卵石地层土压平衡盾构施工土体改良试验研究

卵石地层摩擦性高,塑流性差,在土压平衡盾构施工过程中遇到了许多困难,通过对其进行土体改良改善土层性能成为不可缺少的辅助施工措施。但是,卵石地层土体改良缺乏系统研究,添加剂配比多依靠工地摸索或工程经验,容易造成添加剂使用不合理,直接影响到盾构施工效率。为此以北京地铁10号线2期隧道区间卵石地层土压平衡盾构施工为案例,进行了一系列土体改良室内试验,研究、评价常用添加剂及改良渣土性能,得到理想改良渣土的添加剂配比参数为泡沫注入比为30%,泥浆注入比为10%,最佳坍落度范围为150～200 mm。利用上述添加剂配比方案进行了盾构掘进试验,显著提高了盾构施工效率。试验结果可为类似地层盾构施工土体改良提供参考。     

Earth pressure balance tunnelling in rock masses: Laboratory feasibility study of the conditioning process

Earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling is considered to be an effective tunnelling method when surface settlements must be avoided by controlling face stability and underground water inflow. EPB technology is applied increasingly to the conditioning of rock masses in which the presence of polluting material is foreseen and must be controlled, or when explosive gases from the rock mass must be prevented from entering in the machine. The use of an EPB machine in ‘closed mode’ can prevent the dispersion of dangerous materials in the underground environment. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using EPB technology in rock masses and the effectiveness of this tunnelling process in terms of soil conditioning, conditioned soil permeability, pressure transmission on the tunnel face, and the ability to extract the material with a screw conveyor. The research was developed with a set of laboratory tests carried out on three different types of rock masses where tunnelling with EPB machines are planned to be constructed in Italy but the results can be easily applied to similar rock mass types. The tests have been carried out both with slump tests and with a specially constructed screw conveyor extraction device. In the paper the most important results are presented and discussed.     

Feasibility study of tar sands conditioning for earth pressure balance tunnelling

This paper presents the results of laboratory test on the feasibility of soil conditioning for earth pressure balance(EPB) excavation in a tar sand,which is a natural material never studied in this respect.The laboratory test performed is based on a procedure and methods used in previous studies with different types of soils,but for this special complex material,additional tests are also conducted to verify particular properties of the tar sands,such as the tilt test and vane shear test usually used in cohesive materials,and a direct shear test.The laboratory test proves that the test procedure is applicable also to this type of soil and the conditioned material can be considered suitable for EPB excavations,although it is necessary to use a certain percentage of fine elements(filler) to create a material suitable to be mixed with foam.The test results show that the conditioned material fulfils the required standard for an EPB application.     

砂土地层盾构隧道施工对地层扰动的室内掘进试验研究

土压平衡式盾构机在穿越流塑性差、渗透系数大的砂土地层时容易对隧道周围土体产生扰动,导致地表沉降不易控制和作用在衬砌结构上的土压力发生改变。针对地铁盾构隧道穿越砂土地层引起的地层扰动,采用一种能完全反映盾构隧道动态施工全过程的分析方法尤为重要。以城市地铁盾构区间隧道施工采用的土压平衡式盾构机为原型,研制 800 mm土压平衡式模型盾构机,该机主要包括推进机构、掘削机构和出土机构,能实现盾构始发、刀盘切削、螺旋出土、管片拼装等主要功能,以此开展砂土地层中盾构施工的室内掘进试验。试验过程中对盾构掘进引起的地层沉降及衬砌结构上的土压力进行量测,分析地层沉降形态和衬砌结构上土压力的分布形态,同时将试验结果同理论计算、数值分析及现场资料进行对比。研究结果表明,土体性状和盾尾注浆对地层沉降具有重要影响,地层损失是地层发生沉降的主要原因。未注浆情况下盾尾脱环引起的地表沉降值占总沉降值的60%以上,且由于未注浆而增大的地表沉降所占比例为20%～30%,沉降时程曲线具有阶段性和时效性。地表沉降槽宽度系数i与现场测试数据具有一致性。衬砌结构上的土压力分布类似于上下端为长半轴、左右端为短半轴的椭圆形,数值上试验实测值较理论计算值要小。     

土压平衡模型盾构掘进试验研究

土压平衡盾构掘进是软土地区地铁隧道施工的主要方法之一,然而,它在不同的土层中的适应性是不一样的。为研究土压平衡盾构机的盾构施工参数以及刀盘开口率对土层的适应性,在新建立的大型盾构模拟试验平台上,利用直径为1.8m的土压平衡模型盾构机在软土、砂土、砂砾土层中进行了盾构掘进模拟试验。试验平台的监测系统实时采集了盾构推进过程中的各种工作参数,通过分析试验数据,本文尝试对盾构掘进过程中土舱内外土压力的相关关系、刀盘扭矩和推力的变化及其影响因素进行了试验研究,还研究了不同刀盘开口率对盾构总推力和刀盘扭矩的影响规律,研究结果对土压平衡盾构机的设计和施工具有参考意义。     

