基于分子干涉函数的光子-原子相干散射截面计算方法研究

X射线衍射在物质结构分析和材料无损检测领域有着广泛的应用,其基本物理原理为光子与物质发生的相干散射。传统的相干散射截面计算方法基于独立原子形状因子近似方法,忽略了光子动量转移较小时与原子发生相互作用时的分子干涉效应,影响相干散射截面的计算精度。因此,为了获得光子动量转移较小时精确的相干散射截面,本文在核数据处理程序NECP-Atlas中对基于分子干涉函数的光子-原子相干散射截面计算方法进行研究,利用分子动力学模拟方法计算分子干涉函数,对蒙特卡罗程序使用的ACE格式数据库中的原子形状因子进行修正,并给出了模拟得到的水分子和乙醇分子的分子干涉函数,对基于独立原子形状因子近似方法和考虑分子干涉效应计算得到的水和乙醇的散射成像结果进行了对比分析。数值结果显示：基于分子动力学模拟得到的分子干涉函数计算得到的水的散射成像结果与文献结果吻合较好;同时,当光子动量转移较小时,分子干涉效应对相干散射的次级光子角度分布有着显著影响。本文建立的光子-原子相干散射截面计算方法可显著提高光子动量转移较小时的相干散射次级光子角度分布计算精度,可为X射线衍射模拟提供数据基础。     

X射线源针孔成像系统优化设计研究

为提高X射线源针孔成像系统的性能,对成像能区为10~100 keV的X射线源针孔成像系统进行了优化设计研究。综合应用了理论分析和蒙特卡罗模拟的方法,首先根据X射线波长、准直器角响应和X射线穿透效应对针孔成像的不同影响结果设计了可有效控制成像分辨率和成像面积变化的船底型准直器,随后用蒙特卡罗方法对使用该准直器的针孔成像系统进行了模拟验证。结果表明,对于100 keV以下的X射线,经船底型准直器后,成像的空间分辨率和亮斑亮度较稳定,能得到相对准确的X射线源定位、定量信息。     

用于大尺寸样品的同步辐射硬X射线衍射增强成像方法研究

作为 X 射线相衬成像的方法之一,衍射增强成像方法由于能获得较高的信噪比及分辨率而引起了人们的研究兴趣。北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)形貌学实验站也开展了该方法的探索研究。此前的衍射增强成像方法中,当白光 X 射线光束横截面尺寸为 20 mm×10 mm 时,经过双晶单色器后最大只能获得横截面尺寸为20 mm×4 mm 的均匀单色 X 射线,从而造成成像区域减小。在对通常衍射增强成像光路排列分析的基础上,提出了一种新的光学排列几何并进行了衍射增强实验。应用新光学排列几何首次获得了与入射白光 X 射线尺寸相当的、大的成像光斑均匀区域,因而新光学排列几何更适合于大尺寸样品的研究工作。同时,该光学排列几何成像分辨率可以达到微米量级并且更方便于实验操作。     

评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法

衍射增强成像是X射线成像领域的前沿科技。相比于传统的吸收成像,衍射增强成像能大幅提高图像的衬度,尤其是对于由C、H、O、N等低原子序数元素构成的物体,这一特性使得衍射增强成像在医学诊断方面具有突出的应用价值。目前还没有系统评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法。本文通过构建成像系统的调制传递函数模型,推导出衍射增强成像的空间分辨率计算公式,从而对衍射增强实验平台的整体性能进行综合评价。调制传递函数综合考虑了摇摆曲线几何、CCD像素尺寸、闪烁体荧光弥散效应对系统空间分辨率的固有影响,并详细分析了系统调制传递函数各因素对空间分辨率的影响规律,为衍射增强实验平台的物理设计及设备选型提供理论依据。     

米曲霉孢子对同步辐射C、N、O元素K吸收边附近软X射线的吸收剂量分布研究

以C、N、O元素的K吸收边附近能量的软X射线为辐射光源,通过模型分析,比较了米曲霉孢子不同部位对不同能量软X射线吸收剂量分布.同时利用合肥同步辐射软X射线显微术光束线准单色的软X射线对孢子进行辐照实验,对不同能量辐照存活率结果进行了比较.理论分析表明,由于C、N、O元素K吸收边效应以及孢子不同部位元素组成的不同,受照时孢子不同部位对软X射线的吸收剂量分布随能量变化存在差异.实验结果显示,3种元素K吸收边附近软X射线对米曲霉孢子均有很强的辐射失活效应,其中2.3nm波长的软X射线对孢子的辐射损伤效应要高于3.2nm和4.4nm波长的软X射线.     

