PBAT/PGA共混材料制备及其发泡行为研究

采用熔融共混法得到聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚乙醇酸(PBAT/PGA)共混材料,以超临界CO₂为发泡剂,通过间歇釜式发泡法得到发泡材料。研究PGA含量对共混体系结晶性能、流变性能和发泡行为的影响。结果表明：PGA和PBAT的相容性较差,随着PGA含量的升高,PBAT的结晶温度和熔融温度下降,体系的黏度升高。当PGA添加量为30.0%时,PBAT/PGA体系出现熔体拉伸断裂。随着PGA含量提高,泡体收缩率从66.9%降低到15.6%,得到明显改善。当PGA含量从0增至30.0%,泡孔尺寸由78μm降低至38μm,泡孔密度由1.9×10¹⁵个/cm³增加至1.1×10¹⁶个/cm³。     

发泡聚乳酸流变性能及泡孔结构的研究

采用偶氮二甲酰胺（AC）做为发泡剂，直接通过挤出过程制备聚乳酸（PLA）泡沫塑料，通过显微镜照片、HAKKE流变仪观察和研究了工艺条件对其泡孔结构的影响。结果表明，发泡剂与成核剂的增加能降低发泡PLA的表观密度，增加其泡孔密度。流变试验表明纯PLA与发泡PLA熔体在低剪切速率下都呈现剪切变稀现象，发泡后PLA熔体的黏度会下降10％～30％。发泡剂含量在4％以下时，泡孔直径随发泡剂含量增加而减小；发泡剂含量增加到5％及以上时，PLA熔体强度过小，泡孔会过于密集而导致塌陷和串泡。成核剂的加入能够明显降低PLA熔体强度，异相成核使得泡孔直径较均相成核大，但前者泡孔密度较后者小。     

聚乳酸扩链改性及其挤出发泡的研究

采用扩链剂对聚乳酸（PLA）进行扩链改性,研究了扩链剂对PLA流变性能的影响。采用3种不同类型的化学发泡剂：发泡剂A（发泡母粒）、发泡剂B\[自制复合发泡剂：偶氮二甲酰胺（AC发泡剂）/碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)\]、发泡剂C(自制改性AC发泡剂),利用单螺杆挤出机对PLA进行挤出发泡。采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了发泡材料的断面泡孔结构。结果表明,加入扩链剂可有效提高PLA的熔体强度和黏度及降低其熔体流动速率,改善PLA的发泡效果,扩链剂含量为0.8份（质量分数,下同）时,发泡材料的发泡效果最好;实验所用的3种发泡剂中,发泡剂C的发泡效果最好,发泡剂含量为1.5份时,发泡样品的表观密度较小（0.6 g/cm3）,泡孔直径最小(约为57 μm),泡孔密度最大（约为7.69×10^6个/cm3）,泡孔分布均匀,无明显泡孔破裂和连通现象。     

聚丙烯高发泡材料

为提高聚丙烯(PP)的熔体强度,改善PP的发泡性能,用双螺杆挤出机对PP进行硅烷交联改性,制备出了高熔体强度聚丙烯(HMSPP)后,进行了模压法发泡的研究.结果表明:HMSPP随着引发剂含量的增加,改性PP的熔体强度提高;PP发泡材料的密度降低至0.118 g/cm3.发泡剂AC的用量及成核剂的含量对发泡材料的表观密度有很大影响,当发泡剂含量为2.5份、成核剂含量为1份时,得到的PP发泡板材密度降低,发泡倍率增大,泡孔均匀致密,力学性能较好.     

PVC/竹粉复合发泡材料的性能研究

以聚氯乙烯(PVC)为基体塑料,竹粉为填充剂,偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)与氧化锌(ZnO)混合物为发泡剂,制备PVC/竹粉复合发泡材料。重点研究竹粉及AC/ZnO复配物发泡剂对PVC/竹粉复合发泡材料吸水性能、发泡性能、力学性能、回弹性能及密度的影响。结果表明,伴随着竹粉含量的增加,复合材料的密度先减少后增加,吸水性能持续增加直至饱和;随着AC/ZnO复配物发泡剂含量的增加,复合材料密度、拉伸性能先减少后增加,回弹性先增加后减少。     

