空心玻璃微球高压贮氢技术

利用炉内成球技术制备的亚毫米量级空心玻璃微球进行实验,系统研究了玻璃微球高压贮氢技术.玻璃微球直径150～250 μm,壁厚0.9～4.0 μm.采用气体渗透法充氢,在高温时,气体扩散进入微球内,温度降低后气体不容易扩散出来,即可实现贮氢.通过控制外界温度和气氛可实现氢气的贮存和释放.对于直径200 μm,壁厚1 μm的空心玻璃微球,在350℃充气的平衡时间约6～10 h,充气平衡后,微球内外压基本相等.在室温条件下,微球的保气半寿命约40～50 d.对于直径200 μm,壁厚2 μm的空心玻璃微球,球内氢气最高压力可达20～25 MPa,单位质量贮氢效率为13%～16％.     

TEMPERATURE OF PYREX AND PORCELAIN IN SUNLIGHT1

The relative temperatures of Pyrex glass insulators and porcelain insulators in sunlight are determined in three ways. A computation using the radiation and convection heating equations gives a value of 93 °C as a maximum surface temperature of porcelain in sunlight, with an assumed shade temperature of 40°C. In a similar way 46.5° C was determined for the Pyrex insulator. Measurements are given of the rise in temperature under natural conditions of Pyrex and porcelain insulators mounted on pins. Temperature measurements were made by means of thermocouples cemented to the surface of the insulators. Extreme conditions were further obtained by means of tin reflectors. Under such conditions the experiments show that the temperature of the porcelain insulator increases on the average about three and one-half times that of the Pyrex glass insulator.     

PS-PVA-CH塑料空心微球充D2

研究了激光惯性约束聚变靶用PS-PVA-CH三层塑料空心微球采用热扩散法高温高压充氘气技术。实验研究表明,对于直径300 μm、PS壁厚5～7 μm、PVA壁厚3～5 μm、CH层厚4～6 μm的塑料微球,50℃充气的平衡时间为20～40 h,70℃的平衡时间为7～12 h,90℃的平衡时间为2～4 h。在室温25℃时,微球的气体渗透系数为（3.0～4.2）×10^-19 mol·m^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1,对应的保气半寿命为28～37 h。对于参数接近的微球,如果充气时间相同,充气外压与微球内压基本呈正比。当外压达到6.0 MPa时微球开始出现破损。     

高压碳化法可控制备微纳米分级结构中空棒状碳酸钙及其表征

以氢氧化钙为钙源,D-葡萄糖酸钠为添加剂,在高压碳化釜中采用二氧化碳鼓泡碳化法制备出分散均匀,由立方状纳米粒子组装而成具有微纳米分级结构的中空棒状碳酸钙聚集体。探究了各因素对高压碳化法制备碳酸钙的影响,通过改变反应温度、D-葡萄糖酸钠的添加量、氢氧化钙的浓度等考察制备的最佳条件。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、FTIR和BET等测试手段对产品的结构和性能进行了表征。实验结果表明,所制备的微纳米分级结构中空棒状碳酸钙的平均直径约300nm,长度为1~2μm,壳壁由粒径为50~100nm的纳米立方状粒子聚集而成,壳层厚度约100nm。同时,在反应温度为120℃、氢氧化钙质量分数为2%、D-葡萄糖酸钠添加量为氢氧化钙质量的2%、反应时间为4h的条件下,所制备的中空棒状碳酸钙的分散性和均匀性最好。     

盐湖粗光卤石中晶体的分布

研究了察尔汗盐湖粗光卤石中各种无机盐晶体的存在形式及形态.通过筛分法将粗光卤石矿分级,运用化学法分析各粒级颗粒的组成.结果表明：90％以上的KCl•MgCl₂•6H₂O以大于0.177 mm粒径的大颗粒存在,75％以上的NaCl以小于0.125 mm粒径的细粒矿存在于体系中,约90%以上的CaSO₄以粒径小于0.074 mm的微细颗粒存在.运用X射线衍射法分析了不同粒径的光卤石矿表面的化学组成,运用光电子能谱法分析了其表面Na/Ca的摩尔比,用扫描电镜及能谱分析直接分析了各种晶体存在的形态.研究结果表明,大部分NaCl和CaSO₄分别以小颗粒游离于粗光卤石矿中,未被大颗粒晶体所包裹.     

小型热虹吸环流反应器中丙烯环氧化工艺条件

引　言钛硅催化剂 (ＴＳ - 1)上的丙烯与Ｈ2 Ｏ2 环氧化过程是环氧丙烷 (ＰＯ)洁净生产的发展方向[1,2 ] ,但对于环氧化反应器的研究尚很不完备 .该反应是一个强放热的气液固三相反应 ,要实现该反应过程的连续化 ,可以采用搅拌釜式反应器或固定床反应器(滴流床反应器 ) .搅拌釜式反应器主要用于催化剂性能评价 ,由于搅拌釜内物料返混严重 ,反应器体积效率较低 ;固定床反应器是由美国ＡＲＣＯ公司的Ｊｕｂｉｎ[3] 等发明的 ,实际上为多段气液呈并流向下的滴流床反应器 ,该反应器结构复杂 ,操作压力较大 (在 1.2 5ＭＰａ以上 ) ,且为了便于控…     

气辅注射成型圆管制品中空率

气体辅助注射成型的工艺参数与最后制件的中空程度有直接的关系。采用计算机模拟技术;分析了熔体温度、模具温度、气体延迟时间、预注射量和进气压力对中空率的影响。得到预注射量和进气压力对中空率的变化最为敏感;熔体温度升到一定范围后对中空率没有影响;对于圆管制件;气体延迟时间对中空率影响不明显的结论。     

Self film‐forming and opaque hollow latexes fabricated via seeded emulsion polymerization followed by alkali post‐treatment

In order to obtain novel hollow latexes with both opaque and self film‐forming properties, the four‐layer core/shell latex particles—sequentially consisting of a high carboxyl‐containing soft core, a transition layer, a rigid supporting layer, and an outermost film‐forming layer—are first designed and prepared by emulsion polymerization, and then treated with alkali to fabricate self film‐forming hollow latexes. On the basis of the previous research on the three‐layer core/shell latex, influences of the composition and thickness of the film‐forming layer on the properties and morphologies of the four‐layer core/shell and the final hollow latexes are investigated. Results show that under optimized conditions with butyl acrylate/styrene (BA/St) mass ratio of 2/1, divinyl benzene (DVB) content of 1 wt %, and core/film‐forming layer mass ratio of 1/6 in the film‐forming layer preparation, the final hollow latex particles exhibit best morphology considering both light scattering efficiency and film‐forming capability at room temperature. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42541.     

Spinning of cellulose acetate hollow fiber by dry-wet technique of 3C-shaped spinneret

Cellulose acetate hollow fibers were spun by a new method—a dry–wet spinning technique of a 3C-shaped spinneret. The spinning technique parameters effecting the form and the reverse osmosis performances of the hollow fiber were investigated in detail, such as polymer concentration, the kind of solvent and additive, spinneret temperature, extrasion rate, evaporation distance, and take-up rate. Heat treating for different times in several treating baths was tested. The results showed that cellulose acetate hollow fiber spun by this method is feasible and is a kind of “loose” reverse osmosis membrane and suitable to operate at ultralow pressure, 0.8 MPa, and exhibits a higher flux rate at a salt rejection of 60–85% for tap water. Cellulose acetate hollow fiber for ultralow pressure reverse osmosis should find wide application in industrial processes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Porosity and pore size determination in polysulfone hollow fibers

Average pore sizes and effective porosity of microporous polysulfone hollow fibers were determined by the gas permeability method. Surface structure and porosity were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The values of effective porosity ε/q² (porosity/tortuosity factor) are approximately one order of magnitude lower than those reported previously for flat sheet porous membrane. These lower values are a direct outcome of a higher polymer concentration in the spinning dope. Correlations between the wall void volume, equivalent pore size, and hydraulic permeabilities of the hollow fibers have been determined. Rather low values of ε/q² have been calculated compared to those of the void volume; these effective porosity values indicate either a very high tortuosity factor or a large number of “dead end” pores. Exposure of the fibers to elevated temperature (110°C) for a short period of time drastically reduces the surface pore size and narrows the pore size distributions, whereas overall fiber dimensions are reduced only by 1%, and 85% of the fiber's hydraulic permeability is retained. The scanning electron microscopy study reveals the formation of a relatively dense skin in some spun fibers. For such “skinned” fibers, kinetic (permeability) evaluation of static structure such as mean pore size is not realistic and is further generalized to the term “equivalent pore size.”     

