Time slot allocation in CDMA/TDD systems for mobile multimediaservices

An important issue in wireless multimedia communications is to cope with the traffic asymmetry between uplink and downlink. The asymmetrical slot allocation in the code division multiple-access systems with time-division duplex mode (CDMA/TDD systems) can be a good solution for this problem. However, the level of traffic asymmetry can be significantly different from cell to cell. In this letter, we calculate the utilization of a CDMA/TDD system for the multicell model. In addition, we suggest an optimal slot allocation that maximizes the frequency utilization     

A framework for investigating radio resource management algorithms in TD-SCDMA systems

TDD-CDMA, globally recognized as the basis for Chinese 3G, is designed for symmetrical and asymmetrical 3G mobile services. As a time-division duplexing system, TD-SCDMA works in unpaired frequency allocations, supporting the flexible allocation of uplink/downlink slots in one carrier, and adapting to the different system loads between uplink and downlink. Dynamic time slot allocations make it more spectrally efficient than paired uplink/downlink carriers. Consequently, TD-SCDMA can make full use of the radio spectrum through optimal adaptive radio resource allocation. In order to support peak rates of 5 Mb/s or higher, the TD-SCDMA standard is enhanced via high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) mode. In this article the properties and strategies of radio resource management (RRM) are introduced, and the differences in admission control, power control, handover, load control, dynamic channel allocation, and adaptive HSDPA techniques between TDD-CDMA and the conventional FDD-CDMA system are analyzed. Some advanced strategies and architectures for TDD-CDMA RRM algorithms are presented. Since uplink multi-user detection (MUD) and smart antenna (SA) techniques are adopted in TD-SCDMA, the RRM algorithms based on MUD and SA are investigated further. In addition, these advanced RRM algorithms are characterized by an OPNET-based dynamical system-level simulator.     

CDMA/TDD system for wireless multimedia services with trafficunbalance between uplink and downlink

This paper proposes a code division multiple access (CDMA) time division duplex (TDD) system for wireless multimedia services with traffic unbalance between uplink and downlink. In the proposed system, the number of uplink time slots in a TDD frame differs from that of downlink. Moreover, the difference can be reset by the network operator according to the traffic pattern. We evaluate the performance of the proposed system under multimedia environment using Markov analysis and computer simulation. The results show that the frequency utilization is maximized even when the uplink and downlink traffic volumes are unbalanced. This, in turn, reduces drastically the blocking rate of multimedia calls (connections) in the proposed system compared with that in the traditional CDMA systems where the uplink and downlink use equal bandwidth     

Suppressing opposite-direction interference in TDD/CDMA systems with asymmetric traffic by antenna beamforming

One of the key advantages for the time-division duplex (TDD) system is the capability to deliver asymmetric traffic services by allocating different numbers of uplink and downlink time slots. However, in a TDD/code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system, asymmetric traffic may result in severe opposite-direction interference because downlink transmitted signals from neighboring base stations may interfere with the uplink received signals of the home cell. In this paper, we investigate the effect of four-antenna beamforming schemes from the perspective of suppressing the opposite-direction interference. We compare the uplink bit energy-to-interference density ratio of a traditional beam-steering technique (Scheme I) with that of the minimum-variance distortionless-response (MVDR) beamformer (Scheme II). Furthermore, Scheme III applies the conventional beam-steering technique for both downlink transmissions and the uplink reception. In Scheme IV, we implement beam-steering for downlink transmissions, while adopting the MVDR beamformer to process the uplink signals received at base stations. Our numerical results indicate that Scheme IV outperforms all the other three schemes, which can effectively suppress the strong opposite-direction interference in TDD/CDMA systems. While keeping low implementation costs in mind, employing the simpler Scheme III in a sectorized cellular system can also allow every cell to provide different rates of asymmetric traffic services.     

TDD-CDMA系统中一种新的多用户干扰抑制方案

传统的多用户处理是在上行进行的,本文提出了应用于TDD-CDMA系统中下行方向的一种多用户处理方案.在TDD-CDMA系统中,可以利用上行信道参数对下行信道参数做出估计.本文提出了一种实时利用信道参数来降低CDMA中的多用户干扰的方法.在该方案中,其多用户处理的基本思路是通过优化系统的多用户扩频码字和解扩码字来降低多用户干扰.为了达到最大的信干比,本文提出了系统扩频码选择的优化准则,它能够充分利用信道的特性.本文根据一定的迭代算法给出优化问题的解.数值分析结果表明,采用上述方案的CDMA系统相对于采用Gold码的系统能够极大地降低多用户干扰,提高信干比.     