长支链聚丙烯微孔发泡材料制备及其力学性能研究

采用熔融共混方法改性长支链聚丙烯(LCB-PP),使其具有较高的熔体黏度和拉伸强度。利用超临界二氧化碳进行发泡,制备LCB-PP发泡材料,分析发泡材料的微观结构与力学性能之间的关系。结果表明：随着单体(TMPTA)含量增加,当TMPTA的加入量为1.0 mL,LCB-PP发泡材料的数均分子量(M_n)增至55 671 g/mol,分子量分布(M_W/M_n)降至4.09,储能模量(G’)增加,复数黏度(η^*)中牛顿平台向低频区迁移。LCB-PP发泡材料在熔体拉伸中表现“应变硬化”现象。TMPTA的加入能够抑制LCB-PP发泡材料的泡孔破裂和塌陷现象。当TMPTA的加入量为1.0 mL,LCB-PP发泡材料的发泡倍率提高至7.22倍,泡孔密度降至2.76×10⁶孔/cm³。改性后LCB-PP线性弹性区曲线斜率降低,平台区显著变宽。     

PBAT/木粉复合材料的微球发泡性能

采用熔融共混法制备了聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)/木粉复合材料,以微球发泡剂采用模压发泡法制备了PBAT/木粉复合发泡材料,并对PBAT/木粉复合材料的流变性能、结晶性能和发泡行为进行研究.结果表明,木粉含量的增加使PBAT/木粉复合材料的熔体弹性、黏度和结晶温度提高.制备的闭孔发泡材料的泡孔尺寸较均匀.木粉...     

不同聚丙烯发泡体系的流变性能研究

采用ARES流变仪和毛细管流变仪，对线形聚丙烯（LPP）、长链支化聚丙烯（LCBPP）、LPP/LCBPP共混体系分别与纳米黏土的复合发泡体系的动态剪切和稳态剪切流变性能进行了研究。考察了复合体系制备过程中螺杆转速、相容剂含量对复合体系熔体弹性的影响，研究了不同温度下复合体系的剪切黏度、剪切应力与剪切速率之间的关系。结果表明：将纳米黏土引入PP发泡体系中可有效改进PP树脂的可发性。复合体系制备过程中，螺杆转速并未对LPP、LCBPP与纳米黏土复合体系的熔体弹性产生影响；随相容剂马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯用量的增加，LPP、LCBPP／纳米黏土复合体系的熔体弹性有小幅降低，但幅度并不显著；LCBPP／纳米黏土复合体系的剪切黏度具有较高的温度敏感性，随温度升高，表观剪切黏度下降显著。在低剪切速率区，LCBPP／纳米黏土复合体系的表观剪切黏度低于LPP、（LCBPP／LPP）／纳米黏土复合体系，但在高剪切区，三者的剪切黏度趋于接近。     

复合发泡体系对PUR–T发泡材料性能的影响

采用化学发泡法,用热塑性聚氨酯(PUR–T)及偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)/Na HCO3,AC/尿素及4,4’–氧代双苯磺酰肼(OBSH)/Na HCO3,OBSH/尿素复合发泡剂和交联剂甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)制备出交联型PUR–T发泡材料,通过万能电子试验机、发泡倍数和扫描电子显微镜分析比较了不同复合发泡剂的发泡效果,探讨了AC/Na HCO3用量配比和TDI用量对PUR–T发泡材料力学性能、发泡倍数和泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,AC/Na HCO3复合发泡剂对PUR–T的发泡效果最佳,泡孔均匀细密且结构最为稳定;当AC和Na HCO3用量均为0.2份、TDI用量为1.2份时,发泡剂的发泡速率和PUR–T的交联速率最匹配,发泡倍数为1.421倍,发泡效果最佳,制得的PUR–T发泡材料的力学性能最好,其拉伸强度达11.23 MPa,断裂伸长率达311%。     

PP/HDPE共混物的黏弹性对泡孔结构的影响

将聚丙烯(PP)分别与两种高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混,并采用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO2)作为发泡剂进行高压釜发泡,得到PP/HDPE发泡材料。同时考察了PP/HDPE熔体的黏弹性,并研究了其对PP/HDPE发泡材料泡孔结构的影响。结果表明:PP与黏弹性低于其本身的HDPE共混时,随着HDPE含量的增加,熔体的黏弹性逐渐减小,其中当HDPE含量为25%时,能够得到均匀细小的微孔结构;PP与黏弹性高于其本身的HDPE共混时,随着HDPE含量的增加,熔体的黏弹性逐渐增大,但所得PP/HDPE发泡材料的泡孔尺寸、孔隙率却不减反增,且泡孔结构完整。     

废纸浆/ABS复合材料的性能研究

研究了废纸浆、马来酸酐接枝苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS-g-MAH)用量以及发泡对废纸浆/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)复合材料的力学性能和吸水率的影响;通过扫描电镜SEM分析了SEBS-g-MAH对未发泡和发泡废纸浆/ABS复合材料的增容效果.结果表明:废纸浆用量为30份和SEBS-g-MAH用量为20份时,未发泡和发泡复合材料的拉伸性能和缺口冲击强度都达到最佳;吸水率随纸浆用量的增加而增加,SEBS-g-MAH用量为20份时,未发泡和发泡材料吸水率都达到最低.发泡后的复合材料的拉伸强度降低,冲击性能和吸水率升高.SEBS-g-MAH能有效地改善ABS和纸浆的界面相容性.     