Application ranges of EPB shields in coarse ground based on laboratory research

Earth Pressure Balance (EPB-) Shields were originally used in fine-grained soils as well as in mixed-grained soils with a content of fines (d < 0.06 mm) of at least 30 M%. In these soils, if an adequate consistency is given, an EPB-Shield can be used without additional ground conditioning. Further, the application ranges of EPB-Shields have successfully been extended to mixed-grained and coarse-grained soils by ground conditioning, see Herrenknecht et al. (2011). In these soils, foams, if required also foams with polymers, polymer suspensions or high density slurries, are applied to change the properties of the soil in the excavation chamber. So far, the application ranges of EPB-Shields in mixed-grained and coarse-grained soils were based on experience with former tunnelling projects with different hydro-geological boundaries and different conditioning agents. First investigations on the properties of soil–foam-mixtures were done in different laboratories (Mair et al., 2003; Borio et al., 2011; Bezuijen, 2011). In these investigations, the focus was on the determination of special properties of the conditioning agents and conditioned soils. These laboratory investigations were the basis for further examination. Laboratory research was carried out at the Institute for Tunnelling and Construction Management at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, using selected methods for the reproducible determination of essential properties of foams, foams with polymer additives, polymer suspensions and high density slurries. The results are summarised in a doctoral thesis (Budach, 2012). These methods were tested systematically regarding their workability. Furthermore, coarse-grained soils were mixed with the selected conditioning agents and methods to determine the essential properties of the conditioned soils were developed and tested on their suitability as well. Based on the results of this research, application ranges for EPB-Shields were developed based on extensive laboratory research considering varying hydro-geological ground conditions and conditioning agents.     

Soil disturbance of Shanghai silty clay during EPB tunnelling

The disturbance of Shanghai silty clay during earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnelling has been studied through field monitoring, field measurement and laboratory test. The soil disturbance during tunnelling consists of two parts: stress disturbance, which is the change of effective stress; and strain disturbance, which is caused by the soil movement. The definition of stress disturbance degree of Shanghai silty clay is given by the change in the in situ effective stress before and just after tunnelling at the same site. According to the changes in the static cone penetrometer resistance, the extent of stress disturbance in a transverse section is determined. The relationships between the mechanical properties and stress disturbance degree are also studied.     

Laboratory model tests and field investigations of EPB shield machine tunnelling in soft ground in Shanghai

In the last decades, many studies have been presented by different scholars on the environmental problems induced by the shield tunnelling in soft ground. But it mainly concentrated on ground surface settlement, tunnel surface stability and the influence to existing structures. Among them, little attention was paid to soil disturbance caused by the mismatch of machine’s operation parameters. In order to reveal this inherent relation, a series of laboratory model tests were carried out in the 1/16 scale for a field tunnel in practice where the tunnel had 6.4 m diameter. The tests to simulate earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling in soft ground were conducted with a microshield machine (0.4 m diameter). Measurements were carried out simultaneously in each test for total jack thrust force, cutting torque, chamber pressure, mucking ratio, ground surface displacement, and earth pressure. Based on the analysis of test results under different overburden ratio, cutterhead aperture ratio and screw rotation speed, the relationships between machine’s operation parameters themselves and its influence on disturbance to surrounding soil mass were discovered. Such discoveries were also verified by the field investigations. These results are useful for engineers and technicians to select suitable and serviceable machine operation parameters and reduce environmental influence at all stages of tunnel construction.     

富水砂性地层盾构渣土改良试验与喷涌防治技术

为解决土压平衡盾构穿越富水砂性地层螺旋输送机喷涌、排渣不畅等难题,基于渣土改良剂的地层适应性规律研发新型化学改良剂并开展相关室内试验.试验结果表明:非离子聚合型泡沫剂可兼备发泡倍数与稳定性能,适当提高泡沫剂浓度Cf能够增大发泡倍率FER和半衰期HT.当cf＞5％时,由于达到临界胶束浓度,FER和HT趋于最大值.透射电镜...     

