Remote Sensing and GIS Based Approach for Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the demarcation of suitable sites for artificial recharge of groundwater aquifers, in the Loni watershed, located in Unnao and Raebareli districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, the SCS-CN model, groundwater depth data and morphological parameters (bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, ruggedness number, relief ratio, and circulatory ratio) have been used to delineate the recharge sites for undertaking water conservation measures. Augmentation of water resource is proposed in the watershed by constructing runoff storage structures, like check dam, percolation tank and nala bund. The site suitability for these water harvesting structures is determined by considering spatially varying parameters, like runoff potential, slope, groundwater fluctuation data and morphometric information of the watershed. GIS has been used as an effective tool to store, analyse and integrate spatial and attribute information pertaining to runoff, slope, drainage, groundwater fluctuation and morphometric characteristics for such studies.     

尼尔基水库初期蓄水对坝下江段环境影响的对策

尼尔基水库蓄水对坝下江段和流域可能产生不利影响,本文提出五大对策,以减免影响危害。     

Inter-Municipal Landfill Site Selection Using Analytic Network Process

Selecting the most suitable landfill site is important to prevent any negative ecological and socio-economic effects. Spatial analysis takes into consideration local environmental regulations and adopted acceptance criteria that are important considerations in site selection. This paper is a case study to determine the suitability of an inter-municipal solid waste landfill site for the city of Khomeynishahr and its six adjacent cities, with a total population of half a million people. A multi-criteria evaluation method emphasising geographical information systems (GIS) techniques was used to identify suitable landfill sites. A combination of Boolean logic, Fuzzy logic and Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used for prioritising the associated criteria and selecting a suitable landfill site. This method is capable of being applied to complex problems with uncertainty and non-hierarchical structure and allows for the consideration of interdependence relationships of decision criteria within and between levels. Taking advantage of the ANP method, the selected landfill site priorities can be identified by considering the variation and relative importance of decision criteria for each site, which cannot be considered in other decision-making methods, such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed the significant importance of residential area and water resources protection in landfill site selection. This study indicates that the integrated method can provide environmental decision makers and planners with a promising tool.     

浅议桃源水电站坝址河段洪水位波动现象

桃源水电站经历的2场大洪水("2014-07-17"洪水和"2017-07-02"洪水)的实际检验,通过对2场实测洪水参数的对比分析,发现洪水位出现了波动现象.从认识流域洪水特性、调查历史洪水资料、回顾枢纽洪水设计、追踪河道行洪断面变化过程等方面,全面查找分析坝址河段洪水位波动的原因.经分析,导致坝址河段洪水位波动的根...     

A Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach for Locating Suitable Sites for Construction of Subsurface Dams in Northern Pakistan

Pakistan is an agricultural country with an increasing interest for hydropower. Water management problems such as sedimentation and evaporation have been of high concern for surface water reservoirs for many years. Therefore, groundwater storage through subsurface dams could be promising, especially considering the monsoon rainfall and seasonal river flows in Pakistan. The paper aims to develop and test a methodology to locate suitable sites for construction of subsurface dams using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA) in the northern parts of Pakistan. For the study, spatial data on geology, slope, land cover, soil depth and topographic wetness index (TWI) was used. Two weighting techniques, i.e. the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the factor interaction method (FIM), were employed and compared. The sensitivity of the two methods as well as of the model parameters was analysed. The suitability map derived from AHP yielded about 3 % (16 km²) of the total area as most suitable, about 4 % (22 km²) as moderately suitable and about 0.8 % (5 km²) as least suitable. The suitability map derived from FIM identified about 2.7 % (14 km²) of the total area as most suitable, about 4 % (22 km²) as moderately suitable and about 1 % (7 km²) as least suitable. The sensitivity analyses suggested that AHP was a more robust weighting technique than FIM and that land cover was the most sensitive factor. The methodology presented here shows promising results and could be used in early planning to locate suitable sites for construction of subsurface dams.     