Extrusion blow molding of long fiber reinforced polyolefins

A 58% (by weight) long glass fiber reinforced (LGF)‐HDPE master batch was blended with a typical blow molding HDPE grade. HDPE composites having between 5% and 20% (by weight) long fiber content were extruded at different processing conditions (extrusion speed, die gap, hang time). The parison swell (diameter and thickness) decreased with increasing fiber content. Although the HDPE exhibited significant shear rate dependence, the LGF/HDPE composites were shear rate insensitive. Both the diameter and weight swell results also indicated very different sagging behavior. The LGF/HDPE parisons did sag as a solid‐body (equal speed at different axial locations) governed by the orientation caused by the flow in the die. Samples taken from blown bottles showed that fiber lengths decreased to 1‐3 mm, from the original 11 mm fiber length fed to the extruder. No significant difference in fiber length distribution was found when samples for different regions of the bottle were analyzed. SEM micrographs corroborate the absence of fiber segregation and clustering or the occurrence of fiber bundles (homogeneous spatial fiber distribution) as well as a preferential fiber orientation with the direction of flow. The blowing step did not change the orientation of the fibers. Five‐percent (5%) and 10% LGF/HDPE composites could be blown with very slight variations to the neat HDPE inflation conditions. However, 20% LGF/HDPE composites could not be consistently inflated. Problems related to blowouts and incomplete weldlines were the major source of problems.     

The effects of nanoclay on the extrusion foaming of wood fiber/polyethylene nanocomposites

This article presents the foaming behaviors of wood fiber/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with small amounts of nanoclay. Melt compounding is used to prepare two types of clay‐filled wood fiber composites: intercalated and exfoliated clay composites. Their respective morphologies are determined using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We subsequently conduct an extrusion foaming experiment of the composites using N₂ as the blowing agent. Varying the wood fiber content, as well as the processing parameters, such as temperature and pressure, the effects of different amounts of clay and the degree of exfoliation on the final cell morphology and the foam density of the wood fiber/HDPE/clay nanocomposite foams are studied. The results suggested that the addition of nanoclay improved the cell morphology of the wood fiber/HDPE composite foams as its content and degree of dispersion increased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

辐射交联高密度聚乙烯泡沫塑料交联度的研究

与化学交联方法相比辐射交联的高密度聚乙烯泡沫塑料有光滑、均一的表面,闭孔和树脂的内在性质赋予它良好的机械性能、耐冲击性、绝缘性。研究了加入AC发泡剂、EVA、多官能团单体(SR444)的辐射交联高密度聚乙烯泡沫塑料与交联度相关的性质。测试的参数包括辐射剂量、凝胶含量、泡孔尺寸。高密度聚乙烯树脂中在不同辐照剂量条件下加入5～10份发泡剂及多官能团单体,辐射剂量10～50kGy。在泡孔形成和生长阶段,交联度对于凝胶含量、泡孔结构都有重要影响。     

Studies on the physico‐mechanical,thermal, and morphological behaviors of high density polyethylene/coleus spent green composites

This study is aimed at utilizing nutraceutical industrial waste and reducing carbon footprints of plastics. Eco‐friendly “green composites” of high density polyethylene (HDPE) were fabricated using coleus spent (CS)—a nutraceutical industrial waste as reinforcing filler and maleic anhydride‐graft‐polyethylene (MA‐g‐PE) as compatibilizer. Composites were fabricated with 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w) of CS by extrusion method. The fabricated HDPE/CS composites were evaluated for mechanical and thermal behavior. A slight improvement of about 5% in tensile strength and marked improvement of about 25% in tensile modulus for 20 wt % CS filled HDPE composites was noticed. The effect of CS content on rheological behavior was also studied. Thermal characteristics were performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA thermogram indicated increased thermal stability of CS‐filled composites. From TGA curves the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of the composites have been calculated using Broido's method. The enthalpy of melting (ΔH_m) obtained from DSC curves was reduced with increase in CS content in HDPE matrix, due to decrease in HDPE content in composite systems. An increase in CS loading increased the water absorption behavior of the composites slightly. Morphological behavior of cryo‐fractured composites has been studied using scanning electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Use of wood fibers in thermoplastic composites: VI. Isocyanate as a bonding agent for polyethylene–wood fiber composites