Field and laboratory performance comparison for asphalt mixtures with different moisture conditioning systems

The purpose of this study is to compare laboratory and field performances for dense graded asphalt mixtures. Control road pavement section was constructed in Black Sea Coast Highway. Marshall identical control samples produced in laboratory and core samples taken from wearing courses before the traffic opened were used. Three different moisture conditioning methods were applied to control laboratory and core samples. Mechanical properties of samples were evaluated with indirect tension, indirect tension strength and repeated creep tests. Indirect tensile strength test results for laboratory mixtures were found 1.22 and 1.30 times more in accordance with field samples at 10 °C and 20 °C respectively. Marshall samples gave higher resilient modulus for all control and conditioned mixtures. Repeated creep test results also proved the difference between laboratory and field sample performance. Laboratory samples protected their structural integrity along with the test duration and did not showed tertiary creep. It is concluded from this study that laboratory samples state expressly higher performance according to the core field samples.     

地面出入式盾构法隧道新技术大型模型试验与工程应用研究

地面出入式盾构法克服传统盾构法需要在两端修建始发和接收工作井的弊端,实现地表出发和地表接收的全过程盾构施工新技术。采用大型模型试验、数值仿真和工程验证手段,系统研究地面出入式盾构法隧道新技术掘进的关键问题,揭示地面出入式盾构法穿越不同阶段的地表沉降规律;依托地面出入式盾构法首次在我国南京城际快速轨道秣将区间隧道工程的示范应用,探索分析该新方法在工程中主要施工参数的合理选择和有效的控制技术;模型试验、数值仿真结果与工程实测结果获得一致的规律,可为该新方法的进一步推广应用打下坚实基础。     

Determination of the cutterhead torque for EPB shield tunneling machine

Cutterhead torque is an important parameter for the design and operation of earth pressure balance (EPB) shields. Based on the analysis of several completed project cases from job sites, the conventional torque determination model based on experimentation proves rough enough to be improved. Composition and corresponding calculation method of cutterhead torque are presented, taking into account of cutterhead structure, cutting principle and the interaction between cutterhead and soil. Considering a Φ1.8 m EPB test machine in the lab, theoretical calculation following the improved model and test are carried out with three typical types of soils. Calculation and test results indicate that the cutterhead torque varies with geological conditions apparently, and the opening ratio of the cutterhead as well as earth pressure turns out to be the two most important factors in determining the cutterhead torque. The test results also show that the torque calculation formula for EPB shield tunneling can reasonably predict the excavation torque required by the cutterhead in clay soil tunneling, but for cohesionless tunneling, soil conditioning reduces the amount of torque necessary.     

Pressurised TBM tunnelling in mixed face conditions resulting from tropical weathering of igneous rock

Weathering is a process that turns rock into soil. Deep weathering is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The resulting sub-surface conditions can be very onerous for tunnelling, with tunnel drives commonly encountering a significant proportion of mixed face conditions, comprising partly rock and partly soil. Problems that have been encountered have included: inability to maintain the face pressure, ground loss, sinkholes, slow rates of tunnelling, rapid tool wear, damage to tools, mixing arms and other parts of the TBM, very frequent and long interventions, clogging and blow-outs. The nature and extent of the problems on any particular tunnel have depended on the type and design of the TBM, the nature of the rock and the proportion of the tunnel in mixed ground. In Singapore this has resulted in a change from mainly EPB to mainly slurry tunnelling in weathered igneous rock; however, predominantly EPB TBMs have been used in weathered sedimentary rock. Information from EPB and slurry TBM drives is used to illustrate the issues involved.     

砂卵石地层高水压条件下盾构掘进喷涌控制研究

以兰州地铁1号线一期工程世纪大道站—中间风井区段为背景,综合运用现场调查与过程监测、实验室模拟试验、三维数值模拟等方法与手段,对砂卵石地层高水压条件下土压平衡盾构掘进基于渣土改良的喷涌控制的可靠性进行了研究。主要取得以下成果:(1)建立了砂卵石地层高水压条件下盾构掘进改良渣土抗渗性(喷涌控制)的定量试验模拟与测试方法;(2)确定了单掺钠基膨润土浆液改良渣土的膨润土浆液最优浓度和掺加膨润土浆液的最优体积比,并证明了其改良后的渣土的抗渗性能具有较高的喷涌控制可靠性;(3)同时掺加钠基膨润土浆液和泡沫改良渣土,泡沫的掺入体积比应小于1∶5。研究结果有力地支撑了世纪大道站—中间风井区段高水压条件下,盾构以-28‰的超大纵坡下坡掘进过程的喷涌控制,规避了盾构设备受淹风险。     

Experimental study of the effect of conditioning on abrasive wear and torque requirement of full face tunneling machines

One of the main operational parameters in pressurized full face soft ground tunneling with machines such as earth pressure balance (EPB) TBMs is soil conditioning. Soil conditioners which are proper foam or conditioning agents, are often injected through the cutterhead or into the cutting chamber to make the muck flowable, lower inner friction between the soil particles, control soil stickiness, prepare the excavated soil to be compressible during the tunneling operation, control the water inflow, reduce the torque on the cutterhead, and lower power and torque of the screw conveyor. Foams can also be used in hard rock tunneling to reduce the wear and torque to replace conventional dust suppression by water sprays. This paper reviews the common practice in soil conditioning and focuses on assessing the influence of the conditioning on tool wear and torque requirement of the machines. Tests performed on many standard type soils and few samples from soft ground tunneling projects around the US on Penn State Soil Abrasion testing device. The results of tests performed in dry, moist and conditioned soil will be discussed and compared in this paper. The preliminary results show that the use of proper soil conditioning can reduce the wear of cutters and machine components by orders of magnitude while it can reduce the torque by over 50%.     

土压平衡式盾构掘进过程的相似模型试验

土压平衡式盾构掘进过程是一个多系统综合运作的复杂力学过程。为实现土压平衡盾构掘进过程的相似模拟,设计制造能够完成掘削面开挖、螺旋出土器出土、盾构机推进、管片拼装、盾尾注浆等全过程模拟的土压平衡式模型盾构机。其次对盾构-地层系统的相关参量进行甄别,选出对试验结果有重要影响的参量,同时基于相似理论,通过量纲分析的方法得到盾构-地层系统的相似准则。基于该相似准则,进行土压平衡式盾构掘进过程的室内相似模型试验,获得土压平衡式盾构掘进对地层影响的一般规律,该试验结果经过相似关系换算后可直接反映出原型中的实际地层沉降量。这种能够实现掘进全过程模拟的土压平衡式模型盾构机为深入研究盾构施工对地层及周围环境的影响提供新手段。     

温控非饱和土三轴试验装置的研制及其应用

高放核废物地质处置、地热资源开采与贮存以及城市地下供热管道设计等现代岩土工程的建设都需要考虑温度的影响，使得温度对天然非饱和土体基本性质影响的研究成为土力学的重要课题之一。为了研究非饱和土水力和力学性质受温度影响的规律，需要研制新的温控试验装置，以便为这种研究提供工具和手段。基于对既有非饱和土静三轴仪的改造，研制了一种温控非饱和土三轴试验装置，通过将所研制的温控压力室与非饱和土三轴试验系统的有机结合，实现了试验过程中对温度控制及量测的目的。利用该试验装置，对不同温度下非饱和土土水特征曲线进行了测定，所得结果与现有理论结果相吻合。     

Face failure in cobble-rich soil: Numerical and experimental approaches on 1 g EPB reduced scale model

Recent years have witnessed several accidents associated with tunnel face failure in cobble-rich soil in the city of Chengdu, China. Due to its lack of cohesion, cobble-rich soil can be easily disturbed by shield tunneling. Based on the general conditions of the Chengdu Metro Line 1 project, the mechanisms of face failure of tunnels in cobble-rich soil driven with earth pressure balance (EPB) machines are studied. Specifically, we present results of tests carried out using a laboratory reduced-scale model of EPB tunneling operations in cobble-rich soil. The failure kinematics and limit face pressures are presented and analyzed. Then a three-dimensional (3D) discrete-element method (DEM) model, which is able to simulate the main EPB excavation processes is employed to gain further insight into the mechanisms of face failure in cobble-rich soil. Comparisons of these results with the observations based on previous studies are discussed. The results reveal a fundamentally different tunnel-face failure mechanism in cobble-rich soil in contrast with that in clayey or sandy soils. It shows that the ground movement during face failure is sudden in cobble-rich soil, which is different from the progressive mechanism in frictional–cohesive materials. The observed sinkhole at surface takes the shape of an oval, and the failure zone behind tunnel face extends almost as far as that ahead of the face, which is different from the observations in previous studies. The failure zone is found to be wider than that of sandy soils in both the transverse and longitudinal directions.     

砂卵石地层土压力平衡盾构施工开挖面稳定及邻近建筑物影响模型试验研究

盾构技术在砂卵石地层中应用越来越多,砂卵石地层具有很强的不确定性特征,盾构施工的关键问题之一是保持开挖面稳定性及减小地面沉降。利用土压平衡盾构模型,研究北京砂卵石地层中不同埋深时邻近建筑物影响下的开挖面稳定性及地表沉降规律。试验中,分析柔性基础邻近建筑物及埋深对开挖面极限支护力和地表沉降的影响,揭示开挖面稳定性、土拱效应与极限支护力及地表沉降的关系。在邻近建筑物影响下,砂卵石地层中的支护压力呈非对称分布,且砂卵石地层中盾构推进引起的沉降值大于基于Peck公式的计算值,研究成果对砂卵石地层中盾构施工有重要的指导意义。