河流水电资源的梯级开发对生态环境的影响

主要研究对河流的水电能资源进行梯级开发所带来的生态影响。从水文、水环境、生物、水土流失等方面进行分析,并应用灰色GM(1,1)模型,对第二松花江流域的三个断面、八项指标进行预测和评价。结果表明:流域梯级电站的建设,有利于流域内鱼类资源数量的增加、显著减少输沙量,但会不同程度地减少河流年平均流量、对开发和保护鱼类种类有负面影响。因此,河流水电的梯级开发需要谨慎规划,合理调度,各级大坝的选址、坝高、运行期间的蓄水量等都会影响到整个流域的生态安全。     

Comparative Simulation of GIS-Based Rainwater Management Solutions

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a solution for sustainable rainwater management is the focus of this research. To locate the potential sites for RWH, multi-criteria analysis following analytical hierarchy process using land-use/landcover, slope, drainage density, and runoff depth has been performed. By introducing continuous soil moisture accounting procedure in the globally used SCS-CN method, discrepancies in computed runoff values have been assessed. To appraise the usefulness of revised Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) -enhanced SCS-CN models, a number of modifications have been compared. The models’ performance has been evaluated using R², Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Percent BIAS (PBIAS) statistical indicators, and Rank Grading System (RGS) and the best has been selected to calculate the runoff depth for RWH potential zones. The resultant suitability map classifies Gurriala catchment into three suitability zones. 33.8% of the total area has been found as least suitable, comprised mainly of forest, residential land, and water bodies, while 46.8% and 19.4% of the area is recognized as moderately suitable and high suitable respectively. Selected suitable sites have been further classified into suitability zones for enhanced RWH structures and runoff volume contributed by each RWH structure has been computed. The total runoff potential of the area is 22.47 MCM that is enough to fulfill the water demands of suburban areas as a most inexpensive solution.

     

宁夏南部窖水区移动式滴灌应用技术

着重研究了全移动窑窖滴灌技术的设计、设备配套与选型。确定了合理的水泵型号，适合窑窖滴灌的灌水器、过滤器。在管网布局上突出了窑窖滴灌的灵活性与适应性。提出电动加压移动滴灌模式为1套移动设备控制4眼窖，滴灌8亩地，简称“1.4.8”模式；手动加压移动滴灌为1套移动设备控制2眼窖，滴灌4亩地，简称“1.2.4”模式。     

Integrating Stakeholders’ Preferences into Water Resources Management Planning in the Incomati River Basin

Stakeholder participation is a key principle of the integrated water resources management. It is a central issue in planning and decision making processes for the development of suitable water resources management strategies at the river basin level. This study tests a methodology for identifying stakeholders’ preferences regarding water resources management objectives, to incorporate them in the design of water resources management plans at the river basin level. The empirical application of this study focused in Mozambique, on the Incomati river basin. This research applies the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to evaluate stakeholders’ involvement and participation in the selection of water resources management plans. This research revealed that there are heterogeneities in stakeholders’ individual groups preferences regarding water resources management objectives and the management options of their satisfaction. Furthermore it revealed the potential utility of the AHP methodological framework in facilitating stakeholders’ participation and involvement in planning and decision-making processes for the development of water resources management plans. The application of this approach may improve water governance at the river basin level through higher commitments of stakeholders to the proposed objectives.     

新疆某水电站施工导流设计

介绍新疆北部某水电站的工程概况,通过对坝址及流域洪水、泥沙、径流和冰情等水文,气象条件的分析,提出了混凝土面板堆石坝施工导流、截流的设计方案     

基于遥感、DEM技术的西汉水水土流失变化分析

嘉陵江西汉水中上游属黄土梁峁区,是长江的主要产沙区之一,亦是长江水土保持重点治理区域之一.基于MODIS及ETM遥感影像数据进行信息提取,结合流域DEM、同步降水、径流、泥沙、水土保持及野外调查资料,建立嘉陵江西汉水镡家坝以上流域土壤流失量评价模型,量化分析1989年开展水土保持治理前后嘉陵江西汉水流域水土流失变化规律.在构建流域土壤流失量评价模型中引入较敏感的径流因子,提高了拟合成果与实测估算值的吻合度及模型的适用性.     