Linear low density (LLDPE) and high density (HDPE) polyethylenes were reinforced with wood fibers of aspen chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp. The different isocyantes: (i) polymethylene (polyphenyl isocyanate), (ii) tolene –2–4-diisocyanate, (iii) 1–6 hexamethylene-diisocyanate, and (iv) ethyl isocyanate used as bonding agents improved the tensile properties of the composites. HDPE performed better in comparison with LLDPE composites. Also, shorter fibers (mesh size 60) produced higher tensile strength and modulus in HDPE. The comparison of HDPE reinforced with aspen, mica, and glass fibers showed the effectiveness of wood fibers in terms of their cost and performance.     

High‐density polyethylene foams. I. Polymer and foam characterization

The density and morphology of closed‐cell high‐density foams were investigated with four different molecular weights of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The characterization of polyethylene via rheological methods was used to determine its influence on foam density and morphology. We found that foaming grade decreased with increasing molecular weight and increased with blowing agent content. The average cell size was also a strong function of molecular weight and blowing agent content. Increasing both the molecular weight and amount of blowing agent decreased the cell size. Cell size also increased for our lowest molecular weight HDPE but decreased for the others. Cell density also increased with increasing HDPE molecular weight. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2111–2119, 2003     

Recycling of commingled plastics waste containing polypropylene,polyethylene, and paper

Polymer waste recycling is a major technical problem, because large amounts of synthetic polymers are produced every day and polymeric wastes are gathered from municipal solid wastes. There are a few polyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) with huge amounts of paper in the waste materials. In order to recycle the commingled plastics waste that contains paper, hydrolytic treatment is needed prior to conventional processing. In this project, the optimum conditions of hydrolytic treatment of paper and the mechanical properties and morphological state of different compositions of PP high‐density PE (HDPE) blends with paper were studied. Ethylene‐propylene‐diene copolymer (EPDM) was added to improve the mechanical properties of blends. The results show that the hydrolytic treatment of paper improves the mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength and modulus of the PP/HDPE/paper composites relative to the untreated samples, and up to 30% paper can be added to commingled PP and HDPE blends. The EPDM was used as an impact modifier. The plastics waste containing paper can be used in applications such as artificial wood. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2573–2577, 2001     

Improvements in thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of HDPE/nano-SiC composites by the synergetic effect of extensional deformation and ISBS

A new melt blending method under synergy of extensional deformation and in-situ bubble stretching for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) thermally conductive composites filled by nano silicon carbide (nano-SiC) was reported. Effects of loadings and mixing time of azodicarbonamide (AC) foaming agent on the properties of the composites were experimentally studied. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the nano-SiC particles dispersed uniformly in the HDPE matrix with the addition of AC. The complex viscosity and storage modulus increased with increasing AC content and decreased with increasing mixing time. The mechanical properties of the composites improved with the addition of AC and proper mixing times. The thermal conductivity of the composites increased from 0.2 to 0.7 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ without any damage to the mechanical properties when the mixing time increased from 2 to 6 min. These results showed that the new mixing technique enables us to prepare particle-filled thermally conductive polymer composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47648.     

Characteristics of paper mill sludge‐wood fiber‐high‐density polyethylene composites

Paper mill sludge (PMS) is a waste material from pulping. In this article it was used to replace part of a wood fiber (WF) filler to reinforce high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The properties of the PMS/WF/HDPE composites were investigated. When half of WF was replaced with PMS, the bending strength and modulus of WF/HDPE composites decreased by 16.08% and 29.91%, respectively, but their impact strength increased by 11.31%. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that with PMS addition, the storage modulus decreased and the loss tangent increased. Although the flexural properties of the PMS/WF/HDPE composites decreased compared to WF/HDPE composite, they still had satisfactorily high strengths. The 30:30:36 PMS/WF/HDPE composite presented bending and impact strengths of 61.00 MPa and 12.11 kJ m⁻², respectively. The 50:20:26 PMS/WF/HDPE composite presented bending and impact strengths of 55.02 MPa and 10.37 kJ m⁻², respectively. Rheological test proved that substituting part of WF with PMS would not affectmanufacture processing. This study indicated that paper mill sludge could be used in wood plastic composites, which would reduce pollution from paper manufacturing. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers