外源锌浸种处理对绿豆芽生长和营养品质的影响

为开发一种富锌食品,采用不同浓度硫酸锌(0²00 mg Zn²⁺/L)溶液浸泡绿豆种子8 h并水培96 h后,研究外源锌浸种对绿豆芽生长指标、主要营养成分、植酸及锌积累的影响。结果显示:25⁷5 mg Zn²⁺/L锌溶液浸种可以提高绿豆芽下胚轴长、根长、生物产量和主要营养成分的含量,其中以50 mg Zn²⁺/L最显著,该浓度锌溶液浸种后培育的绿豆芽中游离氨基酸总量、维生素C、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的含量分别达到8.96 mg/g、23.76 mg/100 g、56.82 mg/g、6.62 mg/g;在实验考察的浓度范围内,绿豆芽中锌含量增加了90.9%⁶17.0%;萌发和外源锌浸种分别使植酸含量降低了61.5%和62.0%,但两组间无显著差异（p>0.05）。本研究表明,适当浓度的外源锌(<75 mg Zn²⁺/L)浸种处理对绿豆的萌发和生长是有利的,不仅能增加微量元素锌的营养价值,同时又能提高绿豆芽的营养品质。      

Atmospheric-pressure plasma treated water for seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean and its sterilization effect on mung bean sprouts

Plasma treated water (PTW), produced by atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment of water, usually contains various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different types of PTW on seed germination, seedling growth and microbial sterilization during the germinated mung bean processing. Results showed that air-PTW possessed outstanding abilities in improving seed germination and seedling growth with a germination index of 95.50% and a vigor index of 1146.64, and in microbial decontamination. The physicochemical properties of the PTW were analyzed to better understand the PTW stressed germination. Some physiological parameters like the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and phytohormone (indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA)) during germination were also evaluated. This study suggested that air-PTW treatment could indeed provide a green and effective mean of stimulating seed germination and plant growth, and thus accelerate the growth cycle.Industrial relevanceIncreasing the production of food by using both economical and environmentally friendly means has been deemed as an urgent matter to sustain the food demand of rapidly growing world population. The results of this study suggest that PTW presents a great opportunity to address this need by increasing seedling growth and viability. PTW treatment is an environment-friendly and low-cost mean of stimulating seed germination and plant growth, which possesses the potential of scale up or industrial applications in relevant fields.     

电生功能水对绿豆芽生长促进效果的研究

为了降低豆芽表面的微生物数量,延长其货架期,使用电生功能水代替普通自来水进行豆芽的生产,研究发现,电生功能水在降低豆芽表面微生物数量的同时,对豆芽的生长也具有一定的促进作用。实验证明,经微酸性电解水生产出的豆芽胚轴长和胚根长可分别高出自来水对照20.51%和8.80%。因而将电生功能水应用于豆芽的生产具有广阔的市场前景。     

Impact of plasma-activated water washing on the microbial inactivation,color, and electrolyte leakage of alfalfa sprouts,broccoli sprouts,and clover sprouts

This study investigated plasma-activated water (PAW) as a sanitizer for the washing of sprouts. Alfalfa sprouts, broccoli sprouts, and clover sprouts were washed with PAW, chlorine (Cl, 200 ppm), or deionized water. The inactivation of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and inoculated Escherichia coli DH5α was evaluated. The quality of sprouts was assessed based on visual color change (ΔE) and plant tissue damage (measured by electrolyte leakage). Significant reductions of 1–2 log CFU/g in aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were achieved by PAW and Cl on clover sprouts and alfalfa sprouts. Reductions of E. coli ranging between 1.4 ± 0.4 log CFU/g and 3.5 ± 0.9 log CFU/g were achieved by PAW on the sprouts (original counts: 6.4 to 8.1 CFU/g), which were comparable to Cl except for the case of alfalfa sprouts where Cl achieved the highest inactivation. No significant quality difference in terms of visual color change or electrolyte leakage was observed in sprouts washed by PAW and Cl.     

机械活化处理对绿豆淀粉理化性质的影响

为探究球磨机械活化处理对绿豆淀粉理化性质的影响,对机械活化后绿豆淀粉的颗粒形貌和粒度分布进行观察,并进一步对其热力学性质、糊化性质、溶解度、膨胀度、持水能力和冻融稳定性等理化性质进行测定。结果表明,淀粉颗粒形貌发生了改变,表面变得粗糙不光滑,形状不规则,淀粉颗粒粒度分布范围为2～200 μm,70%以上分布在20～75 μm区间,粒度中位径增大到43.09 μm,热焓值降低至2.32 J/g,糊化温度显著降低,衰减值及回生值分别为原淀粉的1/30和1/31,微细化绿豆淀粉具有较好的热糊和冷糊稳定性,溶解度和膨胀度随着温度的升高而增大,持水能力和冻融稳定性为原淀粉的3.2倍和2.0倍。     

气流超微粉碎对绿豆芽物理特性与抗氧化活性的影响

以经干燥处理后的绿豆芽为原料,比较经气流超微粉碎处理后绿豆芽多酚提取量、抗氧化活性及物理特性的变化。结果表明:气流超微粉碎的最佳条件为压力0.5MPa,转速5 000r/min。与常规粉碎相比,绿豆芽多酚提取量提高了10.74%,除DPPH自由基清除能力下降外,绿豆芽多酚对ABTS+自由基及羟自由基的清除能力分别提高了2.8%,13.2%;水含量、水活度、粒径大小明显减小,比表面积、溶解度及堆积密度均有提高,表明气流超微粉碎在一定程度上提高了绿豆芽粉的有效利用率。     

Hygienic status and biogenic amine content of mung bean sprouts

 Microbiological analyses of commercial mung bean sprouts showed the total, viable microbiological population to exceed 10⁸ cfu/g. Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans were found to be the dominant and most frequently isolated microbial species. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in all samples investigated. Formation of biogenic amines by pure culture isolates was studied in a modified decarboxylase medium at different temperatures, pH values and atmospheres. Highest activities were found under aerobic conditions at 20  °C. K. pneumoniae 861 produced 1.2 mg cadaverine/ml after an incubation period of 24 h and E. cloacae 862 produced 2 mg putrescine/ml after 48 h of incubation. For E. agglomerans 863, no biogenic amines were detected under these conditions. Production of cadaverine by E. cloacae 862 and K. pneumoniae 861 under aerobic conditions is presumably related to lysine decarboxylase activities. Although highest decarboxylase activities have usually been found at acidic pH values, amine production reached a maximum at pH 7. Under anaerobic conditions, E. cloacae 862 produced only about half the amount of putrescine as under aerobic conditions, whilst K. pneumoniae 861 produced significantly less cadaverine but was able to produce putrescine. Received: 10 October 1997 / Revised version: 21 January 1998     

Hygienic status and biogenic amine content of mung bean sprouts

 Microbiological analyses of commercial mung bean sprouts showed the total, viable microbiological population to exceed 10⁸ cfu/g. Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans were found to be the dominant and most frequently isolated microbial species. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were detected in all samples investigated. Formation of biogenic amines by pure culture isolates was studied in a modified decarboxylase medium at different temperatures, pH values and atmospheres. Highest activities were found under aerobic conditions at 20  °C. K. pneumoniae 861 produced 1.2 mg cadaverine/ml after an incubation period of 24 h and E. cloacae 862 produced 2 mg putrescine/ml after 48 h of incubation. For E. agglomerans 863, no biogenic amines were detected under these conditions. Production of cadaverine by E. cloacae 862 and K. pneumoniae 861 under aerobic conditions is presumably related to lysine decarboxylase activities. Although highest decarboxylase activities have usually been found at acidic pH values, amine production reached a maximum at pH 7. Under anaerobic conditions, E. cloacae 862 produced only about half the amount of putrescine as under aerobic conditions, whilst K. pneumoniae 861 produced significantly less cadaverine but was able to produce putrescine. Received: 10 October 1997 / Revised version: 21 January 1998     

Effects of plasma-activated water on microbial growth and storage quality of fresh-cut apple

Fresh-cut ‘Fuji’ apples were immersed for 5 min in plasma-activated water (PAW) generated, by plasma generated with sinusoidal voltages at 7.0 kHz with amplitudes of 6 kV, 8 kV, and 10 kV, designated PAW-6, PAW-8, and PAW-10, respectively. The control group was soaked in distilled water for 5 min instead of PAW. The results indicated that the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts was inhibited by PAW treatments during storage at 4 ± 1 °C, especially the microbial inactivation with PAW-8, which was the most efficient. PAW-8 reduced the microbial counts by 1.05 log₁₀CFU g⁻¹, 0.64 log₁₀CFU g⁻¹, 1.04 log₁₀CFU g⁻¹ and 0.86 log₁₀CFU g⁻¹ for aerobic bacteria (aerobic plate counts), molds, yeasts and coliforms on day 12, respectively. In addition, the bacterial counts of fresh-cut apples treated with PAW were <5 log₁₀CFU g⁻¹, which did not exceed to the existing China Shanghai local standard (DB 31/2012–2013) during 12 days of storage. PAW treatments reduced superficial browning of fresh-cut apples without affecting their firmness and titratable acidity. In addition, no significant change was observed in antioxidant content and radical scavenging activity between the PAW-treated and control groups. It is suggested that PAW is a promising method for preservation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, which is usually beneficial to the quality maintenance of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables during storage.     

不同方式处理的绿豆对面包品质的影响

本文研究了煮制、微波和超高压三种方式处理的绿豆对绿豆面包品质的影响。试验结果表明,粒径为80目和100目的绿豆制备的绿豆面包在主观可接受性和客观质构特性方面均明显优于60目绿豆面包,并且80目和100目绿豆面包的品质之间差异不显著。不同方式处理的绿豆部分替代小麦粉制备的绿豆面包在品质上存在较大差异,其中超高压处理的绿豆显著改善了绿豆面包的品质。与对照组相比,绿豆经超高压处理后,绿豆面包的感官品质显著提高,并且面包的比容、弹性、内聚性和回复性等质构指标均增大,而硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性有明显减小。经煮制和微波处理的绿豆制备的绿豆面包在总体的可接受性上均有提高,而在硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性等质构特性指标上,微波处理绿豆制备的绿豆面包品质有更明显的改善。因此,相比于煮制处理,微波法处理绿豆对绿豆面包品质的改善效果更佳。试验结果表明,绿豆经超高压处理后过80目筛可以有效改善面包因添加绿豆而产生的感官和质构方面的问题,提高绿豆面包的品质。     

球磨研磨对绿豆淀粉颗粒结构及性质的影响

为探究球磨研磨对绿豆淀粉颗粒结构及性质的影响,采用扫描电镜、偏关显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪等分析手段对研磨处理后绿豆淀粉的结构进行表征,确定淀粉颗粒形貌、双折射现象、晶体结构及分子特征的变化,并进一步对淀粉溶解度、膨胀度、持水能力及冻融稳定性等理化指标进行测定。结果表明,淀粉颗粒形貌变得粗糙不光滑,出现裂痕、缝隙、凹陷等形貌状态,淀粉颗粒粒度变大,颗粒大小不均一,形状极不规则,多呈扁平状,偏光十字消失;淀粉颗粒结晶结构被破坏,由多晶态向无定形态转变,呈现非晶化状态;粉碎过程淀粉无新的基团产生,淀粉颗粒由有序结构向无序化结构转变。微细化绿豆淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度随着温度的升高而增大,持水能力为原淀粉的3.2倍,且具有良好的冻融稳定性。     

绿豆抗氧化肽的制备及理化特性分析

通过体外抗氧化活性、氨基酸组成及结构特征等指标对绿豆抗氧化肽最佳水解酶进行筛选,采用单因素与响应面实验优化制备工艺,并对制备的绿豆抗氧化肽进行理化特性分析。结果表明,中性蛋白酶制备的绿豆肽抗氧化活性最强,疏水性和芳香族氨基酸的含量较高,分别为261.85、73.42 mg/g,且具有较强的表面疏水性;从结构分析中可看出其具有较强的疏水性结构,中性蛋白酶水解后微观结构由紧密的球状分布变为多孔的碎片状分布,粒径变小,证实绿豆肽的抗氧化性与氨基酸组成及疏水结构密切相关。优化后的最佳酶解工艺为底物浓度30 mg/mL,加酶量2.24%,酶解时间3 h,酶解温度50℃,溶液pH 6.97,此条件下制备的绿豆抗氧化肽以小于1 000 u的肽段为主,占比为87.65%,水解度为18.70%,DPPH·清除率为(85.61±0.37)%,且发现其浓度与抗氧化活性呈正相关的量效关系。     

Effect of light,acidified processing and storage on carbohydrates and other nutrients in mung bean sprouts

Fresh 4-day-old etiolated mung bean seedlings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and vitamins A and C. Exposure of the sprouts to artificial light for 24 h increased the content of most constituents, especially provitamin A. Changes in the composition of the seedlings after preservation and storage for 6 months were followed. The sprouts were either canned or bottled, and then kept at various storage temperatures, regardless of storage conditions, hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates took place. There is some evidence that the reducing sugars released during storage underwent a Maillard reaction, leading to browning of the sprouts.     

