室内温、湿度对人体热舒适和空调能耗影响的研究

以采用一次回风集中空调系统的办公建筑为例,就室内温、湿度设计参数对空调房间热舒适环境和空调系统能耗的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,在同样的室内人体热舒适环境(等效温度)的条件下,随着室内温度的增加,一次回风系统的需冷量和总的耗能量是增加的。因此,夏季提高空调室内温度是不节能的。在相同热舒适(等效温度)条件下,要减少空调系统的冷负荷,室内设计温、湿度参数在推荐的热舒适区范围内,宜采用较大的室内相对湿度和较低的室内干球温度的组合,或采用较高的等效温度。     

南宁夏季室内热舒适与空调能耗分析

以问卷调查和实测数据为基础,采用新有效温度ET*探讨了南宁地区夏季室内热舒适性及其对空调能耗的影响.得到当地居民可接受的室内热舒适温湿度范围;并给出空调能耗与当地热舒适要求的变化关系.该地区在确定室内参数时不必过多关注相对湿度,主要考虑室内温度对人体热舒适性和空调能耗的影响.     

The effect of heat-pipe air-handling coil on energy consumption in central air-conditioning system

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of heat-pipe air-handling coil on energy consumption in a central air-conditioning system with return air. Taking an office building as an example, the study shows that compared with conventional central air-conditioning system with return air, the heat-pipe air-conditioning system can save cooling and reheating energy. In the usual range of 22–26 °C indoor design temperature and 50% relative humidity, the RES (rate of energy saving) in this office building investigated is 23.5–25.7% for cooling load and 38.1–40.9% for total energy consumption. The RES of the heat-pipe air-conditioning system increases with the increase of indoor design temperature and the decrease of indoor relative humidity. The influence of indoor relative humidity on RES is much greater than the influence of the indoor design temperature. The study indicates that a central air-conditioning system can significantly reduce its energy consumption and improve both the indoor thermal comfort and air quality when a heat-pipe air-handling coil is employed in the air-conditioning process.     

温湿度独立控制空调系统及其性能分析

本文给出了热湿独立控制空调系统的运行策略：采用新风去除室内的余湿、承担室内空气质量的任务,采用高温冷源去除室内的余热。分析了温湿度独立控制空调方式对室内末端装置、新风处理、制备高温冷源的要求与影响,结合我国各地区的不同气候条件特点,详细分析了上述关键部件的性能。     

毛细管平面空调系统简介

传统的空调系统普遍采用温湿度耦合的控制方法,存在能源利用品位上的浪费、难以适应温湿度比的变化以及室内空气品质差等问题,针对我国日益高涨的提高室内环境舒适性和降低建筑能耗的大好形势,介绍一种高效节能的室内环境调节系统:毛细管平面空调系统,分析了其具有的优点及面临的问题和机遇.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

重庆商场热环境实测调查分析

商场建筑能耗不仅与围护结构和设备有关,还与室内环境有关。为了了解重庆商场热环境状况,本文选择了沙坪坝区4座全年使用中央空调系统的大型商场进行室内温、湿度测量。结果显示,多层商场冬季楼层温度梯度明显,顶层温度普遍高于18℃,夏季各商场温度为24～26℃,一些商场出现室内温度冬季高于夏季的倒置现象,造成能源浪费。针对人们感觉冬季商场偏热的现象,本文从商场顾客着装分析说明商场舒适温度不同于其他空调建筑,应从舒适、经济、节能来调控商场室内环境。     

Analysis of indoor environmental conditions and heat pump energy supply systems in indoor swimming pools

For indoor swimming pools, a lot of energy is needed to control the indoor temperature, relative humidity and pool water temperature. Meanwhile, the indoor air contains a high specific enthalpy due to water evaporation. A new heat pump dehumidifier is studied to reduce energy consumption. The most significant feature of this system is that it can not only recover the latent heat from indoor moist air, but also absorb heat from outdoor air to heat the indoor air and pool water. First, indoor environmental conditions, including space parameters and pool temperature, are analyzed based on human thermal comfort and energy saving. Subsequently, the models of heat and moisture gain are built. After that, the construction and operating modes of the heat pump dehumidifier are described, and the system model is established based on polynomial equations model. In a case study, an indoor swimming pool with a heat pump dehumidifier in Shanghai is studied. When outdoor air specific enthalpy is higher than 18.6 kJ/kg, the requirement of pool water heating can be met only by the heat pump dehumidifier, thus, auxiliary pool heater will not to be put into use. At last, economic analysis between the heat pump dehumidifier and conventional dehumidifier is conducted.     

室内空气设计参数与空调系统节能条件浅析

本文针对暖通空调系统设计过程中室内空气参数标准的合理取值对空调能耗的影响,探讨了空调负荷、空调能耗和空调系统节能的基本概念,对室内空气温度和相对湿度标准对空调系统能耗的影响进行了计算分析,结果表明科学认识室内空气参数标准的合理取值对空调系统能耗的影响对当前建筑节能意义重大;空调系统节能条件需要具体分析,针对不同类型的建筑和不同的空调方式,其室内空气设计标准的影响不同,空调过程设计对空调系统节能具有重要影响。另外,将典型空调案例的计算结果推广到一般工程,容易导致工程设计概念上的混淆。     

Thermal and health outcomes of energy efficiency retrofits of homes of older adults

Mitigation of thermal stress and adverse indoor climatic conditions is important to older low‐income populations whose age, health, and economic circumstances make them vulnerable to indoor environmental conditions. This research examines whether energy retrofits in affordable housing for older adults can also improve indoor climatic (i.e., temperature, humidity, air infiltration) conditions and whether such improvements correspond with improved health and comfort of residents. An apartment complex for low‐income older adults in Phoenix was the study site. In 2010, renovations were undertaken to make it more energy efficient and to replace interior cabinetry, flooring, and paint with materials that had low or no volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fifty‐seven residents from 53 apartment units participated in both baseline (pre‐renovation) and 1 year post‐renovation data collection trials. Environmental measures included temperature, relative humidity, and air infiltration. Health measures included general health, emotional distress, and sleep. Four questions addressed residents' perceptions of temperature quality. Results demonstrated a 19% reduction in energy consumption following the retrofit. In addition, fixed effects statistical models of the panel data showed significant stabilization of unit temperature from pre‐retrofit to 1 year post‐retrofit. Reductions in an apartment's temperature extremes of 27.2°C (81°F) and above also corresponded with improvement in occupant's reported health over the same time period, although not with occupant's perceptions of thermal comfort.     

A combined system of chilled ceiling,displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification

Different types of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume different amounts of energy yet they deliver similar levels of acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort. It is desirable to provide buildings with an optimal HVAC system to create the best IAQ and thermal comfort with minimum energy consumption. In this paper, a combined system of chilled ceiling, displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification is designed and applied for space conditioning in a hot and humid climate. IAQ, thermal comfort, and energy saving potential of the combined system are estimated using a mathematical model of the system described in this paper. To confirm the feasibility of the combined system in a hot and humid climate, like China, and to evaluate the system performance, the mathematical model simulates an office building in Beijing and estimates IAQ, thermal comfort and energy consumption. We conclude that in comparison with a conventional all-air system the combined system saves 8.2% of total primary energy consumption in addition to achieving better IAQ and thermal comfort. Chilled ceiling, displacement ventilation and desiccant dehumidification respond consistently to cooling source demand and complement each other on indoor comfort and air quality. It is feasible to combine the three technologies for space conditioning of office building in a hot and humid climate.     

热舒适与蒸发冷却空调

介绍了标准有效温度，分析了温度、湿度、空气流速对热舒适的影响，给出了在热舒适的前提下，温度、湿度、空气流速的组合值。认为在较高温、湿度条件下，适当提高室内空气的流速可达到舒适、节能的目的，使用蒸发冷却空调可以创造舒适的健康环境，同时可大大节约能耗。     

舒适性空调室内设计参数的优化

分析了室内空气温湿度对热舒适度和空调能耗的影响,认为在保证热舒适度的前提下,优化组合室内设计参数,可以达到节能的目的。     

Energy savings in a building using regenerative evaporative cooling

This paper explores the potential of reducing the annual energy consumption of a central air-conditioned building through advanced evaporative cooling systems. The building considered is a typical three floor library building of a University. The regenerative evaporative cooling technology is coupled with the liquid cooled water chiller system to accomplish the energy conservation objective. Comparisons of the regenerative evaporative cooling are made with simple evaporative cooling to bring out the importance such a system. The well-known building simulation software, TRNSYS is used to carry out the heat load calculations and the dynamic simulations of the building. Annual energy consumptions of different components of the air-conditioning system are estimated for the existing water chiller system as well as for both coupled evaporative cooling systems (simple and regenerative). The annual energy consumptions, the indoor temperature, the relative humidity and the thermal comfort index ‘PMV’ are compared for all the three different air-conditioning systems. The coupling of direct and regenerative evaporative cooling technologies with water chiller system has shown, respectively, 12.09% and 15.69% savings in annual energy consumption of the building, while maintaining PMV between ?1 and +1 for most of the hours in the year.     

Optimization of a liquid desiccant based dedicated outdoor air-chilled ceiling system serving multi-zone spaces

A liquid desiccant based dedicated outdoor air-chilled ceiling (DOAS-CC) system is proposed to serve a multi-zone space. The outdoor airflow rate and the supply air humidity ratio are two crucial variables in such a system, which significantly influence indoor thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption. Two strategies are presented to optimize these two variables in the study. They are the demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) strategy and the supply air humidity ratio set-point reset strategy. To evaluate the performances of these two strategies, a basic control strategy, i.e., the strategy adopting constant ventilation flow rate and constant supply air humidity ratio, is selected as the benchmark. Performances of the two strategies in terms of indoor air temperature, relative humidity and CO₂ concentration as well as energy consumption are analyzed using simulation tests. The results show that the supply air humidity ratio set-point reset strategy is effective for the indoor air humidity control. It can save about 19.4% of total energy consumption during the whole year. The DCV-based ventilation strategy can further reduce about 10.0% of energy consumption.     

Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in a classroom with three ventilation methods

Thermal sensation is studied experimentally under mixing ventilation, displacement ventilation, and stratum ventilation in an environmental chamber. Forty-eight subjects participated in all tests under the same boundary conditions but different ventilation methods in the classroom. Thermal comfort analysis was carried out according to the designated supply airflow rate, room temperature, and relative humidity for the three ventilation methods. The thermal neutral temperature under stratum ventilation is approximately 2.5 °C higher than that under mixing ventilation and 2.0 °C higher than that under displacement ventilation. This result indicates that stratum ventilation could provide satisfactory thermal comfort level to rooms of temperature up to 27 °C. The energy saving attributable to less ventilation load alone is around 12% compared with mixing ventilation and 9% compared with displacement ventilation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The confirmation of the significantly elevated thermal neutral temperature can have a number of implications for both thermal comfort in an air-conditioned room and energy consumption of the associate air-conditioning system. With respect to the former, it provides scientific basis for the feasibility of elevated room temperatures, and with respect to the latter, it reveals considerable potentials for energy saving.     

普通中空玻璃外窗对室内光热环境的影响

在夏热冬冷地区,我国现在执行节能50％的设计标准,新建建筑已大量使用普通中空玻璃外窗,但是关于这种窗对室内环境影响的研究还不多。该文研究了普通中空玻璃窗对室内热环境和光环境的影响。在杭州夏季,对安装了普通中空玻璃外窗的试验房室内的热环境参数（温度、相对湿度、热舒适指标PMV—PPD）和光环境参数照度进行了测定。测定结果表明,试验房室内PMV值在-0．7至07之间的时间在50％左右,热舒适性欠佳,但工作区域照度均大于110 lx,能够满足室内人员的自然光照明需求。     

Thermal comfort assessment and application of radiant cooling: A case study

A field assessment of thermal comfort was conducted at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, situated in the subtropical region of Pakistan. The results show that people of the area were feeling thermally comfortable at effective temperature of 29.85 °C (operative temperature 29.3 °C). A comparison of this neutral effective temperature was made with the neutral effective temperature determined from adaptive models. It is found that the neutral effective temperature determined during this study closely match that of the adaptive model based on either indoor temperature or both indoor and outdoor temperatures. The results of thermal acceptability assessment show that more than 80% of occupants were satisfied at an effective temperature of 32.5 °C, which is 6.5 °C above the upper boundary of ASHRAE thermal comfort zone. Naturally ventilated classrooms and air-conditioned offices of the University were simulated using TRNSYS system simulation program for two cases, once when conventional air-conditioning is used for providing thermal comfort, and when comfort is achieved through radiant cooling. In the simulation, cooling tower was used to regenerate cooling water for the radiant cooling system. Energy consumption was estimated from simulation of both cases. The results show that it is possible to achieve thermal comfort for most of the time of the year through the use of radiant cooling without a risk of condensation of moisture from air on the radiant cooling surfaces. A comparison of the energy consumption estimates show that savings of 80% is possible in case thermal comfort is achieved through radiant cooling instead of conventional air-conditioning.     

基于变风量的相对热指标运行模式在地铁空调中的应用研究

地铁空调系统的控制站厅和站台在设计温度值不变的设计运行模式下不能满足乘客舒适性要求,乘客的舒适感随新风状态变化而变化。由于乘客在站厅和站台的停留时间短,应根据相对热指标来评价非稳定条件下乘客的舒适性要求。本文在变风量调节的基础上,建立了按相对热指标来调节运行地铁中央空调系统的理论模型,在满足人体舒适性要求的前提下,解决了站台和站厅温湿度耦合问题。本文以广州地铁二号线新港东站为例,对比分析了空调系统相对热指标运行模式和设计运行模式下的舒适性和能耗等特点,为运行模式的完善提供了参考。     

暖通空调中的评价指标评述

现代空调发展的趋势是节能、舒适、健康、环保,围绕这四个方面对现代空调的评价方法进行了介绍,并从能耗模拟、热舒适、室内空气品质及空调系统的环境性能等方面进行了分析论证.