罗非鱼蛋白酶解制取鱼露及其抗氧化研究

目的:以罗非鱼为原料,采用生物酶解技术加工传统产品鱼露,提高产品质量,缩短加工时间。方法:采用枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶(E1)、风味酶(E2)酶解罗非鱼蛋白,制取富含多肽的酶解物;并以酶解物为基本原料制备调味品鱼露。通过对自由基的清除作用,研究其抗氧化作用。结果:采用生物酶解技术生产罗非鱼鱼露,产品色泽好,风味浓,营养高,有良好的抗氧化性。结论:与传统技术生产鱼露比较,生产时间短,工艺条件容易控制,产品质量稳定,该研究为罗非鱼到深加工提供了理论基础。     

盐渍鱼酶解制备鱼露及挥发性风味物质的研究

在对Alcalase2.4L和Papain双酶分步酶解盐渍鱼酶解过程研究的基础上酶解鲜鱼和半年盐渍鱼制备鱼露,运用感官分析和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气质联用(GC-MS)法对其风味进行比较分析。结果表明:Alcalase2.4L、Papain双酶分步酶解盐渍鱼酶解效果较好,先加Papain6h后再加Alcalase2.4L效果较好,但鲜味氨基酸的比例不如先加Alcalase2.4L后加Papain高;与鲜鱼酶解鱼露相比,虽然盐渍鱼使蛋白酶的酶解效果有所降低,但盐渍鱼酶解鱼露的风味较好,较接近传统鱼露的风味,且含有挥发性酸类,但具有鱼露特征香味的挥发性风味物质没有检出,说明需进一步发酵才能达到传统成熟鱼露的风味。     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼露生产工艺研究

以斑点叉尾鮰为原料,采用多酶法制取鱼露。通过正交试验优化酶解工艺条件参数。结果表明,最佳生产工艺条件为：酶解时间3.5h、酶解温度50℃、pH8、酶浓度2%。所得鱼露味道柔和,具有鱼露特殊香气。     

不同发酵方式制备沙丁鱼下脚料速酿鱼露

为减少沙丁鱼加工过程中产生的下脚料造成的环境问题,提高沙丁鱼下脚料的经济价值,研究了利用沙丁鱼下脚料生产鱼露的可能性。通过双酶酶解法(A)、双酶酶解与发酵剂复合发酵法(B)、双酶酶解与YL001曲复合发酵法(C)、仅加YL001曲法(D)这4种发酵方式制备生产沙丁鱼下脚料鱼露。经过90 d发酵,4种发酵方式所得鱼露A、B、C和D的氨基酸态氮的含量分别为8.0、8.5、11.0和10.0 g/L(P<0.05),总可溶性氮的含量分别为10.6、11.2、13.7及12.8 g/L(P<0.05)。鱼露D质量最高,达到一级鱼露标准;鱼露C质量低于前者,但也达到了一级鱼露标准,且不加商业蛋白酶,能够降低企业的生产成本;鱼露B质量接近于一级鱼露,但挥发性盐基氮的含量较低,安全性较高;鱼露A质量最低,但也达到了二级鱼露标准。GC-MS结果表明4种鱼露产品中均检测出3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丁醛等鱼露特征性风味物质,感官评价也表明4种鱼露产品均无腐败味,而且具有鱼露固有的香气和鲜美滋味。     

鱼露的加工制作方法

为传承传统工艺,该文介绍了鱼露的生产工艺及操作要点,主要是原料的选择、腌制、发酵酶解、过滤、浸提和调配等,并提出了鱼露的质量标准。     

鱼露快速发酵工艺的研究

本论文提出了通过前期高盐酶解、中期加曲自然发酵、后期高盐保温的分段式鱼露快速发酵工艺,并着重研究酶解在分段式快速发酵工艺中的影响,结果表明,采用分段式快速发酵工艺,不仅其总可溶性氮、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸含量增长较快,发酵15d时其含量已超过国家一级鱼露标准,经后期高盐保温后其风味、体态、颜色均较好。前期酶解采用先加Alcalase2.4L蛋白酶再加Papain蛋白酶经分段式发酵后取得最佳风味。采用本方法与传统方法相比,可以使鱼露发酵时间从三年缩短为一年。     

复合酶制剂在鱼露生产应用的初探

在传统鱼露发酵工艺的基础上，对采用原料加酶酶解后，接种发酵菌种，保温发酵工艺进行了探讨。现代工艺条件下缩短发酵周期提高品质是可行性，并对鱼露的质量标准进行了介绍。     

鱼露的生产技术及风味物质

鱼露传统生产技术—天然发酵法虽呈味较好,但生产周期长、盐度高、有鱼腥味。近年来,保温、加酶、加曲等鱼露速酿方法逐步发展起来,大大缩短了鱼露发酵周期,且在风味上有所提高,具有较大的发展前景。     

鱼露的生产技术及风味物质

鱼露传统生产技术一天然发酵法虽呈味较好，但生产周期长、盐度高、有鱼腥味。近年来，保温、加酶、加曲等鱼露速酿方法逐步发展起来，大大缩短了鱼露发酵周期，且在风味上有所提高，具有较大的发展前景。     

鲫鱼蛋白酶解制取鱼露及其降胆固醇活性研究

以鲫鱼为原料,利用蛋白酶解技术制取富含多肽的酶解物,并以酶解物为基本原料制备调味品鱼露。通过对胆固醇胶束溶解度的抑制作用,研究其降胆固醇的活性。结果表明,最佳酶解条件为时间5.40h,加酶量109.67U/mL,温度40.23℃,此时胆固醇胶束溶解度抑制率为53.129±0.670%,与预测值54.617±0.240%相吻合。在此条件下,制得的鱼露风味佳、营养高,且具有较好的降胆固醇活性。     

几种特色酱味汁的研制

介绍了4种特色酱味汁的制作方法。香菇辣酱是将香菇酱、日本辣根酱、油酥蚕豆辩和干辣椒等混合调制而成的,成品色泽红亮。鲜辣回甜。香味浓郁。鲜辣酸梅酱是将酸梅酱、豆瓣酱和海鲜酱等一起调制而成的,成品色泽红亮,酸辣微甜,鲜香醇厚。香辣沙拉酱是用沙拉酱、酸青瓜和日本青芥辣等原料,加各种调味料复制而成的,成品色泽美观,酸甜香辣,果味浓郁。鱼露腐乳汁是用鱼露、腐乳为主要原料,加鲜汤、葱和姜等辅料调制而成的,成品成鲜微辣,味道奇特。这4种酱味汁既可直接拌制凉菜,也可用于炒制热菜。     

鱼露特征香气及增香微生物研究进展

鱼露风味浓郁、独特,是部分地区传统调味品。传统鱼露发酵周期过长及含盐量太高限制其发展;但低盐、速酿鱼露存在香气不足的缺陷。通过添加增香微生物加快鱼露香气形成或改善鱼露香气是提高鱼露品质的重要方法。本文综述了鱼露香气物质常用的检测、鉴定方法,归纳获得21种鱼露中最主要的特征香气物质,总结了10株改善鱼露香气的微生物,基于微生物氨基酸代谢途径,分析了鱼露部分特征香气物质产生机制,以期为鱼露品质改善提供参考。     

鱼露风味的研究进展

鱼露是一种水产调味品,其味道鲜美、营养丰富,具有鱼虾等水产品原材料特有的香质,是东亚及东南亚各国的传统调味料。文中在概述了鱼露及其加工工艺的基础上,着重对鱼露中的呈滋味及呈气味物质进行了介绍,并对相关方面的研究成果进行了总结,以期为今后鱼露的生产及研究提供参考。     

鱼露加工工艺研究进展

鱼露是一种以鱼肉为原料经过发酵制备的调味品,不仅具有良好的调味效果,而且还富含牛磺酸等功能性因子,是广受消费者喜爱的特色调味品。为了更好地促进鱼露加工新工艺的研究,文章对目前市售鱼露产品进行了调查分析,并对鱼露加工工艺及其应用研究进行了总结归纳。通过比较传统发酵法和快速发酵法两种鱼露制作工艺的研究进展,指出了这两种方法的优缺点,以期为进一步促进鱼露制品的制作工艺研发提供借鉴。     

鱼露中N-亚硝基化合物及其前体物的研究现状

鱼露是沿海地区的传统发酵调味品。鱼露在发酵过程中,常常会产生N-亚硝基化合物及其前体物(胺类物质及亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐)。文中介绍了鱼露中N-亚硝基化合物及其前体物的含量,N-亚硝基化合物的结构、毒性、致癌性,以及鱼露中N-亚硝基化合物的产生原因与控制措施。     

Desalination of fish sauce by electrodialysis: effect on selected aroma compounds and amino acid compositions

Fish sauce is an ingredient that exhibits unique flavor and is widely used by people in Southeast Asia. Fish sauce, however, contains a significant amount of salt (sodium chloride). Recently, electrodialysis (ED) has been successfully applied to reduce salt in fish sauce; however, no information is available on the effect of ED on changes in compounds providing aroma and taste of ED-treated fish sauce. The selected aroma compounds, amino acids, and sensory quality of the ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations were then analyzed. The amounts of trimethylamine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, phenols, and all carboxylic acids except for hexanoic acid significantly decreased, whereas benzaldehyde increased significantly when the salt removal level was higher. The amounts of all amino acids decreased with the increased salt removal level. Significant difference in flavor and saltiness intensity among ED-treated fish sauce with various salt concentrations, as assessed by a discriminative test, were observed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Information obtained in this work can serve as a guideline for optimization of a process to produce low-sodium fish sauce by ED. It also forms a basis for further in-depth sensory analysis of low-sodium fish sauce.     