4-氯苯氧乙酸钠对绿豆芽生长的影响及其残留分析

探索4-氯苯氧乙酸钠对绿豆芽生长的影响,并检测分析绿豆芽中的4-氯苯氧乙酸钠的动态残留。分别用0.5、1、2、4 mg/L四个浓度的4-氯苯氧乙酸钠溶液,通过浸泡法（方法 1）和浸泡喷洒法（方法 2）处理绿豆,发制豆芽。豆芽采收后通过测定其鲜重、轴长、轴径、根长、发芽率和产率选出较适宜的培育方法,并测定其培育的绿豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠的动态残留及市场上采集的32个样品中残留。结果提示,浸泡法中,4-氯苯氧乙酸钠浓度为1 mg/L时,产率最高（7.12）。浸泡喷洒法中,除4 mg/L组出现抑制外,其余各处理组与对照组生长情况相近,无明显促进生长作用。浸泡法中,各处理组豆芽,随着培育时间的增长残留明显降低,在最后采收时,均未检出4-氯苯氧乙酸钠。市场上32个样品中有3个样品中的4-氯苯氧乙酸钠含量在1.39³.39 mg/kg之间,检出率为9.4%。适宜浓度的4-氯苯氧乙酸钠对豆芽生长有促进作用,综合考虑浸泡法更适宜豆芽的培育,在豆芽培育的过程中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠可逐渐降解,各处理组豆芽具有较高的安全性。      

球磨对绿豆淀粉颗粒形态和理化性质的影响

采用行星式球磨机对绿豆淀粉进行改性研究,以球磨时间为控制变量,对比球磨0、1、2、4、6h时绿豆淀粉颗粒形态和淀粉糊理化性质的变化.结果表明,球磨处理后绿豆淀粉颗粒表面出现凹痕,表皮变皱逐渐破裂,随时间的增加颗粒变得扁平并有抱团现象,偏光十字逐渐模糊直至消失;随球磨时间的延长,损伤淀粉和直链淀粉含量增加,淀粉糊溶解度、透明度和析水率均显著增大,淀粉糊峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和衰减值均呈下降趋势.     

基于黑曲霉固态发酵的绿豆皮降解及理化特性提升机理

本试验研究了黑曲霉固态发酵对绿豆皮特性的影响,并对降解机理进行探究,结果表明黑曲霉固态发酵能有效提升绿豆皮制粉特性和功能特性,所得绿豆皮粉体积平均径减小8.53倍,比表面积增大32.46倍。阳离子交换能力、胆酸钠吸附能力及葡萄糖吸附能力均有明显提升,依次提升1.11倍、1.18倍和1.17倍。黑曲霉对绿豆皮的降解,先降解木质素与半纤维素,再降解纤维素。主要通过破坏纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的化学键,降解长链结构为短链结构,破坏结晶区结构,降低相对结晶度,进而破坏绿豆皮结构,使其变得疏松多孔,让绿豆皮易被粉碎为粒径更小、比表面积更大的粉体,具有更好的物质交换效率,提升绿豆皮的理化特性。     

绿豆蛋白对熟制速冻水饺品质的影响

研究了绿豆蛋白作为添加剂对熟制速冻水饺品质的影响。结果表明:添加适量的绿豆蛋白能降低水饺的冻裂率、失水率和蒸煮损失率,改善水饺的感官品质及质构品质,且绿豆蛋白添加量在4%以内不会影响水饺的色泽和气味,适宜的绿豆蛋白添加量为4%;加水量、速冻时间及不同加工方式对水饺的品质有影响,最佳组合为:加水量55%,速冻时间30min,采用微波复热的方式。      

Effect of UV‐B treatment during the growth process on the postharvest quality of mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata)

The production patterns and nutritious qualities of mung bean sprouts are in line with the consumption needs of modern people. This study was conducted to explore the effects of low doses of UV‐B irradiation on the 3‐day growth period of mung bean sprouts. The results showed that, when mung bean sprouts were irradiated with UV‐B (0.738 kJ m^?2) for 1 h per day, their total phenolic content increased by 22.80%, and the activity of polyphenol oxidase decreased by 45.45%. Hypocotyl epidermis stomata were closed, reducing water loss and the opportunity for microbes to invade plants, leading to the maintenance of freshness of the sprouts. In conclusion, UV‐B irradiation for 1 h per day during the growth of mung bean sprouts can effectively improve their preservation. This method is a low‐cost, environmental friendly and pollution‐free physical preservation technique, and it has good application prospects.