三相下喷式环流反应器的传质性能

在三相非牛顿型流体体系中，对下喷式环流反应器传质特性进行了实验研究。讨论了表观气速、能量耗散速率、导流筒直径与反应器直径比、喷嘴直径、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离、固体装填量、羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）溶液浓度及其流变特性对它的影响。实验结果表明，容积传质系数随表观气速和能量耗散速率的增加有所增加，在实验条件下，发现最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径比在０．４～０．４５这一范围、固体装填量大约为３％（体积百分比）、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离为０．０８ｍ左右。同时提出了容积传质系数的经验关联式。     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。实验结果表明,与传统圆柱形导流筒相比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８％和１０％以上。气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增加而提高,液体循环速度随固含率的增加而减小;同一内管反应器随介质粘度的增加,体积氧传质系数减小。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ各向同     

装配水平筛板的气升式反应器中气液传质特性的数值模拟

利用Turbulent–Lehr组合模型对装配水平筛板的气升式反应器进行了计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,研究水平筛板对气含率、气泡直径、体积传质系数(kLa)和气液流速的影响。结果表明,筛板对气相的囤积作用和对液相的阻碍作用增加了反应器的整体气含率。筛板对气相的二次均布作用减弱了筛板和液面之间区域的气泡聚并过程,筛板筛孔对气泡的破碎作用产生了大量小于初始直径的气泡,增加了气泡比表面积(a);筛板对液相的阻碍作用提高了筛板附近的气–液相流动速度差,从而提高了该区域的液膜传质系数(kL),强化了反应器内的气液传质效果。     

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN A DRAFT TUBE SLURRY REACTOR

Fundamental characteristics of hydrodynamics and mass transfer have been measured in an air lift slurry reactor with a draft tube. The solid suspension capacity, i.e., the critical solid holdup, the gas holdup and the volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient were measured in the two draft tube columns of 0.1485 and 0.10?m in diameter. Four activated carbon beads ranging in size from 0.25 to 2.19?mm in average diameter were utilized as suspended solids in the experiments.

The critical solid holdup in the draft tube slurry column is found to be much greater than that in the conventional bubble column. An empirical correlation is developed to account for the critical solid holdup behavior in the draft tube column. The gas holdup in the draft tube column agrees well with that in the bubble column. The overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, k₁awas measured by the oxygen probe method. The effect of solid holdup on k₁a is found to be negligible in the present system. The empirical equation is developed to correlate k₁a in the draft tube slurry reactor.     

Hydrodynamics in down flow jet loop reactor

Gas holdup and liquid circulation time were measured in a down flow jet loop reactor for air–water system. It was observed that the circulation time decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, draft tube to column diameter ratio and liquid velocity. Th gas holdup increases with an increase in gas and liquid velocities. The optimum draft tube to column diameter ratio was found to be 0.438. Correlations for gas holdup and circulation time involving operational and geometrical variables are presented.     

Development of airlift bubble column dispersed with micro‐bubbles

Micro‐bubbles were dispersed in the bubble column with draft tube, and the length and diameter of draft tube were changed. The flow characteristics in air–water system were measured. Ozone gas and methylene‐blue aqueous solution were used, and the decomposition performance was examined. With increasing draft tube length, both the gas holdup and liquid velocity in the annular section increased. When the diameter ratio of draft tube to column was about 0.5, both the gas holdup and liquid circulation flow rate had maxima. For the decomposition by using ozone, the installation of draft tube enhanced the mass transfer and decomposition performance.     

Gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble columns with a T-junction nozzle for gas dispersion

Bubble break-up, gas holdup, and the gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient are studied in a bubble column reactor with simultaneous injection of a gas and liquid through a T-junction nozzle. The theoretical dependence of bubble break-up and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient on liquid velocity in the nozzle is developed on the basis of isotropic turbulence theory. It is shown that correlations which are developed based on liquid jet kinetic power per nozzle volume explain average gas holdup and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient within an error of 15% for all gas and liquid flow rates and nozzle diameters used. Experiments with a larger scale column, height 4.64 m and diameter 0.98 m, show a transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous flow at a certain liquid flow rate through the nozzle. Liquid composition was found to have a significant effect on gas-liquid mass transfer. A phenol concentration of 10–30 mg/l in water increases the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen by 100%. This phenomenon may have significance in the chemical oxidation of wastewater.     

内循环流化床结构参数及其反应器性能的相关性

内循环三相流化床在化学工程、生物工程及废水处理等领域中均有广泛的应用前景,目前影响这类反应器成功应用于实际废水生物处理的主要原因是缺乏系统的反应器结构参数与反应器性能的相关性分析与量化关系模型,无法实现不同规模与不同应用目标的系统优化设计。基于此,设计了不同尺寸和内构件的反应器,系统研究主要结构参数包括升流管与反应器直径之比、反应器高径比、升流管上方液面高度、底隙高度以及操作参数如固相负荷及通气量等因素对内循环流化床反应器流体力学与传质特性的影响规律;实验分析主要过程参数如气含率、液体循环速度、氧传递系数及混合时间与结构参数、操作参数的相关性。通过总结归纳,分别给出了定量、半定量或定性方面的结论,为反应器的结构放大和性能变化预测提供理论基础.     

Studies on the hydrodynamic behavior and mass transfer in a down‐flow jet loop reactor with a coaxial draft tube

The effects of certain pertinent parameters such as gas and liquid flow rates and nozzle position on the behavior of a down‐flow jet loop reactor (DJR) have been studied. The mean residence times of gas and liquid phases and the gas holdup within the reactor have been measured. In addition, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and the influence of the gas flow rate and the position of the nozzle inside the draft tube on the latter has been determined. Correlations have been presented for the gas holdup and k_La which take into account the length of the draft tube and the nozzle immersion height. The k_La values obtained at different power per unit volume (P/V) values in the DJR used in the present study compare favorably with data presented for stirred tanks and bubble columns in the literature. The liquid residence time distribution (RTD) within the reactor has been studied by tracer analysis for various operating conditions and nozzle immersion height and the results are indicative of the high mixing intensities that can be obtained in such reactions. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

下喷式环流反应器传质特性研究

本文以空气-水为实验体系,考察了下喷式环流反应器的传质特性与空塔气速、液速以及反应器结构尺寸等参数的关系。得出了最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径之比为0.4—0.5,给出了谊反应器容积传氧系数的计算关联式:与其它反应器相比,该反应器表现出良好的传质特性,具有较大的容积传氧系数。     

气升式振荡环流反应器的数值模拟和结构优化

气升式振荡环流反应器（ARLR）作为一种新型的气升式环流反应器,能够有效地提高反应器的气含率和传质系数,并已得到生物发酵实验的验证。本文通过CFD的手段研究了反应器内的流动和传质状况,并利用CFD模拟和响应面分析相结合的方法,优化了反应器的结构参数,如高径比（H/D）、升液区降液区面积之比、导流筒高度等。经过实验测量,优化后的气升式振荡环流反应器与传统的气升式环流反应器相比,气含率提高了32%以上,传质系数提高了11%以上。结果表明,气升式振荡环流反应器作为生化反应器有着非常广阔的应用空间。     

LOCAL OVERALL GAS-LIQUID VOLUMETRIC MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN A GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE REVERSED FLOW JET LOOP REACTOR

Local overall gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient profiles at the specified point were experimentally investigated in a gas-liquid two-phase reversed flow jet loop reactor with Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. It was observed that the local overall gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient profiles of this reactor with Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems increase with increase in gas jet flow rates and liquid jet flow rates, and with decrease in nozzle diameter and CMC concentration.     

鼓泡床反应器内流动与传质行为的研究进展

总结了有关浆态鼓泡床反应器内流动、混合用气液传质特性的研究成果,详细地介绍了鼓泡床反应器内气含率、液速、液体轴向扩散系数、传质系数的测量方法,阐述了鼓泡床反应器性能的主要影响因素,如系统压力、温度、气体表观气速、液体性质及固含率等对流动、液相混合和传质特性的影响,并对鼓泡床反应器的应用前景进行了详述.     

Effect of liquid viscosity on gas holdups in a reversed flow jet loop reactor

The effect of draft tube diameter and liquid viscosity on overall and annulus gas holdups were studied in a reversed flow jet loop reactor. The draft tube diameter to reader diameter ratio (D_d / D) and liquid viscosity were varied in the ranges 0.34-0.67 and 1.5-43 mPa. s, respectively. The maximum gas holdup was obtained when the D_d / D value ranged btween 0.47 and 0.61. The gas holdup decreased with increasing viscosity. Empirical correlations are presented to predict the gas holdups.     

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in an internal loop airlift reactor with sieve plates

Effects of the sieve plate on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an annulus sparged airlift reactor (0.08 m³, 1.3 m tall, and 0.284 m in diameter) were investigated. It is found that the sieve plate can significantly enhance gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The sieve pore plays an important role in breaking up bubbles. With a given free area ratio, the sieve plate with a larger sieve pore diameter is more efficient in increasing the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Four different free area ratios between 37% and 73% are tested, and then an optimal free area ratio is determined. The effect of the sieve plate is found to be related to sparger types. The sieve plate leads to a larger increase of volumetric mass transfer coefficient with the O-ring distributor as compared to the 4-orifice nozzle. Empirical correlations and a hydrodynamic model are proposed to predict gas holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and liquid velocity in airlift reactors with sieve plates.     

带波纹隔板的平板式光生物反应器流动特性

在传统平板式光生物反应器中加入波纹形隔板,以其导流作用强化液体循环和气液传质,建立了新型带波纹隔板的平板式光生物反应器. 利用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟及实验考察了该反应器的流动与传质特性及其影响因素. 结果表明,CFD模拟结果与实验测量值吻合良好,液体在上升区和下降区之间形成了良好的循环,随通气比增加,液相速度、平均气含率和溶氧体积传质系数均近似线性增加. 单位体积能量输入与平均液相体积传质系数之间有良好的线性关系. 综合各相关参数得到优化结构为：下降区/上升区截面积为1.62,隔板顶端到液面的距离为260 mm,隔板底端到反应器底部的距离为20 mm.     

Gas holdup in a two‐phase reversed flow jet loop reactor

Experimental investigations have been carried out in Reversed Flow Jet Loop Reactor (RFJLR) to study the influence of liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle in reactor and nozzle diameter on gas holdup without circulation, that is, gas–liquid mixture in draft tube only (E_gd) and gas holdup with circulation loop (E_g). Also critical liquid flow rate required for transition from draft tube to circulation loop has been determined. Gas holdup was measured by isolation valve technique. Gas holdup in draft tube and circulation loop increased with increase in liquid flow rate and gas flow rate. It is observed that the increased flow rate is required for achieving a particular value of gas holdup with larger nozzle diameter. Nozzle at the top edge of draft tube have higher gas holdup as compared to other positions. It has been noted that, no significant recirculation of gas bubbles into the top of draft tube from annulus section has been observed till a particular liquid flow rate is reached. A plot of gas holdup with no circulation and with circulation mode determines minimum liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop. Critical liquid flow rate required to achieve complete circulation loop increases with increase in gas flow rate and is minimum at lowest immersion height of two‐fluid nozzle.     

三重环流生物流化床的流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率,液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究自行设计新型结构的三重环流生物流化床的流体力学与传质特性。流化床反应器的有效体积２３Ｌ,实验条件是以空气为气相,水为液相,树脂为固相,固含率分别为０％,３％,６％和９％。实验结果表明,气相含率是影响反应器流体力学和传质特性的主要因素,气相含率增大可降低液体循环速度,增大体积氧传质系数。     

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer behavior in multiple draft tube airlift contactors

The draft tube configuration significantly affected the performance of an airlift contactor. The multiple draft tube configuration was demonstrated to give a better gas-liquid mass transfer when compared with a conventional one-draft-tube system. The airlift with a larger number of draft tubes allowed a higher level of bubble entrainment, which rendered a high downcomer gas holdup. This resulted in a higher overall gas holdup in the contactor. Liquid velocity was also enhanced by increasing the number of draft tubes. The ratio between downcomer and riser cross sectional areas, A _d /A _r , had a great effect on the system performance, where a larger A _d /A _r led to a lower downcomer liquid velocity and smaller quantity of gas bubbles being dragged into the downcomer. This resulted in low gas holdup, and consequently, low gas-liquid interfacial mass transfer area, which led to a reduction in the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The presence of salinity in the system drastically reduced the bubble size and subsequently led to an enhancement of gas entrainment within the system. As a result, higher gas holdups and gas-liquid interfacial area were observed, and hence, a higher rate of gas-liquid mass transfer was obtained.     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。