氨纶纺丝原液流变性能的研究

采用简易式毛细管流变仪、高聚物浓溶液动态粘弹仪和显微摄影技术,在模拟实际纺丝工艺条件下,测定了氨纶(PU)原液的稳态和动态流动曲线、孔口膨化比,重点研究了PU原液温度对其粘弹性的影响。研究结果证明,PU原液为切力变稀流体,结构粘度指数(Δη)、剪切弹性模量(G)均随温度升高而下降,在30—50℃范围内,Δη与G的变化甚微,这表明氨纶可在室温下纺丝,增加原液温度不仅使可纺性更佳,且有利于提高纺速,从而制得细旦氨纶。     

新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管保温性能分析

为分析新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管保温性能,运用有限元法对新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管在不同空气层厚度和常规管道包覆不同厚度保温材料的热损进行了计算。结果表明,新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管保温效果比常规包覆式管道明显提高。常年运行工况下,年平均温度为15℃(昆明地区),管内工质温度95℃,管道热损不高于93W/m~2时,新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管保温层(空气层+护管)厚度比常规管道包覆玻璃棉厚度减少27.5%,岩棉厚度减少32.9%。在季节运行工况下,平均温度为8℃(昆明地区冬季),管内流体温度95℃,管道热损不高于163 W/m~2时,新型中空无规共聚聚丙烯管保温层厚度比常规管道包覆玻璃棉厚度减少20%,比岩棉层厚度减少25.8%。     

Photodegradative wavelength dependence of thermally resistant organic polymers

The wavelength dependence of photodegradation of three “high temperature” aromatic polyamide polymers has been very accurately determined by means of a fast grating spectrograph used in conjunction with a high pressure xenon arc. One of these polymers, the poly-(isophthalamide) of 4,4′-bis(p-aminophenyl)-2,2′bithiazole, was found to be degraded significantly by visible light, especially that of 4140 Å, wavelength. Both the poly-terephthalamide of 1,3-bis(3-aminobenzamide) benzene and Du Pont Nomex, also an aromatic polyamide, were damaged primarily by radiation in the near ultraviolet region. Degradation band maxima for these polymers were observed at 3700 Å, and 3600 Å, respectively. All three thermally resistant polymers were thus found to be degraded by light of much longer wavelength than that which is harmful to other common polymers.     

硬硅钙石复合隔热涂料制备与隔热性能测试

以硬硅钙石作阻隔型填料,以金红石型二氧化钛和中空玻璃微珠为反射型功能填料,制备建筑外墙隔热涂料。研究了单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛、中空玻璃微珠以及复合添加3种填料对涂层隔热性能的影响。结果表明:单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛或中空玻璃微珠均可提高涂层隔热性能,硬硅钙石的适宜掺量为9%,金红石型二氧化钛的适宜掺量为30%,空心玻璃微珠的适宜掺量为20%;复合掺入硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛和空心玻璃微珠可进一步提高涂层隔热性能,掺量为9%、30%和15%时,涂层的热反射率可达93.69%。按建筑行业标准JG/T235—2008《建筑反射隔热涂料》进行检测,涂料对波长为250～2 500 nm范围内的太阳反射比为0.85,半球发射率为0.87,隔热温差为13℃,符合标准要求;空心玻璃微珠、二氧化钛和硬硅钙石复合掺入后,发挥协同作用,能更加有效地提高涂层的隔热性能。     

Plasma-assisted rapid sintering of nanotitania powders

In this work, Plasma-Assisted Rapid Sintering (PARS), a pulsed DC plasma system in a hollow cathode regime, is presented as a novel technology to sinter nanoceramics. Nano-TiO₂ powders are used as proof of concept and submitted to thermal treatment using several PARS conditions and sintering schedules. PARS heating process induced solely by the hollow cathode effect is consistent and affordable, providing a homogeneous temperature distribution to the compact. Furthermore, the heating rate and the maximum temperature are easily tunable by the discharge current applied in the plasma source and can go safely from room to maximum temperature in a matter of seconds with heating speed comparable with other reported rapid sintering techniques. Using 1-min of non-isothermal PARS cycles up to 1000 °C, porous nanostructured samples were obtained; reaching 80 % relative density while the grains remained at the nanoscale. Adding dwell times, the relative density was increased up to 96 % using a temperature plateau for up to 10 min, but the TiO₂ grains grow intensively when temperatures exceeded 1000 °C. The results indicate that the developed process is a promising new alternative technology for sintering nanoceramics.     

天然气净化用旋风分离器气液分离性能

为了系统评价天然气净化用旋风分离器在含液量低时的气液分离性能,利用滤膜采样称重法和Welas在线测量法测量了旋风分离器在入口气速8～24 m·s^-1、入口液体浓度0.1～2 g·m^-3时的分离效率和粒径分布;对比了相同入口浓度下旋风分离器气液分离性能和气固分离性能的异同。实验结果表明,在入口气速为8～24 m·s^-1、入口液体浓度为0.1～2 g·m^-3时,旋风分离器的气液分离效率随着入口气速和入口液体浓度的增加而增大,而出口粒径分布范围变化很小;与气固分离相比,在相同的入口气速和入口浓度下,旋风分离器的气液分离效率要高2%～6%;另外,气液分离时出口液滴粒径不大于4 μm,而气固分离时出口有大于10 μm固体颗粒存在。     

Preparation and structure control of hollow polymer particles: Influence of seeded emulsion polymerization and alkalization treatment process

Hollow polymer latex particles containing a hydrophilic core were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization with MAA/BA/MMA/St as comonomers, followed by stepwise alkalization treatment with ammonia. The size and morphology of composite latex particles was determined by TEM. The effects of the seeded emulsion polymerization conditions and alkalization treatment on the size and hollow structure of latex were investigated. The results showed that the optimum content of crosslinking agent in the shell polymers was about 0.5–1.0 wt %, emulsifier was about 0.8–1.1 wt %, and the core/shell weight ratio was 1/7. To obtain uniform hollow latex particles with large size, the starved feeding technique should be adopted in seeded emulsion polymerization, and the neutralization temperature should equal to the T_g of the shell polymer. Then, the obtained polymer particles under this condition had an excellent hollow structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Carbon dioxide stripping in ceramic hollow fibre membrane contactors

Ceramic hollow fibre membrane contactors have been applied to carbon dioxide stripping from monoethanolamine (MEA) solution at high temperature where most polymeric membranes would fail to operate. The experimental results show that the membrane contactors are immune from hydrodynamic problems, such as flooding and loading, since the gas and liquid phases can totally be separated by the hollow fibre membranes. The height of transfer unit (HTU) of the contactor was determined to be as low as 15 cm and is dependent on the fluid velocities. The mass transfer coefficients were theoretically predicted and found to be within a reasonable deviation. The mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase was found to be the majority of the total resistance.     

超细镍基催化剂下甲苯加氢性能的分析

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）、酞酸丁酯、硝酸镍为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了超细镍基催化剂,并进行了表征,通过改变工艺条件进行单因素实验,确定了超细镍基催化剂催化甲苯加氢的最合适工艺条件为：反应温度170 ℃、压力0.6 MPa、空速4 h－1、氢烃比10︰1,甲苯加氢生成甲基环己烷的转化率为100%,在80～200 ℃的实验范围内,选择性良好,并无开环及其它副反应的发生,甲基环己烷的选择性100%,实验表明溶胶-凝胶法制备的超细镍基催化剂是优良的甲苯加氢催化剂。     

Confectionery fats. I. Preparation by interesterification and fractionation of pilot-plant scale

A cocoa butter-like fat has been prepared on a pilot plant scale by the interesterification of hydrogenated cottonseed oil and a triolein product or olive oil followed by fractional crystallization from acetone at two different temperatures. The coproducts—a fraction which consists primarily of trisaturates and is obtained by fractionation at 20 to 28°C., and a fraction which is primarily di- and triunsaturates and is obtained from the low temperature (0°C.) filtrate—are reused in the process. In five of the six pilot plant runs conducted, 100 pounds of 70∶30 or 75∶25 mixtures of the hard fat and liquid oil were used as starting materials. In the sixth run, 140 pounds were used. Yields varied from 25 to 35%. Characteristics of the cocoa butter-like fat products are discussed. Variations in the products were made by changing the ratio of starting materials to 75∶25 and by lowering the first crystallization temperature from about 28° to about 19°C. Operational data obtained show that the process has commerical feasibility. Solvent-to-fat ratio was only 4 to 1. Filtration rates based on production of dry solids were 9 to 44 pounds per hour per square foot of filter area, respectively, for the first and second crystallizations. Although time to attain crystallization temperature was about 4 hours in the pilot plant oeprations, laboratory data indicate that comparable products can be obtained for crystallization times as low as one-half hour. The shorter crystallization time would be more applicable for commercial consideration. The steps in the process are considered conventional in commercial processing.