智利纪行

智利以铜著称,是中国铜业关注的地方.尽管北京与智利首都圣地亚哥的距离是全球各国首都之间最远的两个点,但还是有一批又一批的考察团远渡重洋来到这个神秘的国度. 2008年4月,我随山东方圆集团组成的考察组从北京启程,经过两次转机与航行到达地球另一面的圣地亚哥.这是一次行程长达两万多公里,历时近36个小时,横跨了欧亚大陆、穿越非洲大陆、掠过大西洋、赤道线和南美洲的漫长旅行,再加上智利境内的考察航程,往返的行程累计起来可以绕地球一周了!     

阿基米得螺线系数选择对模拟钛弯管推扩成形的影响

采用MSC公司的Superform软件对不同阿基米得螺线系数下的热推扩进行了模拟.扩径段采用了3种不同的系数并分析了不同系数下对热推扩成形弯管的影响.结果表明:扩径变形段中心轴线采用曲率半径渐变的阿基米得螺线,有利于管坯凹面金属充分向凸面流动,避免了传统弯曲变形内侧受压增厚,外侧受拉减薄;阿基米得螺线系数a≤0.9时,环向厚度差大;a≥l.3时,容易出现起皱和45°剪切变薄.本试验范围内,a值取1.0最佳.     

国外废金属的主要分布区域

国外废金属主要分布在工业发达国家.按产生分布地区划分,大体可分为北美地区(美国、加拿大),欧洲地区(欧共体),东南亚地区(日本、韩国、台湾),俄罗斯及澳洲几大部分.     

调解的精髓在于双赢——中国国际商会调解中心为再生企业排忧解难

1987年,伴随着国际贸易、国际投资和国际经济合作业务的持续增长,各种商事纠纷和贸易摩擦的不断增加,中国贸促会成立了第一家商事调解机构--北京调解中心2000年北京调解中心正式更名为中国贸促会/中国国际商会调解中心. 中国贸促会/中国国际商会调解中心秉承"以和为贵"、"促进双赢"的调解理念,以调解的方式,独立公正地帮助中外当事人解决了大量的商事争议,成为中国商事调解领域一支最重要的社会力量.其现有中外籍在册调解员300 余名,有41家贸促会系统地方调解中心遍布在全国各地,形成了一个庞大的调解网络.整个调解网络的受案量已达 6 000余件,调解成功率达到80%.调解当事人涉及50多个国家和地区.     

梦醒在开始的地方再生产业从风雨迷茫中一路走来

资源再生、循环经济在今天可谓风光无限:国家大力提倡,企业日益重视,再生产业吸引了全社会的目光.但在从新中国成立到改革开放后二十年的时间里,资源再生还是一个没有独立构成的行业,从业人员也往往因为每天与"破烂"为伍而被人看不起.     

2007年中国机床工具行业十大新闻

1. 中央和地方省市主要领导频繁视察机床行业企业,国家为数控机床产业发展创造了空前良好的发展环境. 胡锦涛、吴邦国、温家宝、贾庆林、李长春等党和国家领导人以及辽宁、黑龙江、山东、江苏、云南、湖北、广东、陕西、浙江、天津、重庆等省市主要领导相继视察了机床工具厂和数控系统厂.各级领导频繁视察,为数控机床产业的发展创造了空前良好的发展环境.     

