave impact arises when the velocity of contact surface boundary becomes less than the speed of sound in a target. If the tension caused by the focused rarefaction wave exceeds the spall strength of material, channel spall cracks can arise. At low pulsed loading, spall cracks are formed in a dynamic fatigue mode. Needle-like damage arises upon focusing rarefaction waves. In terms of our model, a system of cylindrical spall cracks is consecutively formed around a deeper axial spall needle-like crack. Upon subsequent loading, each crack acts as a source of new rarefaction wave. Newly formed cylindrical spall cracks suppress the growth of the cracks of previous generation and give birth to the cracks of next generation. A distinctive feature is that the cracks are first formed at the periphery of damageability zone, subsequent cracks having a lower depth.