海面的红外被动成像

本文在研究海面的红外成像特性中,建立了基于刚体的双尺度成像模型,从被动成像方面讨论了海面辐射特性的变化规律.该模型仿真结果很好地说明了风向对海面红外被动成像特性的影响.     

Potentials of smart antennas in CDMA systems and uplinkimprovements

An overview of the application of smart antennas in DS-CDMA systems, including IS-95 and IS-2000, is presented. Since CDMA systems are interference-limited, adaptive antenna arrays have great potential for improving the performance of such systems in terms of capacity, coverage, and quality of service, In this paper, we study the multiple-access interference that affects a CDMA system, and we describe how smart antennas can be implemented in an IS-2000-based mobile communications system. When smart antennas are used at the base station to transmit in narrow beams, the interference on the downlink is reduced, and C/I is improved. This, in turn, increases the system capacity on the downlink or, alternatively, the quality of service is improved. Such gains will prove very beneficial for asymmetric high-speed data applications, requiring much higher bit rates on the downlink than on the uplink. By reducing the base-station receiver's sensitivity, smart antennas can boost the capacity of the reverse link. Results are presented that outline how this reduction can be employed by the system designer on the uplink to increase capacity, reduce the mobile transmit power, or effect a tradeoff between capacity improvement and coverage or range extension under different system-loading scenarios     

Comparison of time slot allocation strategies for CDMA/TDD systems

The traffic (load) asymmetry between uplink and downlink is a remarkable traffic characteristic in cellular mobile multimedia communications. The code division multiple access system with time division duplex mode (CDMA/TDD system), adopting unbalanced slot allocation between uplink and downlink, is a good solution for this traffic asymmetry. However, the level of traffic asymmetry may be significantly different from cell to cell. In this paper, we investigate a slot allocation strategy (DA strategy), by which each cell has its own slot allocation according to the level of traffic asymmetry. We compute the system capacity with DA strategy and find out the optimal slot allocation for the system. We also compare the maximum capacity to that with another strategy (SA strategy), by which all cells have the same slot allocation. As a result, this paper shows that the system with DA strategy outperforms the system with SA strategy in the aspect of capacity     

上下行信道不对称性对TDD-MIMO系统的影响

时分双工和多输入多输出技术均是超三代移动通信中的关键技术。在传统的关于时分双工的文献中,发送端信道状态信息均通过上下行信道的对称性获得。然而实际中由于受温度、湿度等影响,射频电路增益会缓慢变化,于是关于上下行信道对称的假设不再成立,这必定会对性能产生影响。本文详细分析了该影响并提出通过采用射频电路参数反馈法来解决这一问题。仿真结果表明,相对于传统的上行信道重用法,采用射频参数反馈法提高了系统信道容量。     

TDD-CDMA系统中支持非对称业务的动态信道分配算法研究

在TDDCDMA系统中由于对上下行不对称业务的需求,使得不同小区间的上下行切换点不同,因此会产生严重的小区间干扰(基站和基站间干扰),需要使用动态信道分配算法(DCA)。该文提出了一种新算法(基于路径损耗的抗基站间干扰DCA),它通过路径损耗进行资源预留,同时通过尽量避免基站问的相互干扰机制来最大化提高系统容量。仿真结果表明提出的DCA能够显著改善非对称业务下系统的性能。     

Interference management and performance analysis of UMTS/HSPA+ femtocells - [femtocell wireless communications]

Femtocells are low-power cellular base stations that operate in licensed spectrum. They are typically deployed indoors to improve coverage and provide excellent user experience, including high data rates. Cellular operators benefit from reduced infrastructure and operational expenses for capacity upgrades and coverage improvements. Femtocells also bring unique challenges, such as unplanned deployment, user installation, restricted access, and interoperability with existing handsets and network infrastructure. Although femtocells may cause some interference to other users in the network, with the use of proper interference management techniques, this can be well controlled. We present interference management techniques for both downlink and uplink of femtocells operating based on 3GPP Release 7 standards (also known as HSPA+). Femtocell carrier selection and femtocell DL Tx power self-calibration are proposed as key interference management methods for downlink. For uplink interference management, adaptive attenuation at the femtocell and limiting the Tx power of the femtocell users are proposed. Different interference models and their analysis are presented. In addition, coverage performance and capacity results are presented to quantify the benefits of femtocells. We demonstrate that in addition to coverage enhancements, significant capacity improvements are achieved on both downlink and uplink when femtocells are deployed in 3G UMTS/HSPA+ networks.     