透析营销失败的10大原因

经验主义,没有创新 　　一些企业或个人成功后,总是喜欢用过去的思路经营新的品种.殊不知任何新品都有差异性,他们的消费对象、产品的核心卖点及表现力均是不同的,经验主义很容易使产品销售走弯路,甚至导致营销失败.作为老产品,包装也要常更新,但要沿袭原有的核心记忆点与要素,才能使市场趋于稳定,甚至增长.……     

亚熔盐法回收赤泥

采用亚熔盐法对赤泥中的Al2O3和Na2O的回收进行研究.实验第一步通过采用亚熔盐和添加适量石灰乳液回收赤泥中的Al2O3,使其中Al2O3的含量降至4.19%,Al2O3单程回收率达88%;实验第二步采用低浓度的NaOH溶液对赤泥进行深度脱钠,使得最终赤泥中Al2O3和Na2O的含量分别降到3.88%和1.39%,Al2O3/SiO2和Na2O/ SiO2相应降到0.17和0.06;经过回收Al2O3和Na2O后的终赤泥呈现出表面疏松多孔的颗粒状形貌.本研究在较低温的条件下综合回收赤泥中的Al2O3和Na2O.     

灰铸铁主要元素变量三角试片白口宽度与抗拉强度数学模型的研究

在进行灰铸铁铸造生产时,通过不断采集同一浇包中铁液所浇注的三角试片白口宽度、主要化学成分及所浇注试棒的抗拉强度,在大量试验数据的基础上,逐渐摸索出三角试片白口的宽度和C、Si、Mn含量与其抗拉强度内在数量关系,用数学归纳法得出一个灰铸铁的主要元素C、Si、Mn三因素变量与三角试片白口宽度和抗拉强度的一次回归方程。借助回归方程能迅速地预测强度,指导配料,最大限度的降低铸件的成本。     

“表面工程行业清洁生产及节能减排新技术、新装备交流会”在北京召开

近日,北京表面工程学会在北航新主楼第八报告厅召开了“表面工程行业清洁生产及节能减排新技术、新装备交流会”,学会邀请了北京中如技术有限公司曹建岭高工和北京蓝丽佳美化工科技中心李家柱研究员作学术报告,交流会由北京表面工程学会理事长朱立群教授主持,学会理事及会员代表近40人出席.     

The forty years of vermicular graphite cast iron development in China (Part Ⅰ)

In China, the research and development of vermicular graphite cast iron (VGCI) as a new type of engineering material, were started in the same period as in other developed countries; however, its actual industrial application was even earlier. In China, the deep and intensive studies on VGCI began as early as the 1960s. According to the incomplete statistics to date, more than 600 papers on VGCI have been published by Chinese researchers and scholars at national and international conferences, and in technical journals. More than ten types of production methods and more than thirty types of treatment alloy have been studied. Formulae for calculating the critical addition of treatment alloy required to produce VGCI have been put forward, and mechanisms for explaining the formation of dross during treatment were brought forward. The casting properties, metallographic structure, mechanical and physical properties and machining performance of VGCI, as well as the relationships between them, have all been studied in detail. The Chinese Standards for VGCI and VGCI metallographic structure have been issued. In China, the primary crystallization of VGCI has been studied by many researchers and scholars. The properties of VGCI can be improved by heat treatment and addition of alloying elements enabling its applications to be further expanded. Hundreds of kinds of VGCI castings have been produced and used in vehicles, engines, mining equipment, metallurgical products serviced under alternating thermal load, machinery, hydraulic components, textile machine parts and military applications. The heaviest VGCI casting produced is 38 tons and the lightest is only 1 kg. Currently, the annual production of the VGCI in China is about 200 000 tons. The majority of castings are made from cupola iron without pre-treatment, however, they are also produced from electric furnaces and by duplex melting from cupola-electric furnaces or blast furnace-electric furnace. Examples of typical applications for VGCI castings are introduced in this paper. In China, the technologies such as rapid testing of the molten metal and non-destructive testing of casting microstructure still need to be improved. Several proposals are put forward in this paper in order to improve the production of VGCI. Generally speaking, in China, the research, production, and application of vermicular graphite cast iron are at the same level as in other developed countries and in some fields China even takes lead. (332 references and 5 Tables)     

Effects of cooling rate on vermicular graphite percentage in a brake drum produced by onestep cored wire injection

In this research, a vermicular graphite cast iron brake drum was produced by cored wire injection in a one-step method. Silica sand and low-density alumina-silicate ceramic were used as molding materials in order to investigate the effect of cooling rate on percentage of vermicular graphite and mechanical properties of the brake drum casting. Several thermocouples were inserted into the casting in the desired positions to measure the temperature change. By means of one-step cored wire injection, the two residual concentrations of Mg and RE were effectively controlled in the ranges of 0.013%-0.017% and 0.019%-0.025%, respectively, which are crucial for the production of vermicular graphite cast iron and the formation of vermicular graphite. In addition, the cooling rate had a significant effect on the vermicular graphite percentage. In the case of the silica mold brake drum casting, there was an obvious difference in the cooling rate with the wall change, leading to a change in vermicular graphite percentage from 70.8% to 90%. In the low-density alumina-silicate ceramic mold casting, no obvious change in temperature was detected by the thermocouples and the percentage of the vermicular graphite was stable at 85%. Therefore, the vermicular graphite cast iron brake drum with a better combination of mechanical properties could be obtained.     

我国铸铁生产技术回顾与展望

我国是铸铁生产大国,铸铁件产量约占世界的40％; 2010年我国铸铁件产量达到2 950万t(其中,灰铸铁1 900万t,球墨铸铁990万t),铸铁件占全部铸件产量的74.5％.本文回顾了60年来我国球墨铸铁、等温淬火球墨铸铁(ADI)、蠕墨铸铁和灰铸铁在生产技术、性能水平、技术标准、应用领域、质量检测和控制等方面的进展;对比分析了与国外先进工业国家在铸铁材质结构、生产规模、成分和性能波动、熔炼造型和质量控制等方面的差距;展望了铸铁生产技术发展趋势,供同行探讨和参考.     

薄壁灰铸铁件中的蠕虫状石墨

研究３ｍｍ的薄壁灰铸件的石墨形态，特别是蠕虫状石墨的形态。这种蠕墨呈单片或空间相互联结的多个蠕墨片；尺寸非常细小，其长度和厚度为蠕墨铸铁件中的蠕墨的１／３－１／１０。     

因子设计法在中硅钼蠕铁排气管材质研究中的应用

阐述了在中硅钼蠕铁排气管材质研究开发中应用因子设计方法的过程。通过因子试验的方法找出了影响伸长率的最显著因素是随流孕育 ,然后进行有针对性的加强、改进工作 ,从而使伸长率稳定达到技术条件要求。     

Cast iron-a predictable material

High strength compacted graphite iron (CGI) or alloyed cast iron components are substituting previously used non-ferrous castings in automotive power train applications.The mechanical engineering industry has recognized the value in substituting forged or welded structures with stiff and light-weight cast iron castings.New products such as wind turbines have opened new markets for an entire suite of highly reliable ductile iron cast components.During the last 20 years,casting process simulation has developed from predicting hot spots and solidification to an integral assessment tool for foundries for the entire manufacturing route of castings.The support of the feeding related layout of the casting is still one of the most important duties for casting process simulation.Depending on the alloy poured,different feeding behaviors and self-feeding capabilities need to be considered to provide a defect free casting.Therefore,it is not enough to base the prediction of shrinkage defects solely on hot spots derived from temperature fields.To be able to quantitatively predict these defects,solidification simulation had to be combined with density and mass transport calculations,in order to evaluate the impact of the solidification morphology on the feeding behavior as well as to consider alloy dependent feeding ranges.For cast iron foundries,the use of casting process simulation has become an important instrument to predict the robustness and reliability of their processes,especially since the influence of alloying elements,melting practice and metallurgy need to be considered to quantify the special shrinkage and solidification behavior of cast iron.This allows the prediction of local structures,phases and ultimately the local mechanical properties of cast irons,to asses casting quality in the foundry but also to make use of this quantitative information during design of the casting.Casting quality issues related to thermally driven stresses in castings are also gaining increasing attention.State-of-the-art tools allow the prediction of residual stresses and iron casting distortion quantitatively.Cracks in castings can be assessed,as well as the reduction of casting stresses during heat treatment.As the property requirements for cast iron as a material in design strongly increase,new alloys and materials such as ADI might become more attractive,where latest software developments allow the modeling of the required heat treatment.Phases can be predicted and parametric studies can be performed to optimize the alloy dependent heat treatment conditions during austenitization,quenching and ausferritization.All this quantitative information about the material’s performance is most valuable if it can be used during casting design.The transfer of local properties into the designer’s world,to predict fatigue and durability as a function of the entire manufacturing route,will increase the trust in this old but highly innovative material and will open new opportunities for cast iron in the future.The paper will give an overview on current capabilities to quantitatively predict cast iron specific defects and casting performance and will highlight latest developments in modeling the manufacture of cast iron and ADI as well as the prediction of iron casting stresses.     

Theoretical description of the formation of nodular graphite deposited metal for compressor components

Deposited metal with structure and properties similar to the parent metal produced by welding up defects in castings made of high-strength nodular graphite cast iron usually contains scarce and expensive elements. To stabilize the burning of the welding arc at a low heat input and the formation of nodular graphite, it is preferred to use calcium in the deposited metal. Experimental results show that as a result of adding calcium oxides or other calcium-containing ingredients to the composition of the flux-cored wires, the deposited metal may contain vermicular, nodular or mixed form of graphite.     

蠕墨铸铁缸体缸盖的铸造技术开发

蠕墨铸铁在国外高性能发动机缸体缸盖上的应用日益普遍.本文主要介绍采用蠕墨铸铁进行6DL发动机缸体缸盖的样件技术开发,在蠕化率、抗拉强度、基体组织、蠕化衰退以及铸造工艺等方面进行了系统的试验研究,并成功开发出具有国际同类产品水平的批量产品样件.     

为铸造厂生产优质铸造生铁已刻不容缓

论述了优质铸铁件,特别是球铁、等温淬火球铁（ADI）和蠕铁件的市场需求及生产这些铸件必需的优质铸造生铁（包括高纯生铁）成分要求;指出优质铸造生铁大都是小高炉生产的,由于国家有关部门下令关闭200 m3以下的高炉,造成优质铸铁件必需的原材料缺乏危机;建议国家有关部门均衡考虑制造业中各行业的发展,有计划地落实铸造生铁,特别是优质铸造生铁和高纯生铁的生产和供应问题.     

蠕墨铸铁中性盐雾腐蚀行为及机理研究

目的揭示蠕墨铸铁的大气腐蚀行为,阐明其腐蚀规律及腐蚀机理。方法采用室内加速中性盐雾腐蚀实验,并用失重法、SEM\EDS、XRD、电化学的方法来表征实验现象。结果蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中锈层截面具有明显的分层现象,前期腐蚀速率为0.53 mg/(cm~2·h),后期腐蚀速率在波动中总体趋于稳定,为0.36mg/(cm~2·h)。蠕墨铸铁带锈试样的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)在-680～-600mV之间先减小后增大,极化电阻(Rp)变化趋势与自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)一致,自腐蚀电流(Icorr)大小在整个腐蚀周期内具有明显的波动。蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中的腐蚀产物为Fe(OH)_3、Fe_2O_3、FeOOH及少量Fe_3O_4和金属碳化物Fe_2C。结论蠕墨铸铁在中性盐雾环境中腐蚀84 h后发展为全面腐蚀,形貌呈沟壑状,腐蚀产物微观形貌呈团簇状和片层状。腐蚀早期,基体表面发生电化学腐蚀形成一层氧化膜,腐蚀介质沿石墨侵蚀基体从而产生内应力,导致外部锈层断裂,同时蠕虫状石墨处腐蚀产物呈疏松团簇状,二者共同构成介质传质通道,使腐蚀更容易发展。