Health professions education: The shaping of a discipline through federal funding.

The federal government has been the single most dominant force shaping the development of health professions over the past 50 yrs. Described as both a patron and proprietor of health professions education, the federal government's role is a factor that health professionals cannot ignore. This article focuses on the 3 major federal initiatives (Veterans Administration training programs, Title VII of the Public Health Service Act, and Medicare's Graduate Medical Education) which have most significantly influenced the training in and development of the disciplines of psychology and medicine. The significance for psychology's involvement in national health policy, particularly during this era of reform, is highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AIDS-related service and research, evolving federal policy, and psychological practice.

The HIV epidemic has provided multiple examples of the interrelationship of behavior to disease and multiple examples where the caregiver or policy maker has attended to the behavior as well as the virus. It is argued that those who are aware of the behavioral nature of disease, and of HIV infection and AIDS in particular, need to document what they know and share it widely with others. The behavioral sciences have much to offer in this arena. The Republican "Contract with America," the evolving scope of practice in psychology, and the importance of psychology thinking as a health care profession are also discussed. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intergenerational transmission of violence, self-control, and conjugal violence: a comparative analysis of physical violence and psychological aggression

This paper is a sequel to Avakame (1998), a study which sought to determine whether (a) violence in families of origin affects males' psychological aggression toward wives, and (b) whether the intergenerational transmission effect is solely direct or mediated by Gottfredson and Hirschi's concept of self-control. The current research extends these questions to females' psychological aggression as well as males' and females' physical violence. The models were estimated using data from the 1975 National Family Violence Survey. Like its precursor, results of the present research suggest that it is useful to (a) distinguish between mothers' and fathers' violence and (b) recognize that the intergenerational transmission of violence may be mediated by self-control. Specifically, results suggested that, whether considering physical violence or psychological aggression, fathers' violence is most likely to exert the direct social learning effect.     

Disability and rehabilitation research: Opportunities for participation, collaboration, and extramural funding for psychologists.

The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) funds research and related activities that promote new knowledge that helps individuals with disabilities to perform regular activities in the community and increases the capacity of society to provide full opportunities and supports for individuals with disabilities. NIDRR achieves this goal by promoting interdisciplinary research and related activities. Psychologists play a key role in many of these activities and assist with improving understanding of disability and rehabilitation by participating in peer review of research proposals or by reviewing NIDRR's proposed research priorities. Psychologists also contribute by taking advantage of training and the many other opportunities for support outlined in this article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The federal role in research, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism.

Outlines the dimensions of the alcohol abuse problem in the US, federal legislation related to the treatment and prevention of alcohol and drug abuse, and priorities for future government involvement in research and treatment. It is argued that the government should play a greater role in the dissemination of research results; fund demonstration projects targeted at improving the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment; coordinate employee assistance programs in the workplace; and ensure that services are extended to currently underserved populations such as the elderly, minorities, and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Male violence against women: Current research and future directions.

This Psychology in the Public Forum section, authored by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Women in Psychology's Task Force on Male Violence Against Women and by Senator Joseph Biden, examines the prevalence, impact, and public policy dimensions of physical assault, sexual assault, and sexual harassment of women. This introduction reviews common themes that emerge from the articles that follow. It concludes by emphasizing that the problem of violence against women cannot be fully understood, let alone solved, by focusing exclusively on individual psychology. Only by changing the social and cultural institutions that have given rise to the problem can a lasting solution be achieved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Leveraging federal research and development for united states science and technology

Summary The United States continues to depend heavily on science and technology for ensuring its defense needs, promoting human welfare, and enhancing its economic competitiveness. I hope that my comments have helped to reinforce the point that we, as a nation, must do a better job of leveraging the federal investment in R & D. I have used examples in materials science and engineering to illustrate how this can be done, because materials science and engineering are crucial to our security and competitiveness, as pointed out in the National Research Council’s report. I also took the liberty of telling you about the broad diversity of the materials program at Los Alamos by picking my examples from Los Alamos’ work. In closing, I recognize fully that what I have discussed today is only part of what is required to maintain national security and enhance competitiveness. I believe that, first and foremost, we must get United States industry back into the lead. And the United States government must address the macroeconomic issues and deal with the crisis in education as well. But I also believe that Los Alamos can help in leveraging the federal R & D investment.     

