生态环境用水的实践

生态环境用水是关于水资源管理的一个综合性思维方法,可以为人类社会可持续发展发挥重要作用。近几十年来,这一科学概念得到越来越多国家的关注。但是,在生态环境用水的实践方面,发达国家和发展中国家存在巨大的差距。从政策与立法、管理策略和组织机构能力3方面对生态环境用水在世界其他国家和中国的实践进行了分析比较。通过研究得出国家政策与法律、国际协定、公众参与、市场机制、公众意识、技术支持和流域管理是影响生态环境用水实践的关键因素,并以此为依据明确了中国生态环境用水实践的现状,最后为如何推动中国生态环境用水的实践提出了建议。     

The WFD Implementation in the European Member States

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), one of the most influential pieces of European water legislation, presents a general framework for integrated river basin management in Europe to meet the environmental objectives. More than 16 years after the WFD adoption and after the end of the first management cycle (in 2015), it is time for a screening assessment of the implementation of the WFD in the different Member States (MSs). This article provides a global overview about the evolution of WFD implementation in MSs, highlighting the progression of the European water bodies status, as well as, some of the main challenges of WFD implementation: ecological flows, pricing policies/economic analysis, climate change, exemptions, public participation and transboundary issues. The paper examines these different topic, drawing up their situation in different MSs. For that purpose, not only the foreseen second cycle of the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) is analysed as also, at a larger scale, the expectations and challenges for the future set by the WFD are examined.     

Integrated Assessment of the European WFD Implementation in Extremely Overexploited Aquifers Through Participatory Modelling

Participatory methods provide an increasingly accepted path to integrated water assessment. This research describes an interdisciplinary exercise of scenario design and modelling, which provides a methodology to couple hard science numerical modelling approaches with the involvement of key water actors and socioeconomic issues. A decision support system based on probabilistic methods (Bayesian networks) is the tool chosen for dealing with the interdisciplinary issues involved in this aquifer. Given the long-standing conflicts in the area, modelling work largely focuses on carrying out an impact assessment produced by different scenarios established under the light of the mandatory objectives established by the European Union Water Framework Directive. This methodology is applied to a semi-arid aquifer located in SE Spain (Serral-Salinas) that represents an extreme case of intensive groundwater use. Irrigation has been a catalyst for welfare in the area for the past 40?years, despite the resulting large groundwater drawdown and continuous rise of groundwater pumping energy costs. Modelling results suggest that only a drastic change in the abstraction regime can produce a solution to long term sustainability of the aquifers. In addition, the impact assessment advises that such objectives are unlikely to be met due to the high economic costs of this action.     

欧盟水框架指令的实施成本——以土耳其、克罗地亚和匈牙利为例

简要概述了水框架指令(WFD)的主要目的,以及制定流域管理规划及其措施计划的过程,说明了如何确定需要实施的措施,介绍了指令要求的经济分析和成本计算的原则.以土耳其、克罗地亚和匈牙利为例,介绍了措施计划在实际操作中所需的费用,以及依据WFD的要求实施措施计划所能带来的效益.最后,总结了过去工作中取得的经验,并对未来的研究与分析工作提出了一些建议.     

WFD and agriculture activity of the EU: first linkages between the CAP and the WFD at EU level.

Within the "WFD and agriculture activity" both communities agreed to co-operate during implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and further development of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at EU, Commission and the Member States levels. In intensive discussions including two congresses and biannual working group meetings, seven information reports were produced. Rural Development programmes are unanimously considered to be very powerful instrument to support WFD implementation. However, limited budgets, combined with the large extent of agricultural pressures will considerably restrain the results this instrument might deliver. Limited effects are also expected from the cross-compliance standards, mainly because: the standards do not cover all WFD aspects, and the existing legislation is not implemented with the same rigour in all the Member States. WFD provides additional powerful tools (River Basin Management Planning and Water Pricing discussion) to improve the situation, but the timetables of WFD and CAP do not fit each other. The activity should be continued with an intensive discussion on case and success stories in all the mentioned tools informing both policy areas for the planned evaluation of cross-compliance in 2007, and a mid-term evaluation on rural development in 2009.     

欧盟水框架指令对中国的借鉴意义

欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)是一个里程碑式的法规,它将欧盟27个成员国联合起来,努力使欧盟区域内的水体达到良好化学与生态状态的目标.EU WFD突破了传统的行政区域划分方式,以流域为基本单元进行综合管理,并且在每个流域单元建立一个水资源管理机构,促进解决部门间的冲突.指令要求对实施EU WFD的成本进行财务经济分析,还要求通过规划和实施过程来构架与利益相关方的信息交流和咨询.以上这些对中国水务部门的改革都具有重要的启示与借鉴意义.     

欧盟水框架指令下法国水资源管理的创新

从2000年以来,法国和所有欧盟成员国都已经在具体实施水资源一体化管理(IWRM)方面取得了一些进展.水框架指令(WFD)已经成为应对欧盟水资源问题的核心工具,各国在流域管理和跨界合作方面取得了更多的经验,并且在信息共享和能力建设方面也取得了进展.在欧洲大陆,尽管各国的制度和法规可能有所不同,但是在流域管理方面所面临的许多问题则是相同的.在欧盟内部,WFD在流域管理和跨界合作方面发挥着促进作用,并鼓励和推动各成员国与其他非欧盟国家进行合作.介绍了法国水资源管理进展及创新情况.     

Non-proportional Repartition Rules Optimize Environmental Flows and Energy Production

In order to meet the growing demand for energy, the development of hydropower leads to an increase of the river exploitation by human activities. Thereby, water management has become a major issue in the energy transition. A better definition of the flow release rules is now required to improve the Minimal Flow Requirement (MFR) concept, which has long been used in spite of its environmental inconsistency. In this work, we present a class of non-proportional redistribution rules that broadens the spectrum of dynamic flow releases based on proportional redistribution for run-of-the-river power plants. We adapt the mathematical form of the Fermi-Dirac statistical distribution to engineer a novel class of redistribution functions. In particular, such functions are used to define the fraction of water allocated to the environment depending on the inflow at the intake. The theoretical background as well as the economic interpretation is presented, and the ability to generate variable flow releases carefully discussed. MFR, proportional and non-proportional distribution policies are then applied to a real case study and their respective economic and environmental efficiencies quantitatively compared. We show that non-proportional distribution policies allow for operating conditions actually close to the Pareto frontier, which improve both efficiencies with respect to those obtained from some traditional MFR and proportional policies.     

WFD Indicators and Definition of the Ecological Status of Rivers

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to solve the problems derived from the use of water, a limited natural resource, by extending the scope of protection to all water uses. The WDF defines the ecological status of water bodies by characterizing each water body type and establishing conditions for the quality elements. This paper identifies valid indicators for defining the ecological status of Estanco River Basin, located in the province of Lugo, NW of Spain, by using the methodology proposed in the WFD. In addition, this study highlights the obstacles for a correct application of the WFD in the study river basin. After characterization of the study river basin and establishment of specific reference conditions, this study presents conclusions about the usefulness of the WFD in the development of specific programmes for improving the ecological status of rivers.     

欧盟水框架指令下斯洛文尼亚水资源管理的创新

介绍了斯洛文尼亚目前的水资源管理组织结构,该国环境机构及其与邻国组建的各种水资源管理委员会的作用,以及欧盟水框架指令在其中的演变发展情况.     

欧盟水框架指令的借鉴意义

回顾了我国水污染防治面临的严重挑战,比较了中国与欧盟在水资源管理领域的战略与政策.指出了欧盟水框架指令值得我国借鉴的若干原则,诸如水资源水环境一体化管理的主体立法;水量、水质和水域生态系统的一体化管理政策;建立涉水政府部门的协调机制以及流域管理中的公众参与等.     

Critical Environmental Flows to Support Integrated Ecological Objectives for the Yellow River Estuary,China

The volume of inflowing water needed to meet multiple demands in the Yellow River Estuary of China was examined and quantified. Pressure on available environmental flows comes from varied ecological objectives, including maintenance of freshwater habitat for hundreds of plant and animal species, salinity balance, sediment transport and general equilibrium of the hydrologic cycle. Temporal fluctuations of flow input and output were considered and the amount of water needed for both consumptive and non-consumptive uses was evaluated. The rule of summation was used to calculate consumptive water requirements and the rule of compatibility (i.e., maximum principle) was adapted to estimate the non-consumptive ones. It was determined that the minimum, medium and high levels of annual environmental flows are 134.22 × 10⁸, 162.73 × 10⁸ and 274.9 × 10⁸ m³, respectively, in the Yellow River Estuary, which represent 23.7, 28.7 and 48.5% of the natural river discharge. Water requirements differ across months. The months of May through June, August and October were identified as the most critical periods for maintaining the environmental flows. The basic purpose of water entering the system is to compensate for water losses due to evaporation and to maintain an acceptable level of salinity in the estuary. Sediment transport into and through the estuary area are likely to be directly impacted by variations in river discharge. Improved efficiency in the sediment transport regime of the Yellow River could potentially reduce environmental flow requirements of the estuary, thus freeing water resources for other beneficial uses.     

Tradeoffs between Water Uses and Environmental Flows: A Hydroeconomic Analysis in the Ebro Basin

Water Resources Management - Environmental water uses and their social values have been mostly overlooked in traditional water management over the last few decades, and recently, the maintenance of...     

欧盟水框架指令下英格兰和威尔士水资源管理的创新

英格兰和威尔士环境署负责英格兰和威尔士水环境的治理,包括水质、水资源和洪水风险管理等方面.政府已指定该署为执行欧盟水框架指令(WFD)的主管机构.虽然这是该署现行管理职责的合理延伸,但并不意味着该署只负责执行WFD.最富挑战性的工作之一是确定共同执行WFD的合作伙伴,以创新的工作方式实现WFD所要求的环境目标.环境署在执行WFD时提出了一种情景(scenario-based)方法,即对3个提高目标和增加成本的情景进行分析.详细地分析了每一可能行动的成本和效益.     