Optimal Sites Identification for Rainwater Harvesting in Northeastern Guatemala by Analytical Hierarchy Process

The Guatemala’s rural population have limited resources, high vulnerability to climate change, traditional agriculture practices and adversely affected by water scarcity. These problems engender the need for further economic development and imposed pressure on the existing water resources. In response, Rain Water Harvest (RWH) is the measure as an alternative source towards water shortage problem and a decrease in groundwater extraction. However, the identification of optimal sites for RWH is an important step to maximize the amount of water harvested and minimize the ecological impact. In this study, an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determinate optimal sites using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in order to integrate spatial information. Physical and socio-economic features were main decision criteria along with six sub-criteria: potential runoff; land use; soil texture; slope; distance from agricultural land; and distance from roads. In the investigation, several different criteria with different AHP structures were utilized to assess the flexibility of structures. The result maps with respect to different criteria and AHP structurs are overlaid in a systematic scheme to identify the most suitable site for RWH project. The results identified four sites as optimally suitable and eight as highly suitable. The total 424,070.81 m³ volume of water can be potentially harvested from these optimally and highly suitable sites. The study area comprised of 770.61 km² of Guatemala northeastern region and it is suggested that the RWH system for agriculture purpose should be promoted through government and multistakeholder co-operations as an alternative water resource.     

河槽调蓄对嫩江下游径流年内分配的影响

嫩江流域水资源规划中出现了径流不平衡现象，通过对干支流主要水文站实测资料分析认为，嫩江支流水量受河道调蓄作用较小，干流水量受河道调蓄作用很大。由于嫩江干流下游河道很强的调蓄作用，造成干流上下游径流年内分配的差异，这也是区间径流某些月份为负值的主要原因。     

黑河流域水循环系统的分布式模拟(Ⅰ)——模型开发与验证

从水循环的物理机制着手，在考虑人工侧支循环的基础上，以现代地理信息技术为数据处理平台，开发了黑河流域水循环系统的分布式模拟模型。文中系统描述了模型结构，从水循环过程和能量循环过程2个方面对模型各要素的过程模拟进行了阐述，其中水循环过程包括蒸发蒸腾、入渗与径流、地下水运动、地下水流出和地下水溢出、坡面汇流与河道汇流、人工侧支循环等要素过程。在获取各类输入参数后，采用1km网格、以日为时间步长对黑河流域上、中游地区(36 728个网格单元)进行了1981～2002年的逐日模拟。结果表明，所建立的分布式模型对月径流过程和日平均流量过程具有较高模拟精度。校正期内前后两个验证期均得到良好验证。该模型可用于预测未来环境变化条件下流域水资源演变。     

Optimization of River Water Quality Surveys by Multivariate Analysis of Physicochemical,Bacteriological and Ecotoxicological Data

This study aims to optimize the water quality monitoring of a polluted watercourse (Leça River, Portugal) through the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). These statistical methodologies were applied to physicochemical, bacteriological and ecotoxicological data (with the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the green alga Chlorella vulgaris) obtained with the analysis of water samples monthly collected at seven monitoring sites and during five campaigns (February, May, June, August, and September 2006). The results of some variables were assigned to water quality classes according to national guidelines. Chemical and bacteriological quality data led to classify Leça River water quality as “bad” or “very bad”. PCA and CA identified monitoring sites with similar pollution pattern, giving to site 1 (located in the upstream stretch of the river) a distinct feature from all other sampling sites downstream. Ecotoxicity results corroborated this classification thus revealing differences in space and time. The present study includes not only physical, chemical and bacteriological but also ecotoxicological parameters, which broadens new perspectives in river water characterization. Moreover, the application of PCA and CA is very useful to optimize water quality monitoring networks, defining the minimum number of sites and their location. Thus, these tools can support appropriate management decisions.     

