聚烯烃生产中牌号切换策略研究

聚烯烃生产过程中的牌号切换问题对生产成本和生产策略有很大影响。综述了牌号切换的研究进展,阐述了牌号切换的目标和策略。针对切换策略求取中的操作变量轨迹寻优,分为目标函数法和软件模拟法两种不同方法讨论了切换过程中操作变量优化轨迹的求取过程,最后总结了牌号切换研究中存在的问题。     

丙烯聚合动态模型在牌号切换过程中的应用

分析聚丙烯牌号切换过程中的过渡策略 ,并在Hypol工艺上 ,利用丙烯聚合动态模型和熔融指数的软测量 ,结合工业实际生产数据 ,对聚丙烯的牌号切换过程进行了模拟 ,结果显示 ,利用丙烯聚合动态模型可以如实地反应聚丙烯的牌号切换过程 ,通过模拟的结果 ,可以找出最佳牌号切换策略 ,制定出最佳的生产过渡方案     

连续聚合过程中多牌号产品过渡的生产调度最优化

应用连续聚合过程中牌号切换的最优化模型，提出了以目标函数值为判别依据的多牌号切换的最优化调度策赂。对多牌号树脂的生产系统进行了调度最优化的仿真研究，并在安全生产的前提下，以动态规划的方法考察了6个聚乙烯树脂牌号的生产调度，计算了树脂牌号的最优生产序列以及相应的过渡料数量和过渡时间，并分析了计算结果的合理性。     

聚烯烃连续生产过程中产品牌号切换的研究述评

从操作模式、切换目标、影响因素和数学描述四个方面对聚烯烃连续生产过程中产品的牌号切换问题进行了分析;讨论了最优牌号切换的研究特点和难点;回顾了近年来该领域的研究进展,探讨了未来的发展方向。     

基于动态优化和反馈控制的聚合反应过程牌号切换策略

针对单反应器多牌号聚合物生产过程, 提出一种结合动态优化和反馈控制的牌号切换策略。以实验室规模的连续搅拌釜式反应器中苯乙烯聚合牌号切换为对象, 以原料消耗最少为优化目标, 利用迭代动态规划求得切换过程中反应条件和产品性能指标的优化轨迹。引入针对反应温度的路径约束, 使优化后的切换轨迹更易跟踪实现, 防止过渡过程中变量的剧烈波动。仿真结果表明, 这一切换策略可以显著减少牌号切换过渡时间及过渡过程中原料的消耗量, 并能够有效克服进料温度变化的干扰。     

大型聚丙烯生产装置牌号切换滚动时域控制

基于滚动时域优化控制策略,提出了一种大型双环管聚丙烯生产过程最优牌号切换控制方法。首先结合机理分析,以Hammerstein模型描述聚丙烯牌号切换过程中质量指标动态特性;其次,根据牌号切换的性能指标,滚动优化计算每个时刻各反应器中聚合温度、氢气与丙烯浓度比、共聚单体乙烯与丙烯浓度比等操作变量。进一步结合双层控制结构和状态观测器设计,实现聚丙烯产品牌号切换的滚动优化闭环控制,并预测聚合物产品各质量指标的动态轨迹。最后,通过给出多个牌号切换实例仿真验证本文结果的有效性和实用性。     

基于催化剂颗粒停留时间分布的双峰聚乙烯牌号切换优化

针对环管-流化床串联的Borstar双峰聚乙烯工艺,建立了包括催化剂切换在内的双反应器串联牌号切换模型,使产品牌号的切换时间最短、过渡料数量最少。同时,推导了双反应器串联工艺中,存在催化剂切换时各反应器内聚合物的瞬时与累积性能指标（熔融指数与密度）的模型。研究表明,对于涉及催化剂切换的牌号切换,最优策略是采用催化剂分步进料方式,综合考虑新旧催化剂对操作参数的不同要求及各反应器内残留原催化剂比重对最终产品性能的影响,从而达到明显缩短切换时间、有效抑制操作变量急剧变化、平缓产品性质变化轨迹的优化目的。     

减少纤维级PP中“鱼眼”的对策及措施

通过分析、模拟纤维级聚丙烯生产过程,确定了在牌号切换过程中造成产品"鱼眼"数超标的原因.在生产工艺操作及牌号切换调整等方面实施了减少"鱼眼"的措施,改进了聚丙烯纤维级产品的质量.     

间歇过程实时优化

由于生产过程中参数的不确定性和各种扰动作用,间歇生产过程的最优操作条件需要随时作出调整以保证生产的正常进行和满足生产产品质量的要求.针对间歇生产过程的操作条件的变化和不确定性因素的影响提出一种应用于间歇生产过程中的实时优化策略,其主要构成步骤包括动态模型建立、模型降阶、动态优化、在线监测、模型更新和在线调整,并以一个典...     

连续聚合过程中产品牌号过渡的优化

以流化床乙烯气相聚合工艺为例建立了产品牌号切换模型 ,通过同时优化聚合温度、氢气和共聚单体的浓度、催化剂流率和料位高度等 5个操作变量的变化轨迹 ,使产品牌号的切换时间最短 ,过渡料数量最少 .研究表明 ,聚合温度、氢气和共聚单体的浓度对树脂性能指标的控制起主要作用 .为了减少过渡料的数量 ,一般均需降低催化剂流率和料位高度 .通过在目标函数中增加熔流比控制项可以抑制操作变量的剧烈调节 ,达到控制分子量分布的目的 .同时发现 ,产品牌号的正向和反向切换所得到的操作变量的最优轨迹很不相同 ,反映了系统的非线性     

基于动态过程划分的熔融指数软测量建模

牌号切换过程是聚合反应过程节能降耗的关键环节,已有的模型往往因为质量样本较少而弱化甚至避开这一过程。因此,在之前专门针对牌号切换过程提出的三阶段分解方法的基础上,进一步面向整个生产过程,针对聚丙烯反应过程存在的同一牌号的稳定生产过程以及不同牌号间的切换过程具有不同动态过程的特性,按照不同的生产模式和生产牌号划分不同动态过程的样本,采用多模型的方法在各自的样本集上建立子模型,有针对性地把握相应的动态变化规律。为了实现多个子模型之间的切换,进一步基于反应条件和反应结果估计值构建了综合判断模型。最后,通过实际数据验证,三阶段多模型相对Kim多模型、单一模型来说,具有更好的预测结果。     

Modeling of the bulk free radical polymerization up to high conversion—three stage polymerization model I. Model examination and apparent reaction rate constants

In this paper, a simple and useful model, the three stage polymerization model (TSPM) is proposed on the basis of recent experimental evidence and our preliminary treatment of the experimental kinetic results found in the literature. The model accounts for gel effect and glass effect in bulk free-radical polymerization. Equations for calculating the conversion of the polymerization reaction are derived based on TSPM. Using experimental kinetic data available in the literature, general expressions for apparent reaction rate constants in three stages for methylmethacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) are obtained. In general, the experimental kinetic data can be treated very well with the TSPM from the low conversion stage to high conversion, except for some experimental data near the transition points. However, the deviation for this data may be reasonably explained by the non-isothermal effects that occur in this regime of experiments. This deviation is smaller for a smaller ampoule reactor used in polymerization experiments because of its better heat transfer ability. In order to establish that there is no glass effect stage when the reaction temperature is greater than the glass transition temperature for a polymerization process, some experimental data for ethylmethacrylate (EMA) bulk polymerization at a reaction temperature higher than its glass transition temperature were checked with TSPM. The plots show that the model is also suitable for EMA bulk polymerization.     

Simultaneous optimization and control for polypropylene grade transition with two-layer hierarchical structure

In this paper, a two-layer hierarchical structure of optimization and control for polypropylene grade transition was raised to overcome process uncertain disturbances that led to the large deviation between the open-loop reference trajectory and the actual process. In the upper layer, the variant time scale based control vector parametric methods (VTS-CVP) was used for dynamic optimization of transition reference trajectory, while nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) based on closed-loop subspace and piece-wise linear (SSARX-PWL) model in the lower layer was tracking to the reference trajectory from the upper layer for overcoming high-frequency disturbances. Besides, mechanism about trajectory deviation detection and optimal trajectory updating onlinewere introduced to ensure a smooth transition for the entire process. The proposed method was validated with the real data from an industrial double-loop propylene polymerization reaction process with developed dynamic mechanismmathematicalmodel.     

Synthesis of well‐defined,functionalized polymer latex particles through semicontinuous emulsion polymerization processes

The design of a semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process, primarily based on theoretical calculations, has been carried out with the objective of achieving overall independent control over the latex particle size, the monodispersity in the particle size distribution, the homogeneous copolymer composition, the concentration of functional groups (e.g., carboxyl groups), and the glass‐transition temperature with n‐butyl methacrylate/n‐butyl acrylate/methacrylic acid as a model system. The surfactant coverage on the latex particles is very important for maintaining a constant particle number throughout the feed process, and this results in the formation of monodisperse latex particles. A model has been set up to calculate the surfactant coverage from the monomer feed rate, surfactant feed rate, desired solid content, and particle size. This model also leads to an equation correlating the polymerization rate to the instantaneous conversion of the monomer or comonomer mixture. This equation can be used to determine the maximum polymerization rate, only below or at which monomer‐starved conditions can be achieved. The maximum polymerization rate provides guidance for selecting the monomer feed rate in the semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process. The glass‐transition temperature of the resulting carboxylated poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) copolymer can be adjusted through variations in the compositions of the copolymers with the linear Pochan equation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 30–41, 2003     

迭代动态规划在树脂牌号切换最优化模型中的应用

本文运用迭代动态规划求解牌号切换模型的最优化问题,有效地避免了运用一般方法求解系统最优化问题时的Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ－Ｊａｃｏｂｉ－Ｂｅｌｌｍａｎ方程以及高维系统可能出现的计算量激增的问题,成功地解得树脂牌号切换过程产生的过渡料数量最少时聚合温度、氯气和共聚单体的浓度、催化剂流率和料位高度等５个操作变量的最优轨迹。     

Recent advances in thermally robust,late transition metal‐catalyzed olefin polymerization

Olefin polymerization catalysts employing late transition metals, such as Ni, Pd, Fe and Co, have been heavily investigated since their discovery in the mid‐1990s. Despite the advantages and appeal these catalysts have displayed in academic research, their implementation in industry has remained restricted due to a variety of limitations and drawbacks. One specific limitation is the relative thermal instability of most late transition metal olefin polymerization catalysts at the temperatures commonly utilized for industrial polymerizations. This review focuses on the development of Ni‐, Pd‐, Fe‐ and Co‐based olefin polymerization catalysts that display increased thermal stability at super‐ambient reaction temperatures. These advances in thermal stability have been realized using a variety of ligand modifications, and their polymerization activities and thermal stability are summarized herein. Lastly, a brief outlook on the future of thermally stable, late transition metal olefin polymerization catalysts is provided. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

模糊控制器在丙烯聚合反应中的应用

针对聚合反应温度具有大时变性、强非线性、纯时滞性的动态特性和现有聚合反应控制方案的不足,结合模糊控制表达能力强、适应复杂系统、鲁棒性好的特点,在分析丙烯聚合工艺基础上提出了一种双输入双输出结构的新型模糊控制器,有效实现聚合反应全过程中热水阀和冷水阀开度大小的自动控制和适时切换。通过MATLAB SIMULINK仿真验证了该控制方法能实现聚合反应升温段的快速升温无超调和过渡段的平稳过渡,且恒温段控制精度在±0.2℃。     

基于Monte Carlo方法的聚苯硫醚聚合反应动力学建模

根据聚苯硫醚（PPS）聚合机理及过程分析并通过合理假设,提出了基于Monte Carlo方法的PPS聚合反应动力学模型。利用文献数据对模型参数进行了拟合回归,结果表明动力学模型计算值与相应的实验数据符合良好,并且模型外推预测与相同条件的实验接近,两者偏差小于2%;通过模型对反应物配比的影响进行模拟计算,结果与文献值相符合。最后,通过建立工业PPS聚合反应器模型对工业生产过程进行了模拟计算,结果表明PPS生产过程宜采用多釜串联的方式。相关研究结果可对PPS聚合反应动力学建模和工业过程的设计和优化提供理论依据。