环境规制下的西部地区工业用水效率评价

为了提高工业用水效率,推动西部地区经济可持续发展,运用SBM模型和传统DEA模型对环境规制下西部地区工业用水效率进行测算,分析非期望产出前提下西部地区工业用水效率的时空差异性,表明西部地区工业用水效率较低、时空差异性明显。建议加强西部地区水环境规制力度,完善企业清洁生产审核与工业用水管理制度,实现水资源利用绿色化与西部工业经济的绿色、协调发展。     

Socioeconomic Value(s) of Restoring Environmental Flows: Systematic Review and Guidance for Assessment

The preservation of instream flows entails multiple benefits not only for river ecosystems but also for human well‐being. Benefits of marketed goods and services provided by water withdrawals such as irrigation, water supply and hydropower production are well‐known. Others, such as recreational, aesthetic, cultural and existence values of a well‐preserved river flows are less studied. There is an increasing interest of policy makers to understand the benefits of costly river ecosystem restoration measures. Moreover, disregarding such benefits may turn into inter‐stakeholder conflicts. This paper reviews empirically‐based literature assessing environmental flows restoration/conservation. Thus, it offers the state‐of‐the‐art on three aspects: 1) what motivations drive the socioeconomic evaluation of instream flows (policies and alternative instream flow regimes); 2) what values and benefits are associated with instream flows (e.g. the sheer existence of a well‐preserved river, productive assets and cultural attributes); and 3) what methods are employed to undertake such assessments (e.g. scenario development, monetary and non‐monetary valuations, and stakeholders engagement). Building on this, we propose a methodological framework for case‐specific assessments of the restoration of environmental flows. This proposal combines increased stakeholder participation, better understanding of ecosystem functioning, awareness of the plurality of values and an accurate choice of valuation methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on Conveyance Coefficient Influenced by Momentum Exchange Under Steady and Unsteady Flows in Compound Open Channels

Water Resources Management - Many natural compound channels with differential stages play a vital role during high flow events in real-time. When a flood occurs, and water flows into floodplains,...     

Re‐operating the Three Gorges Reservoir for Environmental Flows: A Preliminary Assessment of Trade‐offs

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), located on the Yangtze River in China, is operated for hydropower, flood control and navigation, with minimal environmental releases. This study explored the potential trade‐offs between better environmental releases from the TGR and hydropower generation using three performance indicators. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between unimpaired flows and regulated flows was used as an indicator of environmental performance (eco rho). Energy generation as a fraction of capacity (energy fraction) and power reliability were used as hydropower performance indicators. We first assessed TGR performance without and with basic instream flow requirements (IFRs). We then imposed an IFR consisting of a minimum release of fraction k of inflow and maximum release of 1/k of inflow and assessed the sensitivity of reservoir performance to different fixed k values. Finally, we allowed k to vary within the year in a genetic algorithm to estimate the Pareto optimal trade‐offs between performance indicators. In all cases, flood and navigation rules were prioritized over environmental and hydropower. With a fixed k of 1.0, eco rho increased from 0.865 to nearly 1.0 (completely natural). Energy fraction reduced from 43.5 to 39.3%, or about 9.5%, and power reliability decreased from 97.0 to 59.2%. The Pareto optimal trade‐off surface not only showed similar results but also indicated that energy fraction and environmental performance can both be increased together, up to a point, but at a cost of reliability. This study helps understand the potential costs of re‐operating the TGR. Limitations and potential future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental Flows in a Human‐Dominated System: Integrated Water Management Strategies for the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin

Water management in the transboundary Rio Grande/Bravo (RGB) Basin, shared by the US and Mexico, is complicated by extreme hydrologic variability, overallocation, and international treaty obligations. Heavy regulation of the RGB has degraded binationally protected ecosystems along the Big Bend Reach of the RGB. This study addresses the need for integrated water management in Big Bend by developing an alternative reservoir operation policy to provide environmental flows while reducing water management trade‐offs. A reach‐scale water planning model was used to represent historical hydrology (1955–2009), water allocation, and reservoir operations, and key human water management objectives (water supply, flood control, and binational treaty obligations) were quantified. Spatially distributed environmental flow objectives and an alternative reservoir rule curve were developed. We simulated current and alternative water management policies and used an iterative simulation–evaluation process to evaluate alternative policies based on water system performance criteria with respect to specified objectives. A single optimal policy was identified that maximized environmental flows while maintaining specified human objectives. By changing the timing but not the volume of releases, the proposed reservoir re‐operation policy has the potential to sustain key ecological and geomorphic functions in Big Bend without significantly impacting current water management objectives. The proposed policy also improved water supply provisions, reduced average annual flood risk, and maintained historical treaty provisions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深圳抽水蓄能电站环境保护措施及实施效果

结合深圳抽水蓄能电站工程建设项目特点,介绍了工程建设过程中采取的环境保护措施,如优化设计减少山体边坡开挖、分区治理减少水土流失、厂房采用清污分离设计、生产生活废水达标排放、及时进行生态恢复等.在建设过程中,深圳抽水蓄能电站严格执行这些工程措施,很好地保护了电站区域的社会环境、生态环境和水环境.