Gas holdup in a two‐phase reversed flow jet loop reactor

Experimental investigations have been carried out in Reversed Flow Jet Loop Reactor (RFJLR) to study the influence of liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle in reactor and nozzle diameter on gas holdup without circulation, that is, gas–liquid mixture in draft tube only (E_gd) and gas holdup with circulation loop (E_g). Also critical liquid flow rate required for transition from draft tube to circulation loop has been determined. Gas holdup was measured by isolation valve technique. Gas holdup in draft tube and circulation loop increased with increase in liquid flow rate and gas flow rate. It is observed that the increased flow rate is required for achieving a particular value of gas holdup with larger nozzle diameter. Nozzle at the top edge of draft tube have higher gas holdup as compared to other positions. It has been noted that, no significant recirculation of gas bubbles into the top of draft tube from annulus section has been observed till a particular liquid flow rate is reached. A plot of gas holdup with no circulation and with circulation mode determines minimum liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop. Critical liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop increases with increase in gas flow rate and is minimum at lowest immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle.     

气升式外环流反应器的体积传质系数

以Higbie的渗透理论和Kolmogoroff的湍流理论为基础,提出了计算液体旋涡在气液相界面暴露时间的方法,并建立了预测体积传质系数的模型方程。在不同管径比下的外环流反应器中,对空气 水体系测定了操作气速对体积传质系数、循环液速和气含率的影响。将体积传质系数与表观气速和下降管与上升管的面积比按幂函数进行关联,其预测值和试验值符合较好。     

Influence of geometry on gas holdups in a reversed flow jet loop reactor

The effects of ratio of draft tube to reactor diameter (D_d/D), liquid nozzle diameter (d_N), aeration tube diameter (d_G) and immersion height of the two-fluid nozzle into the draft tube (H_N) on overall and annulus gas holdups for the air-water system were evaluated experimentally in a reversed flow jet loop reactor over wide ranges of gas and liquid flow rates. Both the gas holdups increased with increasing gas and liquid flow rates and with decreasing d_N and H_N. The influence of d_G on gas holdups is found to vary with gas flow rates. Correlations are proposed to predict gas holdups.     

Studies on the hydrodynamic behavior and mass transfer in a down‐flow jet loop reactor with a coaxial draft tube

The effects of certain pertinent parameters such as gas and liquid flow rates and nozzle position on the behavior of a down‐flow jet loop reactor (DJR) have been studied. The mean residence times of gas and liquid phases and the gas holdup within the reactor have been measured. In addition, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and the influence of the gas flow rate and the position of the nozzle inside the draft tube on the latter has been determined. Correlations have been presented for the gas holdup and k_La which take into account the length of the draft tube and the nozzle immersion height. The k_La values obtained at different power per unit volume (P/V) values in the DJR used in the present study compare favorably with data presented for stirred tanks and bubble columns in the literature. The liquid residence time distribution (RTD) within the reactor has been studied by tracer analysis for various operating conditions and nozzle immersion height and the results are indicative of the high mixing intensities that can be obtained in such reactions. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Experimental determination of gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a jet bubbling reactor

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a lab-scale jet bubbling reactor(JBR) including the gas holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and specific interfacial area were assessed experimentally investigating the influence of temperature, p H and superficial gas velocity. The reactor diameter and height were 11 and 30 cm,respectively. It was equipped with a single sparger, operating at atmospheric pressure, 20 and 40℃, and two p H values of 3 and 6. The height of the liquid was 23 cm, while the superficial gas velocity changed within 0.010–0.040 m·s~(-1) range. Experiments were conducted with pure oxygen as the gas phase and saturated lime solution as the liquid phase. The liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined under unsteady-state oxygen absorption in a saturated lime solution. The gas holdup was calculated based on the liquid height change, while the specific interfacial area was obtained by a physical method based on the bubble size distribution(BSD) in different superficial gas velocities. The results indicated that at the same temperature but different p H, the gas holdup variation was negligible, while the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient at the p H value of 6 was higher than that at the p H = 3. At a constant p H but different temperatures, the gas holdup and the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficients at 40℃ were higher than that of the same at 20℃. A reasonable and appropriate estimation of the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kla) in a pilot-scale JBR was provided which can be applied to the design and scale-up of JBRs.     

Effect of liquid viscosity on gas holdups in a reversed flow jet loop reactor

The effect of draft tube diameter and liquid viscosity on overall and annulus gas holdups were studied in a reversed flow jet loop reactor. The draft tube diameter to reader diameter ratio (D_d / D) and liquid viscosity were varied in the ranges 0.34-0.67 and 1.5-43 mPa. s, respectively. The maximum gas holdup was obtained when the D_d / D value ranged btween 0.47 and 0.61. The gas holdup decreased with increasing viscosity. Empirical correlations are presented to predict the gas holdups.     

下喷式环流反应器环隙气含率影响因素

下喷式环流反应器是一种用于强化气-液两相反应过程的新型装置，虽然已在工业上有了较广泛的应用，但对其理论研究远未成熟，其工业装置的设计仍依赖于实验和经验。本文借助实验室自制实验装置，对下喷式环流反应器环隙气含率的影响规律进行了研究。首先，对喷射器的吸气量进行了测量，获得了不同条件下喷射器最大吸气量的性能曲线；在此基础上，分别研究了气相流量、液相流量以及喷射器安装位置对环隙气含率的影响规律。结果表明：气相流量和液相流量对气含率具有重要的影响，随着气相流量和液相流量的增大，气含率快速提高，而喷嘴位置对气含率的影响相对较小；考虑到增加气相流量和液相流量所需要的能耗和设备代价，通过增加液相流量来达到提高气含率的目的是优选方案。     

Hydrodynamics in down flow jet loop reactor

Gas holdup and liquid circulation time were measured in a down flow jet loop reactor for air–water system. It was observed that the circulation time decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, draft tube to column diameter ratio and liquid velocity. Th gas holdup increases with an increase in gas and liquid velocities. The optimum draft tube to column diameter ratio was found to be 0.438. Correlations for gas holdup and circulation time involving operational and geometrical variables are presented.     

Simulation and experimentation on the gas holdup characteristics of a novel oscillating airlift loop reactor

BACKGROUND: The classical airlift loop reactor (ALR) has been widely used in petrochemical, biochemical, energy and environmental processes due to such advantages as simple structure, without motional mechanism, easy sealing and low energy consumption. A novel ALR has been designed using forced periodic reversible ventilation, termed an airlift reversible loop reactor (ARLR). RESULTS: Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental validation, the mass transfer characteristics of the ARLR were studied. The simulation results predicted the experimental data well, especially at low ventilation capacity. The oscillation period had significant effects on gas holdup and the mass transfer coefficient of the ARLR. When ventilation capacity was increased from 0.22 to 3.49 vvm, compared with central airlift and annular airlift reactors, ARLR increased the mass transfer coefficient by 9–31% and 10–58%, respectively, according to simulation results, and by 11–25% and 14–58%, respectively, according to experimental data. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the ARLR could significantly enhance gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient compared with traditional central airlift and annular airlift reactors. Results indicated that the optimum oscillation period decreased with increase of ventilation capacity. ARLR has the potential for application in aerobic fermentation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Circulation liquid velocity,gas holdup and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in external-loop airlift reactors

The effects of the horizontal connection length (0.1 ± L_e ± 0.5 m), the cross-sectional area ratio of downcomer-to-riser (0.11 ± A_d/A_r± 0.53), and the superficial gas velocity on gas phase holdups in the riser and downcomer were studied. The circulation liquid velocity, the mixing performance and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the external-loop airlift reactors were also measured. The horizontal connection length and A_d/A_r were major parameters which strongly affected the performance of external-loop airlift reactors. Useful correlations in the external-loop airlift reactors were obtained for gas holdups, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, the circulation liquid velocity, and the mixing time.     

Gas hold-up and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in bubble columns under foam control

Experimental measurements of the gas hold-up and volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been made for baffle columns (BCs) reacting various foaming liquids under mechanical and chemical foam control. The gas hold-up and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a mechanical foam-control system (BCs with rating-disk mechanical foam-breakers) were larger than those in a chemical foam-control system (BCs with an antifoam agent added). Correlations for the gas hold-up and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in BCs under foam control are presented. Comparison of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient between the mechanical foam-control system and the chemical foam-control system in terms of the specific power input also demonstrated higher mass transfer performance and saving power requirements for the mechanical foam-control system.     

Bubble size in a forced circulation loop reactor

BACKGROUND: The bubble size distribution in gas‐liquid reactors influences gas holdup, residence time distribution, and gas‐liquid interfacial area for mass transfer. This work reports on the effects of independently varied gas and liquid flow rates on steady‐state bubble size distributions in a new design of forced circulation loop reactor operated with an air–water system. The reactor consisted of a cylindrical vessel (～26 L nominal volume, gas‐free aspect ratio ≈ 6, downcomer‐to‐riser cross‐sectional area ratio of 0.493) with a concentric draft tube and an annular riser zone. Both gas and liquid were in forced flow through a sparger that had been designed for minimizing the bubble size. RESULTS: Photographically measured bubble size distributions in the riser zone could be approximated as normal distributions for the combinations of gas and liquid flow rates used. This contrasted with other kinds of size distributions (e.g. bimodal, Gaussian) that have been reported for other types of gas‐liquid reactors. Most of the bubbles were in the 3 to 5 mm diameter range. At any fixed low value of aeration rate (≤1.8 × 10^?4 m³s^?1), increase in the liquid flow rate caused earlier detachment of bubbles from the sparger holes to reduce the Sauter mean bubble size in the riser region. CONCLUSION: Unlike in conventional bubble columns where bimodal and Gaussian bubble size distributions have been reported, a normal bubble size distribution is attained in forced circulation loop reactors with an air–water system over the entire range of operation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

三相多室气升式环流反应器气含率的研究

在1个4流道的三相多室气升式环流反应器中,以空气-水-K树脂为体系,采用压差法测量气含率,考察了上升室气体表观速率、固体装载量对上升室与下降室气含率的影响.结果表明:上升室的气含率随着该室气体表观速率增加而增加,而随着另一上升室气体表观速率增加而略有降低;下降室的气含率随着该室气体表观速率增加呈现3种变化趋势,而随着另...     

外循环气升式膜反应器中的体积传质系数

传质系数是决定气升式反应器传质特性的主要参数之一,文中介绍了一种新型的将陶瓷膜曝气系统与外环流反应器耦合的外环流膜反应器,考察了不同曝气气量,曝气压力,曝气方式以及曝气位置条件下反应器中体积传质系数的变化情况。结果表明,曝气气量,曝气压力,曝气孔孔径都能影响体积传质系数,孔径的影响尤为显著,采用膜微孔曝气,体积传质系数相比曝气头曝气提高近2倍。将膜管曝气和曝气头曝气耦合起来,可在获得良好气液循环的条件下有较大的气液接触面,从而优化气液传质。     

分布器结构对环流反应器气含率分布的影响

采用κ-ε二方程模型和欧拉多相流模型,对一种单筒单级气升式气液环流反应器内的湍流气液两相流进行了全尺寸的数值模拟研究,考察了采用3种不同气体分布器时反应器内气含率和流速分布的细节.模拟结果表明不同结构的分布器对总体气含率和内筒中的两相速度分布有很大影响,因而对气含率分布和气液两相接触效果有较大影响,从而对反应过程产生影响.单环分布器产生的气液两相接触效果较差,对于反应过程很不利.对于大直径的环流反应器推荐使用多环分布器.计算所得的整体气含率与实测的整体气含率进行了对比,吻合较好.     

旋流气升式环流反应器的局部气、固含率研究

新开发的有机玻璃制成的旋流气升式环流反应器高为2m、内径75mm,内部的导流筒(材料为PVC)高1.5m、内径30mm、壁厚1mm且装有10组扇形翅片。以空气-水为两相物系、空气-水-K树脂为三相物系,常温常压下,利用直接取样法和压差法测量了上升区局部的气含率、固含率,研究了不同底部间隙、不同固体装填体积分数下表观气速和轴向高度对上升区气含率、固含率的影响规律。结果表明:在均匀鼓泡流时上升区气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固体装载量的增加而下降;在非均匀鼓泡流时,三相物系的气含率高于两相物系的气含率。随着上升区轴向高度的增大,上升区局部气含率变化不大;底部间隙越大,气含率越小。在轴向高度较低时上升区固含率随着轴向高度的增大而减小,轴向高度较高时上升区固含率基本保持不变。     

多室环流反应器气含率的三维数值模拟与分析

在常温常压条件下,以空气为气相、水为液相,对多室气升式环流反应器内气液两相流动状态进行了数值模拟,采用Euler两相流模型模拟了不同表观气速条件下各室气含率的分布情况。数值模拟计算结果表明,上升室气含率随表观气速的增大近似呈线性增长;各上升室气含率受自身表观气速的影响较大,而受另外一上升室表观气速的影响较小。