Bacteriological properties and health-related biochemical components of fermented fish sauce: An overview

Fish sauce is an amber-colored salty liquid in Southeast Asian cuisine used as an important condiment for improving the taste of foods. It is produced by fermenting the fish with salt in the ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 (fish:salt, wet wt) in underground concrete tanks or earthenware for 6–12 months at ambient conditions. Proteins of the raw materials are hydrolyzed into peptides and amino acids by microbial proteolytic enzymes during fermentation. This paper reviews fish sauce diversity and its bacteriological, biochemical, and biofunctional properties. Additionally, efforts to accelerate fish sauce production by employing halotolerant bacterial cultures and proteinases to reduce the fermentation period and also to improve the acceptability of the product are also reviewed. Further, the review provides an overview of bacterial proteinases that have been employed to enhance the sensory and microbiological quality of fish sauce. The review also outlines the effect of fermented fish sauces on health, especially in reference to several bioactive peptides and bacterial metabolites apart from discussing desalination technique to recover the metabolites from fish sauce.     

Effect of electrodialysis pretreatment on physicochemical properties and morphology of spray-dried-fish sauce powder

Fish sauce is a popular Asian food ingredient having specific flavor that gives pleasure to the senses of taste. However, fish sauce contains high-salt content, which is nowadays not desirable by health-conscious consumers. Recently, it has been shown that electrodialysis succeeds in reducing the salt content of fish sauce without affecting its important characteristics over a specific range of residual salt content. In this study the effect of electrodialysis pretreatment prior to spray drying to produce low-salt fish sauce powder, which is a more shelf-stable and convenient product compared with liquid fish sauce, was investigated. Product recovery, morphology and selected physicochemical properties, i.e., moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the fish sauce powder were determined. The ED-treated-fish sauces of various salt contents (in the range of approximately 2–25% w/w) were spray dried at inlet drying air temperatures of 120–180 °C. It was found that the feed salt concentration and inlet air temperature had significant effects on all observed variables. This is due to the fact that the feed salt concentration strongly affected water removal from the ED-treated-fish sauce during spray drying, leading to significant alterations of the ED-treated-fish sauce powder properties.     

QUALITY OF FISH SAUCE PRODUCTS FROM RECYCLED BY‐PRODUCTS FROM FISH GEL AND KAMABOKO PROCESSING

ABSTRACT

In order to make effective reuse of kamaboko processing wastes and to minimize the amount of waste disposal, the production of two kinds of fish sauces was tried on a small industrial scale from the wastes with or without the addition of the meat of deepsea smelt (Glossanodon semifasciatus). They were fermented for 6 months at room temperature using salt and koji mold. As a control, a fish sauce was also produced only from the deepsea smelt meat. The recovery of fish sauce from the initial mashed mixture ranged between 75 and 79%, depending on the ingredients in the three fish sauce products. The total nitrogen content of the waste sauce and the mixed sauce was lower than that of the control. The levels of the original additives to kamaboko products, β‐carotene and sorbic acid, were very low in these fish sauces. The taste‐active components of the waste sauce and mixed sauces were lower than those of the control. Sensory evaluation revealed that the former two waste sauces were less bitter and higher in saltiness than the control. However, no difference was found in umami taste between these products. These findings suggest that the wastes from kamaboko processing factories could be reused as fish sauce for food condiments.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Recent development in the food industry in Japan has enabled the surimi‐based products to be mass produced and standardized even in the fish gel, kamaboko trade. However, a serious problem has arisen in the development of kamaboko processing through the discharge of the wastes, i.e., nonstandard products or fragments, from kamaboko processing factories. It is clear that the waste from kamaboko processing factories is transformed effectively into fish sauce by using soy sauce koji mold. As a result, the amount of the discharged wastes from kamaboko factories are able to be minimized because the liquefaction ratio of the fish sauce mushes (moromi) from the wastes after fermentation was high and the products have a high umami taste and agreeable soy sauce‐like flavor.     

科学地挖掘传统酱缸工艺

传统酱缸工艺生产的产品有酱油、食醋、酱、腐乳等调味品。通过对传统酱缸产品状况的分析，指出了传统酱缸工艺存在的缺陷，提出了挖掘传统酱缸工艺的精髓，依靠科学技术改进传统酱缸工艺的重要意义。