Linking critical care nursing and genetics with research funding opportunities

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term (3-9 years) results of augmentation ileocystoplasty for non-neurogenic female urge incontinence in terms of continence, the need for intermittent self-catheterization and the need for additional or auxiliary treatment, to define the long-term complications and to assess the patients' satisfaction with the outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 51 women who underwent augmentation ileocystoplasty for non-neurogenic urge incontinence between November 1987 and December 1993; 27 patients had associated interstitial cystitis. All patients had exhausted conservative methods, with an unsatisfactory outcome. All patients were interviewed about the results of the procedure, and their charts reviewed and updated with relevant information. RESULTS: Within a mean (range) follow-up of 75.4 (36-109) months, 27 patients (53%) were completely continent, 13 (25%) had occasional leaks and nine (18%) continued to have disabling urge incontinence frequently requiring pads. Regular self-catheterization was needed by 20 (39%) patients while the rest emptied adequately with no or minimal residual volumes. Additional pharmacotherapy had to be used by 12 (24%) patients. Three patients later developed stress urinary incontinence and were managed with fascial sling procedures. The patch was revised in two patients and excised from four others because they had high residual volumes and uncontrollable infections. Two patients had an ileal conduit diversion for persistent incontinence. The most common complication was recurrent urinary tract infections, seen in 22 patients using intermittent self-catheterization. Mucus retention occurred regularly in 10 patients, six had chronic diarrhoea, four had latent bowel obstruction, one developed a bladder stone, one an incisional hernia and one developed patch necrosis and perforation. Twenty-seven patients (53%) were happy with the outcome of the procedure while 20 (39%) were not; four patients were unsure whether a change had occurred. CONCLUSION: Augmentation ileocystoplasty is a valuable alternative for women with intractable urge incontinence. However, these patients and their physicians should be aware of its limitations, specifically the possibility that incontinence may persist and the high probability of the need for self-catheterization, with potential subsequent urinary tract infection.     

Television and violence: Implications of the Surgeon General's research program.

Discusses the impact of televised violence on children's aggressive behavior in relation to results of a recent series of research reports prepared under the auspices of the of Federal General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. 3 major research questions are considered: the characteristics of TV program content; the characteristics the the audience; and the impact of televised violence on the viewer. The overall pattern of Committee results Although that viewing televised violence increased the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behavior. This finding was obtained professional both short- and long-term effects. A major direct of these findings is a need to reduce the level of violence portrayed on TV, coupled with a need to increase the quantity of prosocial programs available to young children. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Graduate training and research funding for clinical psychology in Canada: Review and recommendations.

Graduate training programs for clinical psychologists in Canada have almost uniformly developed around variations of one model - the scientist-practitioner. Training in this model, as it is exemplified in Canadian universities, may not result in appropriate preparation for the manpower needs of the future. Some alternate models are outlined in terms of possible changes in the role of the psychologist working in applied settings. Research and research funding problems in clinical psychology are inextricably related to the same problems for other areas of psychology, and the great need for more "bridging" research between the separate areas of psychology is emphasized. Recommendations on research funding policies are proposed in respect to the research needs of psychology and to the research needs of the community at large. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community violence: causes, prevention, and intervention

Hypercoagulability states are caused by a disturbance of blood rheology due to the presence or pathological absence of a clotting factor. These abnormalities of haemostasis are essentially studied in the context of venous thrombosis. Over the years, in parallel with the progress in therapeutics, new laboratory abnormalities have been discovered and other, previously described, factors have been recently correlated with thrombotic phenomena. Based on a review of the literature, the authors describe the pathogenic role and the place of these various laboratory abnormalities in thromboembolic disease.     

Power and violence: The relation between communication patterns, power discrepancies, and domestic violence.

Hypothesized that power discrepancies in the marital relationship, where the husband is subordinate, serve as risk factors for husband-to-wife violence. The construct of marital power was assessed from 3 power domains operationalized by discrepancies in economic status, decision-making power, communication patterns, and communication skill. Three groups of married couples (N?=?95) were compared: domestically violent (DV), maritally distressed/nonviolent, and maritally happy/nonviolent. DV couples were more likely than the 2 nonviolent groups to engage in husband-demand/wife-withdraw interactions. Within the DV group, husbands who had less power were more physically abusive toward their wives. Thus, violence may be compensatory behavior to make up for husbands' lack of power in other arenas of marriage. Difficulties in assessing marital power and future direction for the study of power and violence are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Workplace violence: Prevention, response, and recovery.

Describes a model of collaboration between business leaders and mental health clinicians in developing programs and strategies to prevent violence, handle acute crises, and cope with recovery and rebuilding in the aftermath of a workplace violence incident. Sections address the following: (1) demographics, costs, and risk factors and warning signs of workplace violence; (2) workplace violence prevention policies, including hiring, discipline, and termination practices; (3) responses to emergencies, such as potentially dangerous situations, violent episodes, and guns or weapons in the workplace; and (4) strategies for recovery following workplace violence that involve mental health and law enforcement mobilization, dealing with the media, assisting employees and families, legal issues, identification and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and follow-up procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Domestic violence: legal, practice, and educational issues

Domestic violence is a recognized and growing public health concern in the United States. Health care professionals have a duty to improve the identification of victims of domestic violence, intervene effectively, and advocate for better education to break the cycle of abuse.