鲁甸“8.03”地震牛栏江红石岩堰塞湖水文预报误差及成因分析

红石岩堰塞湖永久性整治期间,水文情报预报信息对于确保施工安全有着重要意义。为进一步提高预报精度,阐述了红石岩堰塞湖的形成、规模、治理以及牛栏江流域资料条件、应急监测站点布局等,简要介绍了堰塞湖各水文预报方案编制情况,分析堰塞湖应急排险、后续处置期间实时发布的222期水文预报精度,得出了入湖水量预报精度为丙级,其余堰塞湖水位、库容等5个项目预报精度在乙级以上的结论。研究误差成因并提出了进一步提高预报精度的措施建议,为堰塞湖永久性整治期间的水文情报预报工作提供参考。     

淮河流域重点水利工程信息监视系统概述

针对淮河重点水利工程水利信息化建设存在的问题,建立统一的信息管理平台,构建水利工程信息监控系统.系统构建在地理信息、视频监控技术和自动控制平台基础上,将工程建设、实时工情、实时监控视频和水雨情数据等信息进行发布和分析,向用户提供可靠的信息展现.水利工程信息监控系统为淮河水利防洪减灾等工作,提供美观、通俗人性化的操作系统,?满足淮委防汛调度、闸坝及河道堤防管理等技术层面的需求.     

宁蒙黄河治理对策

资料分析表明,宁蒙黄河冰凌灾害频繁的被动局面是由于主槽萎缩、卡冰结坝所致;而洪灾与用水安全问题则是河势变化无常和多沙支流突发性洪水淤堵干流形成"沙坝"引起的。为有效恢复宁蒙河段的行洪排沙功能,实现河道减淤、恢复和维持河道中水河槽、保障防洪(凌)安全的宁蒙黄河治理目标,从产沙、输沙、调控机理三个角度出发,分析了各因素对宁蒙黄河河床演变特征的影响。就产沙而言,通过产沙地貌分区、遥感影像分析和流域水系分区相结合的方法确定黄河上游不同沙源区的分布。基于提出的风蚀输沙通量计算方法及风沙入河估算方法,并结合区域风速与植被覆盖率实测数据,发现近30 a风速下降、区域植被覆盖率上升是风沙侵蚀量与入黄风沙量逐渐减少的原因。分析宁蒙河段日均风速、日降雨量和已有侵蚀观测资料,发现宁蒙地区的风水两相侵蚀主要体现为风蚀与水蚀交错存在及其交互促进,风力侵蚀主要发生在3—5月,水力侵蚀则集中在7—9月。现场观测与黄土降雨侵蚀模型试验则表明,重力侵蚀在黄土高原的整个侵蚀过程中占有重要的份额,暴雨形成的径流是黄土遭到侵蚀的主要外营力,也是激发和加剧重力侵蚀发展的重要影响因子。总体来看,宁蒙黄河的流域产沙具有典型的风-水-重力多营力交互特点,在比尺模型与野外观测揭示的流域径流汇集过程、沟道水流与河床自适应以及非平衡输沙机理基础上,构建了复杂地貌形态的小流域产流产沙动力学模型,成功模拟了不同植被特征和分布状况对流域产流产沙的影响,并得出了植被的减水减沙效果与延滞径流洪峰的作用同郁闭度呈正相关关系,陡坡区域植被对径流洪峰的延滞作用大于缓坡区域的结论。就输沙而言,以泥沙起动、推移质输沙与河床均衡调整等基础理论为基础,提出了水沙两相流数值模拟方法与冲积河流全沙运动模型相似条件。数值计算与模型试验表明,龙羊峡、刘家峡水库联合运用改变径流分配是导致宁蒙河道淤积萎缩的主因,协调水沙关系是修复黄河行洪排沙功能的有效途径。并分析确定了宁蒙黄河河道水沙调控阈值和多沙支流入汇口干流防淤堵的流量阈值,即宁蒙黄河临界调控流量为2 000～2 500 m~3/s,临界含沙量5.4～10.5 kg/m~3,调控时间为15～20 d,证实了通过协调水沙关系可修复和维持宁蒙黄河行洪排沙功能;防止多沙支流入汇堵河的黄河流量阈值为2 500 m~3/s,治理淤堵沙坝配合"挖引疏浚"有效冲刷的干流阈值流量为3 000 m~3/s。从各河段模型试验给出的来沙系数阈值沿程减小的变化趋势看,在内蒙古河段现状河床边界条件下,全线冲刷要求的流量至少为2 600 m~3/s,表明黑山峡工程必须预留充足的水沙调控库容。就宏观调控而言,针对流域下垫面条件多样、入黄泥沙沙源众多、河道输沙受水库调度影响显著等特点,以干流水库群为调节器,以径流泥沙为调节对象,采用模块化开发方法集成了风-水-重力侵蚀模型、河道输沙模型、冰情预报模型于水库联调模型上,构建了可进行大范围、高精度的水沙过程模拟预报的宁蒙黄河区域数字流域模型平台,并成功在下河沿—石嘴山河段进行了调试和应用。此外,针对宁蒙黄河河型复杂、凌汛期易卡冰结坝、夏季多沙支流突发性洪水易堵干流形成"沙坝"等河情状况,提出了"水沙调控、支流拦沙、堤外放淤"的处治模式。在稳定性分汊河段、大型支流入汇段、受沙卵石河床组成限制的河段,则指出不宜强行套用微弯型治理方案,而可采用"工程导送(简称为‘导’)、塞支强干(简称为‘塞’)、挖引疏浚(简称为‘挖’)"方针,亦即"导、塞、挖并举"的对策。建设黑山峡水库、南水北调西线工程等是宁蒙河段长远治理的根本对策,通过增加河道内汛期水量和调水调沙,恢复并维持中水河槽,提供防凌库容,才能彻底解决宁蒙河段凌洪灾害,并得出建立黄河上游沙源固定、支流泥沙阻截、干流泥沙输导与堤外淤沙处置的"固-阻-输-置"综合防治体系,是目前可行的治理对策的结论。     

长江流域水资源预测技术

水资源预测作为现有水文、气象预报的一种拓展,必须以现有水文、气象预报手段为基础,充分利用现有的信息化技术,从气候、地理、水文水资源、水环境保护等不同领域对影响水资源变化的诸多因素进行综合分析,构建水资源预测信息平台,加强对气候、水资源等方面的基础性分析研究,开展短期气候预测技术应用研究.开展长江流域水资源预测还需要结合流域内经济发展指标,对长江流域可供水资源、工农业用水、居民生活用水、生态环境用水需求量、水质监测等信息进行收集整理和分析,通过对长江流域或流域内某一地区未来降雨量的预测,对该地区可能形成的地表径流量、水质等作进一步预测,并分析其与用水需求量之间的基本规律和经验关系,建立适合长江流域水资源预测模型,并对流域内重点区域水资源质、量在未来一定时间尺度内的变化趋势进行预测,建立相应的水资源供需关系的预警机制.目的是更好地合理利用水资源、优化水资源配置,为长江流域经济和社会的可持续发展提供强有力的技术支撑.     

三参数月水量平衡模型在丹江口水库控制流域的应用

基于水热平衡方程和流域蓄泄关系,建立了流域三参数月水量平衡模型,该模型概化了径流、降雨、蒸发和流域蓄水量之间的关系,并根据分区域汇流特点计算月径流量。利用该模型对丹江口上游7个子流域及全流域1977—1987年的月径流过程进行模拟和检验,率定期和检验期的确定性系数分别为0.85和0.80,径流总量相对误差分别为0.7%和0.2%。模拟和检验结果表明,所建模型具有较强的适用性,能较好地模拟丹江口水库控制流域及其各子流域的月径流过程,为建立丹江口水库月径流预报模型提供了可靠的技术途径。