低抖动的480 MHz CMOS电荷泵式锁相环

本文设计了一款用于USB2.0时钟发生作用的低抖动、低功耗电荷泵式锁相环电路。其电路结构包含鉴频/鉴相器、电荷泵、环路滤波器、压控振荡器和分频器。电路设计是基于CSM0.18μmCMOS工艺,经HSPICE仿真表明,锁相环输出480MHz时钟的峰峰值抖动仅为5.01ps,功耗仅为8.3mW。     

2.4GHz频率综合器中低杂散锁相环的设计

在带电荷泵的锁相环频率综合器中,设计低杂散锁相环的关键是减少鉴频鉴相器和电荷泵的非理想特性以及提高压控振荡器的性能.采用TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种改进型锁相环电路.仿真结果显示,在1.8V基准电压供电时,电荷泵电流在0.3～1.6V电压范围内匹配度小于1μA,电流失配率小于0.2％,压控振荡器在中心频率2.4 GHz频偏1 MHz时的相位噪声为-124.3 dBc/Hz@1 MHz,环路参考杂散降为-60 dBm.     

一种基于55nmCMOS工艺，输出频率0.1G-1.5G Hz的低抖动锁相环

本文设计了一种0.1G-1.5GHz,3.07pS RMS 抖动的多相位输出锁相环。通过引入双路径电荷泵,极大的减小了锁相环中的低通滤波器的尺寸。基于指定的功耗约束,提出了一种新颖的压控振荡器、电荷泵与鉴频鉴相器的尺寸优化方法,使用该方法,每个模块输出相位噪声减小了约3-6dBc/Hz。该锁相环在55nm的工艺下流片,集成了16pF的MOM电容,占用面积仅为0.05平方毫米。输出1.5GHz信号时,功耗2.8mW,相位噪声为-102dBc/Hz@1MHz。     

用于高能物理实验电子读出芯片的低噪声锁相环芯片设计

基于TSMC 180 nm工艺设计并流片测试了一款用于高能物理实验的电子读出系统的低噪声、低功耗锁相环芯片。该芯片主要由鉴频鉴相器、电荷泵、环路滤波器、压控振荡器和分频器等子模块组成,在锁相环电荷泵模块中,使用共源共栅电流镜结构精准镜像电流以减小电流失配和用运放钳位电压进一步减小相位噪声。测试结果表明,该锁相环芯片在1.8 V电源电压、输入50 MHz参考时钟条件下,可稳定输出200 MHz的差分时钟信号,时钟均方根抖动为2.26 ps(0.45 mUI),相位噪声在1 MHz频偏处为-105.83 dBc/Hz。芯片整体功耗实测为23.4 mW,锁相环核心功耗为2.02 mW。     

低频率电荷泵锁相环设计

设计一款音频范围内的电荷泵锁相环,采用动态D触发器鉴频鉴相器及电流舵差分输入电荷泵。压控振荡器采用了对电容充放电的形式产生震荡波形,实现低频输出。采用HHNEC BCD035工艺并用Cadence软件实现仿真,实现250 kHz频率锁定,锁定时间为80μs,锁定时相位差为75 ns且压控振荡器控制电压纹波为5 mV。     

一款低抖动宽调节范围锁相环频率合成器的设计

提出了一种基于SMIC公司0.18μm工艺、输出频率范围为1 GHz～3 GHz的低抖动电荷泵锁相环频率合成器设计方法.该设计方法采用一种新型自动调节复位脉冲的鉴频鉴相器结构,可以根据压控振荡器反馈频率自动调节不同的脉冲宽度,用以适应不同的输出时钟.仿真结果显示该器件能够有效降低锁相环频率合成器的抖动,其最大峰-峰值抖动为20.337 ps,锁定时间为0.8μs,功耗为19.8 mW.     

一种应用于SOC时钟的锁相环设计

设计实现了一种应用于SOC的锁相环(PLL)时钟电路。提出了一种环形压控振荡器(VCO)压控增益的线性化补偿技术,通过AMOS和PMOS并联的方式构成可变电容,该锁相环采用了三级环形压控振荡器,测试结果显示VCO压控增益(KVCO)在183~284 MHz/V之间,与采用单独AMOS作为负载的环形振荡器相比,KVCO变化量下降了82%,降低了VCO的非线性。同时该锁相环通过降低鉴频鉴相器比较频率,增加环路分频比,提高振荡器的输出频率和降低电荷泵电流等方式,以降低锁相环环路滤波电容的面积。本PLL采用SMIC 55nm CMOS工艺实现,整体面积约为0.048mm~2,电源电压为1.2V,功耗1.2mW。芯片相位噪声测试结果显示,在输出100MHz时,均方根(rms)抖动为293ps(1kHz~10 MHz积分),相位噪声为-95dBc/Hz@1MHz。     

宽范围快锁定CMOS电荷泵锁相环的设计

通过研究分析电荷泵锁相环的电路结构,给出了一种应用于超高速ADC的电荷泵锁相环的设计方法。该方法采用动态PFD（鉴频鉴相器）结构和CSA（Current Steer Amplifier）构架的压控振荡器（VCO）结构。在基于3．3V、0．35μm标准工艺在Cadence环境下的仿真结果表明,其VCO的输出频率范围为35MHz～1．3GHz,电荷泵锁相环的功耗为32．68mw,锁定时间仅为2．2μs。     

一种10GHz 0.13µm CMOS 低杂散低抖动锁相环

介绍了一种10 GHz低杂散、低抖动锁相环电路。利用改进的压控振荡器和具有较小延迟复位时间动态鉴频鉴相器有效降低锁相环相位噪声,同时讨论了高频分频器噪声以及电荷泵电流失配的优化方法。电路采用中芯国际0.13µm 1.2V射频CMOS工艺实现。测量结果表明,锁相环RMS抖动为757 fs (1KHz到10MHz); 在10 kHz、1 MHz频偏处的相位噪声分别为-89与-118.1dBc/Hz;参考频率杂散低于-77dBc。芯片面积0.32 mm2,功耗30.6mW。     

基于电感电容振荡器的电荷泵锁相环的设计

设计并实现了一种采用电感电容振荡器的电荷泵锁相环,分析了锁相环中鉴频/鉴相器(PFD)、电荷泵(CP)、环路滤波器(LP)、电感电容压控振荡器(VCO)的电路结构和设计考虑。锁相环芯片采用0.13μm MS&RF CMOS工艺制造。测试结果表明,锁相环锁定的频率为5.6～6.9 GHz。在6.25 GHz时,参考杂散为-51.57 dBc;1 MHz频偏处相位噪声为-98.35 dBc/Hz;10 MHz频偏处相位噪声为-120.3 dBc/Hz;在1.2 V/3.3 V电源电压下,锁相环的功耗为51.6 mW。芯片总面积为1.334 mm2。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks