豌豆全粉对小麦面团特性和面包品质的影响

探讨了萌芽程度不同的豌豆全粉(添加量均为5%)对小麦面团加工特性(水分分布、黏性、发酵流变特性、动态流变特性)及面包品质(面包芯质构、面包贮藏期硬度等)的影响。结果表明:与小麦面团(WD)相比,添加未萌芽豌豆全粉(G0MD)的面团中不易流动水的比例升高,结合水和自由水的比例降低,面团发酵产气量降低,面团储能模量(G′),损耗模量(G″)显著下降,面包在储藏期内(1～7 d)面包的硬度增加缓慢。与G0MD相比,添加萌芽豌豆全粉的面团中结合水比例增加,不易流动水比例降低,黏性显著降低,G′、G″均增加,面包老化速度变慢。因此,将萌芽豌豆全粉用于面包的制作表现出良好的应用前景。     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of soy bread made with germinated,steamed, and roasted soy flour

For the development of healthful gluten-free soy bread acceptable to consumers, we evaluated the effects of various processing procedures for soy flour on bread quality, in terms of beany flavour and texture. We pretreated soy flour by both non-heating (raw:NS and germinated:GS) and heating (steamed:SS and roasted:RS) methods. In addition, to improve the loaf volume, we added 1% hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (HPMC) to RS flour. Lipoxygenase activity was retained in the non-heat-treated flours (279 U/g for NS and 255 U/g for GS), but was significantly reduced in the heat-treated flours (106 U/g for SS and 69 U/g for RS). Moreover, heat-treated flour had higher isoflavone and ferric reducing antioxidant power than had non-heat-treated flour. However, RS flour had the lowest moisture content and lowest L^∗ value. The GS bread had the highest specific loaf volume (3.53 cm³/g), followed by NS (2.96 cm³/g), RS (2.25 cm³/g), and SS (1.81 cm³/g) bread. GS bread had the lowest hardness (1.53 N), followed by NS (1.65 N), RS (2.00 N), and SS (3.75 N) bread. The addition of 1% HPMC to RS increased the loaf volume (2.44 cm³/g), but decreased the bread’s hardness (1.80 N). As to the sensory properties, the bread with heat-treated flour was perceived to have a less beany odour and taste than was the bread with non-heat-treated flour. However, the latter had a better appearance than the former. These results indicated that soy flour pretreatment could enhance the loaf volume and reduce the beany flavour of whole soy bread.     

Utilization of germinated ancient wheat (Emmer and Einkorn) flours to improve functional and nutritional properties of bread

Germinated and untreated ancient (Einkorn and Emmer) and modern (Esperia) wheat flours (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were used in bread dough to improve functional and nutritional properties of bread according to (3 × 2 × 5) x 2 factorial design. Utilization of wheat varieties in the germinated form increased the ash, total dietary fiber (TDF), total yellow pigment (TYP), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, Ca, Fe and Mg content of bread, and also the most increments in those values (except TYP) were observed in Emmer flour usage. Germinated wheat flour decreased the mean phytic acid contents of bread samples from 313.32 mg/100 g to 291.81 mg/100 g compared to untreated wheat flour. The use of ancient wheat flour (einkorn and emmer) gave lower bread volume compared to modern bread wheat flour. The use of germinated wheat flour decreased the crust and crumb L* values of the breads but increased the a* and b* values. As a result, increasing ratios of germinated ancient wheat flour increased the functional component and nutritional value of the bread, and at the same time, its usage at low ratio contributed positively to the technological quality of the bread.     

Effect of waxy flour blends on dough rheology and bread quality

Although much research has been conducted on wheat flour dough rheology, the principal focus has been the role of the protein fraction. Starch is the main component of flour and plays a key role in dough dynamic properties, particularly during heating. This study assesses the effect of two different waxy flours, a durum and a bread wheat, and their blends with commercial bakers' flour on dough rheology during heating with a concurrent investigation into baking performance. Both waxy flour blends produced similar effects on dough rheological behaviour despite differences in protein content, acting to delay gelatinisation and reduce storage modulus. The main effects in bread were to increase loaf expansion during baking and reduce loaf firmness. It is postulated these effects are largely water mediated, with the higher swelling ability of the waxy starch granules reducing overall water availability and driving complete gelatinisation to higher temperatures.     

Effect of an enzyme preparation on wheat flour and dough color, mixing, and test baking

Bleaching flours with natural rather than chemical extracts is attractive because it reduces risks upon exposure and appeals to natural food consumers. This paper reports effects of a commercial proprietary blend of ‘natural’ bleaching enzymes on wheat flour and dough color, mixing behavior and test bake performance. Enzyme preparation did not improve whiteness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of flour system, but benzoyl peroxide sharply reduced b*. For whole wheat flour dough, L* increased for enzyme-treated dough after 2-h resting, ending higher than benzoyl peroxide and control dough. Yellowness increased in enzyme-treated dough. When enzyme application was during milling, resulting whole wheat flour dough had much higher L*. Mixograms of flours with increasing enzyme concentration showed severe dough weakness and rapid breakdown. Dialysis of the enzyme preparation in 3500 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) tubes and freeze-drying prior to flour application recovered dough strength. l-cysteine in the enzyme mix was thought to adversely affect dough strength, and dialysis helped recover dough strength. However, pup loaf baking with dialyzed enzyme showed some loss of baking characteristics (loaf volume, loaf weight, and proof height) over the control. Although the natural enzyme extract addition enhanced whiteness for whole wheat dough, its effects on dough and baking properties were not favorable.     

Use of durum residue flour,a lower value product of durum milling,by incorporation into wheat flour dough without deterioration in baking quality

BACKGROUND: During the milling of durum wheat to semolina, about 10–15% of total products produced is residue flour, a lower value product than the semolina. This study investigated the potential for using the durum residue flour as an additive in bread‐making to improve its potential commercial value. RESULTS: Incorporation of residue durum flour from 102 breeding lines into a low protein flour and standard bakers' flour at 20% incorporation improved the bake loaf volume with minimal change in Mixograph dough mixing time and peak resistance in many of the lines tested. Loaf yellow b was always increased even with only a 10% incorporation. Baking flours can tolerate 20% incorporation with no deleterious affects on loaf volume and bake score. CONCLUSION: The results show a potential for using the lower value durum residue flour for baking bread of acceptable quality with a slightly higher yellow colour. This would improve the profitability for the miller and provide alternative ingredients to the baker for preparing specialty breads. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the Right of the State of New South Wales and Society of Chemical Industry     

Enrichment of Egyptian 'Balady' bread. Part 1. Baking studies, physical and sensory evaluation of enrichment with decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (Vicia faba L.)

Physical, rheological and baking properties of decorticated cracked broadbeans-wheat composite flours were studied and the acceptability of the Egyptian 'Balady' bread was evaluated by sensory tests. Decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (DCBF) was used to replace 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the wheat flour (WF) in bread. Farinographic studies showed that water absorption, arrival time and dough development time increased as the amount of DCBF increased, while dough stability time increased at 5% and 10% of DCBF substitution and decreased at 15% and 20% substitution. Also, the extensographic energy of the dough decreased as DCBF substitution increased, while the ratio between resistence and extensibility increased. There was a decrease in peak viscosity with increased amounts of DCBF. A reduction of the diameter and weight of bread loaf was observed as the amount of DCBF increased. The sensory properties of 'Balady' bread showed that at the two levels of 5% and 10% DCBF-substitution, the 'Balady' loaves did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the replacement of bread flour (WF) with up to 10% decorticated cracked broadbeans flour produced acceptable Egyptian 'Balady' bread.     

Effect of flour blending on functional, baking and organoleptic characteristics of bread

Soybean (full‐fat and defatted) and barley flours were incorporated into wheat flour at 5, 10, 15 and 20% substitution levels. The gluten content, sedimentation value and water absorption capacity of the flour blends and the mixing time of the dough decreased with increase in the level of soybean and barley flour separately and in combinations. Protein and glutelin contents increased significantly on blending of soyflour (full‐fat and defatted) to bread wheat flour. The breads prepared from the blends also varied in their loaf weight, loaf volume and sensory characteristics. The bread volume decreased with increasing amount of non‐wheat flour substitution. The crumb colour changed from creamish white to dull brown and a gradual hardening of crumb texture was observed as the addition of soybean (full‐fat and defatted) and barley flours increased. At the higher levels, the acceptability declined because of the compact texture of the crumb and the strong flavour of the product. The addition of 10% of soyflour (full‐fat and defatted) or 15% of barley flour, full‐fat soy + barley or defatted soy + barley flour to bread flour produced acceptable bread.     

Characteristics of Bread Prepared from Wheat Flours Blended with Various Kinds of Newly Developed Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Characteristics of the bread prepared from wheat flour blended with the flour of various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars were investigated. Qualities of the bread made from wheat flour blended with rice flour have been reported to be inferior to those from 100% wheat flour bread. To improve its qualities, we searched for the new-characteristic rice flours among the various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars to blend with the wheat flour for the bread preparation. The most suitable new characteristic rices are combination of purple waxy rice, high-amylose rice, and sugary rice. Specific volume of the bread from the combination of wheat and these 3 kinds of rice flours showed higher specific volume (3.93) compared with the traditional wheat/rice bread (3.58). We adopted the novel method, continuous progressive compression test, to measure the physical properties of the dough and the bread in addition to the sensory evaluation. As a result of the selection of the most suitable rice cultivars and blending ratio with the wheat flour, we could develop the novel wheat/rice bread, of which loaf volume, physical properties, and tastes are acceptable and resistant to firming on even 4 d after the bread preparation.
To increase the ratio of rice to wheat, we tried to add a part of rice as cooked rice grains. The specific volume and qualities of the bread were maintained well although the rice content of total flour increased from 30% to 40%.     

Effect of Rice, Corn and Soy Flour Addition on Characteristics of Bread Produced from Different Wheat Cultivars

Preparation and consumption of bread enriched with flours that contain appreciable amounts of protein, lysine, dietary fiber, and minerals will provide a healthy alternative to consumers and also a lowering of bread making cost in countries where wheat is not a major domestic crop. Addition of rice, corn, and soy flour to bread and durum wheat flours at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% levels was carried out to examine the effects on the baking (specific volume, color, firmness) and sensory characteristics of bread. Dough rheological properties were also studied using Brabender Farinograph and Extensograph. Results of the present study suggest that incorporation of rice, corn, and soy in bread wheat flour up to a level of 10% (flour basis) and in durum wheat flour up to 20% produces bread without any negative effect in quality attributes such as color, hardness, and flavor and reasonable acceptance offering promising nutritious and healthy alternative to consumers. Increasing levels of substitution (30 and 50%) resulted in decreasing dough strength, extensibility, and loaf volume, due to the replacement of gluten by the added protein. Overall acceptability scores of these breads were found to be very low. The durum flour can be substituted with nongluten flours up to 10% more than the bread wheat flour because of its stronger gluten matrix and better dough rheological characteristics.     

Effect of enzymatic crosslinking on the handling properties of dough as a function of NaCl levels for CWRS varieties,Pembina and Harvest

The effects of transglutaminase (TG) and glucose oxidase (GO) on the handling properties of model bread dough were examined at both normal (2% wt. by flour) and reduced (1% wt.) sodium chloride (NaCl) levels using two Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) cultivars; Pembina and Harvest. The reduction of NaCl level had negative effects on dough rheology and stickiness, however, the inclusion of GO (0.001 and 0.01% by flour weight) or TG (only at the 0.5% by flour weight inclusion) was able to improve dough strength and reduce stickiness. GO appeared to be more effective than TG (at 0.01%) at equivalent concentrations for improving dough‐handling properties. Flour cultivar had significant effects; Harvest flour (weaker) was more impacted by salt reduction and enzyme inclusion compared to Pembina flour (stronger). Crosslinking assays showed significant differences in glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content in dough prepared with GO, and dough prepared with different flours. Additionally, significantly fewer free thiol groups were found in dough produced with GO compared to dough without any enzymes and those with TG. GO appears to have potential for use as a bread improver to reduce stickiness and improve the strength of bread dough produced at lower salt concentrations, especially for dough prepared with weaker flour cultivars.     

Enrichment of Egyptian ‘Balady’ bread. Part 1. Baking studies,physical and sensory evaluation of enrichment with decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (Vicia faba L.)

Physical, rheological and baking properties of decorticated cracked broadbeans‐wheat composite flours were studied and the acceptability of the Egyptian ‘Balady’ bread was evaluated by sensory tests. Decorticated cracked broadbeans flour (DCBF) was used to replace 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the wheat flour (WF) in bread. Farinographic studies showed that water absorption, arrival time and dough development time increased as the amount of DCBF increased, while dough stability time increased at 5% and 10% of DCBF substitution and decreased at 15% and 20% substitution. Also, the extensographic energy of the dough decreased as DCBF substitution increased, while the ratio between resistence and extensibility increased. There was a decrease in peak viscosity with increased amounts of DCBF. A reduction of the diameter and weight of bread loaf was observed as the amount of DCBF increased. The sensory properties of ‘Balady’ bread showed that at the two levels of 5% and 10% DCBF‐substitution, the ‘Balady’ loaves did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the replacement of bread flour (WF) with up to 10% decorticated cracked broadbeans flour produced acceptable Egyptian ‘Balady’ bread.     

Effect of Soybean 7S Protein Fractions, Obtained from Germinated and Nongerminated Seeds, on Dough Rheological Properties and Bread Quality

Germinated soybean flour has been proposed for use in bread making as a product to improve bread quality when small amounts are added to wheat flour. However, it is not clear which soybean components promote this action, and how these components may influence bread quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of soybean 7S protein fraction obtained from germinated and nongerminated seeds in dough rheological properties (farinographic and extensographic) and bread quality, including loaf volume, texture (firmness, compression force, resilience), colour (L*, a*, b*), crumb grain structure (cell density, mean cell area, shape factor), and consumer acceptance (sensory analysis). Results showed that this protein fraction just slightly affects bread quality, since no significant changes (P > 0.05) on bread volume and texture were obtained. Only crust and crumb colour were affected in a small amount, and a coarser crumb structure was also observed when adding 7S protein obtained from germinated soybean at its highest concentration. As the proportion of protein increased in the flour, both kinds of 7S fraction (germinated and nongerminated) were related to the increment in water absorption, as well as to the increment in extensographic maximum resistance to extension, specifically when adding 7S protein obtained from nongerminated soybean seeds. These results showed that the 7S soybean protein, as obtained in this work, is not related to the reported loaf bread quality improving effect of this legume when it is added in small quantities.     

胡芦巴胶对混合粉制面包及生面团品质的影响

去皮高粱粉和粟米粉作面包用粉的替代物，以不同比例添加使用。胡芦巴胶部分替代面粉，替代率可达０．９％，研究了胡芦巴胶对流变特征及面包品质的影响。添加胶越多，生面团吸水量亦越高；添加胡芦巴胶后，生面团的稳定时间、断裂时间和机械耐力指数均有提高。按４∶１的面粉／高粱粉配方，添加０．６％胶可增大面包体积２１．８％，而０．９％的胶添加量能增大面包体积２１．３８％．     

Total phenolic and total flavonoid content,antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of pseudocereal breads

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of adding (in two different doses 15% and 30%) pseudocereal (buckwheat, amaranth and quinoa) flour on the antioxidant properties and sensory value of breads. Buckwheat flour had the highest phenolic content (7.25 ± 0.23 mg/g dw). The content of total flavonoids in flours was about 2–4 fold higher when compared to breads. The addition of buckwheat flour to wheat bread, particularly in higher dose, was more effective in enhancing antioxidant activity, as evaluated by means of FRAP and DPPH, which increased by 2.36 fold, and 3.64 fold respectively, in comparison with other pseudocereal flours (amaranth, quinoa), which caused, in higher doses, the changes of above parameters within the ranges 1.20–1.79 fold, and 0.60–1.71 fold. Analysis of sensory results of breads showed that addition of buckwheat flour to the dough might improve subjective properties of bread and increase acceptable quality attributes such as taste, colour or odour. All these observations suggest that addition of buckwheat flour into bread can improve antioxidant as well as sensory properties of bread. Bread fortified with pseudocereal flours, and especially with buckwheat flour, may be placed on the market as a functional food.     

Evaluation of viscoelastic properties and air-bubble structure of bread containing gelatinized rice

The impact of addition of gelatinized rice porridge to bread has been investigated on loaf volume, viscoelastic properties and air-bubble structure. We prepared four variety of bread: bread containing rice porridge (rice porridge bread), bread containing gelatinized rice flour (gelatinized rice flour bread), and wheat flour and rice flour breads for references. Instrumental analyses the bread samples were carried out by volume measurement of loaf samples, creep test and digital image analysis of crumb samples. Rice porridge bread showed the maximum specific volume of 4.51 cm³/g, and even gelatinized rice flour bread showed 4.30 cm³/g, which was larger than the reference bread samples (wheat and rice flour breads). The values of viscoelastic moduli of gelatinized rice flour bread and rice porridge bread were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) than those of wheat flour and rice flour breads, which indicates addition of gelatinized rice flour or rice porridge to bread dough encouraged breads softer. Bubble parameters such as mean air- bubble area, number of air-bubble, air-bubble area ratio (ratio of bubble area to whole area) were not significantly different among the bread crumb samples. Therefore, the bubble structures of the bread samples seemed to similar, which implied that difference of viscoelasticity was attributed to air-bubble wall (solid phase of bread crumb) rather than air-bubble. This study showed that addition of gelatinized rice to bread dough makes the bread with larger loaf volume and soft texture without additional agents such as gluten.     

Effect of fungal α-amylase on the dough properties and bread quality of wheat flour substituted with polished flours

Whole grains of a hard-type wheat cultivar ‘1CW’ (No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring) were polished from the outer layer to the inner layer by 10% of the total grain weight using a modified rice-polisher. The polished flours of three fractions; C-1, C-5, and C-8 corresponding to 100–90%, 60–50% and 30–0% layer of the 1CW grain, respectively were used in this study. Effects of fungal α-amylase on polished flour substitution for the common wheat flour CW of 1CW on rheological or physicochemical dough properties and bread qualities were studied. When the polished flours were substituted for CW without fungal α-amylase, the mixing tolerance index of dough in a farinograph and all parameters of viscoelastic properties significantly increased rather than those of CW alone. As a result, baking qualities of breads made from the substituted flours were significantly inferior. But, the polished flours increased the total gas generation significantly during fermentation, as compared with CW alone. The addition of fungal α-amylase to polished flour substituted CW distinctly developed gluten matrix in the SEM images and produced large amounts of the generated gas during fermentation. Therefore, the loaf volume and firmness of breads were improved by the combined additions of polished flours and fungal α-amylase. Especially, the C-8 of the innermost fraction was more susceptible to affection of fungal α-amylase among all polished flours, and resulted in improvement of gas cell distribution and softness of breadcrumbs without lowering the loaf volume as compared with CW bread.     

Barley Flour Level and Salt Level Selection for a Whole-grain Bread Formula

Thual hull-less barley from Alaska and Tennessee was ground into whole-grain flours (10.5 and 14.4% protein, respectively). A potentially feasible bread formula was identified from response surfaces depicting effects of barley and salt levels within barley source on dough development parameters. Breads containing 20% barley, 30% whole-wheat and 50% bread flours and 2.0% salt were prepared from each flour; a control contained 50:50 whole-wheat:bread flour with 2% salt. Barley decreased specific loaf volume 5–6%. Instron hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness were similar; lower protein barley bread was more gummy than the control. Overall flavor, appearance, and texture acceptability did not differ. Barley bread as prepared was feasible, suggesting the usefulness of response surfaces in formula development.     

Insects as ingredients for bakery goods. A comparison study of H. illucens,A. domestica and T. molitor flours

Due to a rising demand for proteins, food industry is considering new alternative protein sources that can be used for human food. The aim of this research was to explore the potential use of insects' flour as protein-rich ingredient for bakery products. Hermetia illucens, Acheta domestica and Tenebrio molitor were ground and used to replace 5% wheat flour in doughs and breads. The protein content of the insect flours ranged from 45% to 57% (d.m.) and fat content from 27% to 36% (d.m.). The inclusion of insects' flour affected the rheological properties (water absorption and stability), of dough during mixing, having less water adsorption. Breadmaking process could be carried out with all the composite flours. Breads containing A. domestica flour showed similar specific volume and texture parameters than wheat bread, but with higher content of proteins and fibers. Globally, results confirmed the usefulness of insects' flour for making breads with improved nutritional value.Industrial relevanceThis study evaluated the potential application of three different insects as protein source ingredients for bakery products. Results confirm that insects flour could be added to replace wheat flour in breads without significantly affecting dough properties and leading to breads with acceptable technological quality and improved nutritional profile.     

EFFECT OF PENTOSANASE ON DOUGH AND BREAD PROPERTIES PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOURS

ABSTRACT

The effects of pentosanase at different doses (20, 60 and 100 ppm) on physical dough properties and bread quality were studied using three types of wheat flours. Flour A was a regular bread flour, flour B had a high hardness ratio and protein content, and flour C was prepared from the same blend of flour A but had a high extraction ratio. Regarding farinograph data, water absorption values of the high extraction (86%) flour C and high hardness (65%) blend flour B increased with introduction of pentosanase. Extensibility values of the flours increased moderately with pentosanase addition, while resistance and energy values decreased. The volume of breads made with flours C and B decreased upon addition of pentosanase. But loaf volume of breads prepared with regular bread flour A with 50% hardness and 76% extraction rate increased with high levels of pentosanase addition. In conclusion, flour A as a regular bread flour gave satisfactory results with pentosanase supplementations, whereas the harder‐blend (65%) and higher‐extraction‐rate (85%) flours from the same cultivars did not.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pentosanase addition was more effective on soluble pentosans than on insoluble ones. Because of these effects, it enhanced the bread‐making properties of regular flour more effectively than those of the high‐extraction and harder‐blend flours of the same cultivars.