Multiuser MIMO OFDM Based TDD/TDMA for Next Generation Wireless Communication Systems

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology in combination with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) is an attractive air-interface solution for next-generation wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs), and fourth-generation mobile cellular wireless systems. In this paper, one multiuser MIMO OFDM systems with TDD/TDMA was proposed for next-generation wireless mobile communications, i.e., TDD/TDMA 4G, which can avoid or alleviate the specific limitations of existing techniques designed for multiuser MIMO OFDM systems in broadband wireless mobile channel scenarios, i.e., bad performance and extreme complexity of multiuser detectors for rank-deficient multiuser MIMO OFDM systems with CDMA as access modes, extreme challenges of spatial MIMO channel estimators in rank-deficient MIMO OFDM systems, and exponential growth complexity of optimal sub-carrier allocations for OFDMA-based MIMO OFDM systems. Furthermore, inspired from the Steiner channel estimation method in multi-user CDMA uplink wireless channels, we proposed a new design scheme of training sequence in time domain to conduct channel estimation. Training sequences of different transmit antennas can be simply obtained by truncating the circular extension of one basic training sequence, and the pilot matrix assembled by these training sequences is one circular matrix with good reversibility. A novel eigenmode transmission was also given in this paper, and data symbols encoded by space–time codes can be steered to these eigenmodes similar to MIMO wireless communication systems with single-carrier transmission. At the same time,, an improved water-filling scheme was also described for determining the optimal transmit powers for orthogonal eigenmodes. The classical water-filling strategy is firstly adopted to determine the optimal power allocation and correspondent bit numbers for every eigenmode, followed by a residual power reallocation to further determine the additional bit numbers carried by every eigenmode. Compared with classical water-filling schemes, it can also obtain larger throughputs via residual power allocation. At last, three typical implementation schemes of multiuser MIMO OFDM with TDMA, CDMA and OFDMA, i.e., TDD/TDMA 4G, VSF-OFCDM and FuTURE B3G TDD, were tested by numerical simulations. Results indicated that the proposed multiuser MIMO OFDM system schemes with TDD/TDMA, i.e., TDD/TDMA 4G, can achieve comparable system performance and throughputs with low complexity and radio resource overhead to that of DoCoMo MIMO VSF-OFCDM and FuTURE B3G TDD.     

A multicarrier CDMA architecture based on orthogonal complementarycodes for new generations of wideband wireless communications

This article is a review of our ongoing research effort to construct a new multicarrier CDMA architecture based on orthogonal complete complementary codes, characterized by its innovative spreading modulation scheme, uplink and downlink signaling design, and digital receiver implementation for multipath signal detection. There are several advantages of the proposed CDMA architecture compared to conventional CDMA systems pertinent to current 2G and 3G standards. First of all, it can achieve a spreading efficiency (SE) very close to one (the SE is defined as the amount of information bit(s) conveyed by each chip); whereas SEs of conventional CDMA systems equal 1/N, where N denotes the length of spreading codes. Second, it offers MAI-free operation in both upand downlink transmissions in an MAI-AWGN channel, which can significantly reduce the co-channel interference responsible for capacity decline of a CDMA system. Third, the proposed CDMA architecture is able to offer a high bandwidth efficiency due to the use of its unique spreading modulation scheme and orthogonal carriers. Lastly, the proposed CDMA architecture is particularly suited to multirate signal transmission due to the use of an offset stacked spreading modulation scheme, which simplifies the rate-matching algorithm relevant to multimedia services and facilitates asymmetric traffic in up- and downlink transmissions for IP-based applications. Based on the above characteristics and the obtained results, it is concluded that the proposed CDMA architecture has a great potential for applications in future wideband mobile communications beyond 3G, which is expected to offer a very high data rate in hostile mobile channels     

5G无线网上行覆盖增强技术探讨

5G NR主流频段为3.5GHz(C-band),下行覆盖能力与4G LTE相当,但上行受终端天线数量和发射功率限制,覆盖能力有限,上下行覆盖严重不平衡。在阐述5G NR网络总体架构的基础上,详细分析了双连接(DC)、上下行解耦(SUL)、超级上行(Super UL)、下行载波聚合(DL CA)和上行载波聚合(UL CA)等上行覆盖增强技术的原理及特点,对比总结了各技术的优势与不足,并对上行覆盖增强技术的应用进行了展望。     

A time-orthogonal CDMA high-speed uplink data transmission scheme for 3G and beyond

In 3G systems, the achievable data rates and capacity on the uplink are much smaller than the downlink data rates and capacity due to the nonorthogonal nature of the CDMA uplink. In this article, we present a new time-orthogonal CDMA approach called high-speed uplink data burst transmission mode. The concept is based on slot-synchronized slot-orthogonal transmissions whereby high-speed data transmissions take place in slots orthogonal to the slots used for physical layer control signaling and low-data-rate transmission such as resource requests. Using this approach, very high data rates and capacity are achieved during data burst transmission because of the availability of high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, resulting from the orthogonal nature of the transmissions. Simulation results show that the uplink spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme is approximately four times better than that achieved with the existing 3G systems     

Optimum Joint Transmission (JT) Scheme in TD-SCDMA Downlink

1　Introduction　TD CDMAhasbeenselectedby 3GPPastheairin terfacestandardfortheTimeDivisionDuplexing(TDD)modeofthe 3GsystemInternationalMobileTelecommunications 2 0 0 0 (IMT 2 0 0 0 ) [1] .AlsotheChinese 3GairinterfaceTD SCDMAreliesontimeslot tedCDMAandTDDandiscloselyrelatedtoTD CD MA .TD SCDMAhasbeendecidedasthestandardforTDDmodeofthe 3rdGenerationmobileradiosystembyITU ,itisaimportantbreakthroughinacenturycom municationhistoryofChina .　InFDDmode ,Itneedawideenoughint…     

Design and implementation of a simple and efficient medium accesscontrol for high-speed wireless local area networks

This paper deals with the medium access control (MAC) subsystem which has been implemented in the MEDIAN project (wireless broadband LANs for professional and residential multimedia applications) belonging to the European Union's (EU's) advanced communications technologies and services (ACTS) program. The proposed MAC aims at providing a low complexity and efficient transport for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells from a base station (BS), interfaced with an ATM local exchange (LEX), to ATM portable stations (PSs) and vice versa. A time division duplex (TDD) scheme is adopted in which uplink and downlink frame durations can be varied frame-by-frame, in order to fit the present uplink/downlink traffic mix. Moreover, in the uplink, a contention-free based technique is considered in which the slots are assigned to the calls depending on the present load of the PS uplink buffers     

Frame Structures for Massive MIMO Communications Under Channel Aging

We study the problem of optimizing the frame structure of a massive MIMO system under channel aging. We argue that the conventional TDD frame structure with lumped training is suboptimal under rapidly aging channels. We, therefore discuss a generalized frame structure allowing for the training of a fraction of the total number of users, with the conventional lumped and interspersed training frames as its special cases. We then derive the achievable uplink and downlink rates for this system, incorporating the cost for switching from uplink to downlink and vice versa. The analysis, and the subsequent numerical results clearly bring out the dependence of the rates achievable in a massive MIMO system on the choice of the frame structure.

     

3G主流标准小区用户最大容量研究

文章根据CDMA系统多用户干扰产生原理导出小区上下行链路用户速率为Rb时的最大用户数公式,据此公式可求出WCDMA、cdma2000和TD-SCDMA标准能提供的小区上下行链路最大用户数,接着导出小区上下行链路可以提供的最大速率Rbmax。文章结果证明只有采用TDMA方式的cdma20001xEV-DO或EDGE方式才能提供合理的高速无线接入Rb。     

TDD场景下小基站蜂窝网络上下行交叉干扰建模及性能分析

针对小基站网络立体分布特性,提出了一种TDD制式下小基站蜂窝网络三维随机几何模型并进行了性能分析。首先,本文根据3-D PPP模型下小基站的空间分布特性推导了TDD制式下小基站网络上下行覆盖概率的数学表达式。接下来,基于覆盖概率的表达式和网络频谱效率的定义,分别推导了上下行交叉干扰场景下,小基站网络上下行频谱效率的一般表达式。仿真结果在验证了本文模型的合理性的同时还说明,随着下行小区占比和功率控制因子的增大,网络的频谱效率都呈下降趋势。除此之外,室内环境也会对网络的覆盖性能产生影响。