影响接触显微成像分辨率的若干因素分析

分析了影响软X射线接触显微成像分辨率的若干因素,如：记录过程中的辐射损伤,后续放大设备读出引进的误差,以及菲涅尔衍射效应等,并且提出改善分辨纺的一些实用方法。     

X射线编码孔成像技术在近地太空核爆探测中的应用

根据X射线编码孔成像的原理,搭建了地面模拟成像系统,在此基础上建立了编码孔成像技术探测近地太空核爆当量和方位的理论计算方法,获得了系统响应（灰度）与X射线强度、重建图像质心位置与X射线入射角度之间的关系,并开展了核爆当量和方位的模拟探测实验,对实验数据和理论计算数据进行了对比和分析。结果表明,理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了采用X射线编码孔成像技术探测近地太空核爆的可行性,同时证明X射线编码孔成像具有较多针孔成像更高的探测灵敏度、信噪比和抗干扰能力。     

数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统

介绍了一种数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统的原理性样机,其主要特点是用窄束X射线成像,从系统结构上抑制了散射对成像的影响,在满足图像质量的情况下降低了成像所需的X射线剂量.介绍了系统设计的理论基础,讨论了系统的软、硬件组成,并测量了系统的成像性能.     

同步辐射X射线光斑信息对扫描相干衍射成像的影晌

本文采用拓展重叠关联迭代引擎算法,系统地模拟研究了x射线光斑尺寸、扫描点数及波前形貌对扫描相干衍射成像重建图像质量的影响。结果表明,在实际入射光斑尺寸不易确定时,算法中初始猜测光斑尺寸可以由模拟入射光斑最大光强值的1％对应边界确定。对物体进行扫描时,入射光斑个数大于7×7且重叠度优于70％可以重建出较好的图像。入射光斑的振幅和位相分布对重建图像质量也有着显著影响。     

衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅰ.衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系

为了探讨X射线衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系,利用北京同步辐射光源4W1A光束线引出的硬X射线对大块正常和癌变的乳腺组织进行成像研究.在摇摆曲线顶部位置获得的图像(峰位图像)和表观吸收图像的衬度随X射线能量的变化关系是相似的,说明峰位图像和表观吸收图像包含的主要衬度相似,即吸收衬度,而折射图像的衬度随X射线能量的增大总体上呈现下降趋势.综合来看,对于乳腺类的软组织来说,DEI成像在低能量端有很好的衬度,反映了衍射增强成像更适合于主要由轻元素组成的物体的成像.     

Latest advances in soft X-ray spectromicroscopy at SSRF

The BL08U1 A beamline is established as a sophisticated platform at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF), taking advantage of its high spatial resolution( 30 nm) and high energy resolving power(10 000),for studying properties of solid, liquid, gas, film and other forms of materials at sub-micron scale. In this paper,we present a review on newly implemented techniques, such as total electron yield(TEY), dual energy contrast imaging, nano-CT, soft X-ray excited optical luminance(SXEOL), and coherent diffraction imaging(CDI)under development. Several research cases in nanomaterials, environmental science and biology are presented to demonstrate capabilities of the beamline.     

Influence of resonant Raman scattering in the elemental analysis using X-ray emission based techniques

A tabulation of characteristic X-ray energies across the periodic table are provided where those X-rays are expected to result in a significant fractional resonant Raman scattering (RRS) contribution to the X-ray attenuation from a particular shell/subshell of the same or another element. The tabulations can be considered as guideline so as to know what can be expected due to RRS in typical photon- and particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry. The RRS contribution is not included in the available theoretical attenuation coefficients, which are generally used in estimation of the matrix corrections in routine quantitative elemental analysis based on various X-ray emission techniques. The radiative RRS peaks can also interfere with normal X-ray spectrum and influence the elemental analysis. The RRS cross-section depends upon the energy difference of the X-ray energy and the shell/subshell ionization threshold taken in the units of the shell/subshell energy width, density of available states near the Fermi level, and the band structure in case the element is in the solid form. Some aspects of the dependence of the RRS contribution on the chemical forms of the elements are also discussed.     

Soft X-ray Imaging using a Neon Filled Plasma Focus X-ray Source

A 3 kJ Mather-type UNU/ICTP plasma focus device with neon filling is used, for the first time, as a soft X-ray source for imaging of thin biological samples including insects. A charge-coupled-device (CCD) based pinhole projection system, placed in a differentially pumped chamber, is used for radiography using neon soft X-rays. The image brightness, contrast and resolution have been optimized by varying soft X-ray yield, pinhole size, camera chamber length and X-ray filters. The system can simply be modified for table-top soft X-ray microscopy of thin biological samples.     

A very simple method for true elemental mapping using the scanning proton microprobe

An elemental map by means of SPM is traditionally obtained by total counts entering an energy window (TCEW) corresponding to a characteristic X-ray of that element. Besides the characteristic X-ray signals of the element, the total counts contain the contribution of continuum background and overlapping peaks of the interfering elements as well. A method called NCEW (net counts entering an energy window) has been developed for off-line true elemental mapping. The continuum background is calculated with a trapezoid area determined by the counts within border gates and is subtracted from the total counts of the peak. The branch ratios of the characteristic X-rays of the interfering elements are used to correct their overlapping peaks. Because the net counts eliminate the contribution of the background and the overlapping peaks from the total counts, the map obtained by the NCEW is free of artifacts due to the continuum background and the peak overlapping. This method was tested by scanning a microbeam over a multi-foil target. Applications of the NCEW method to some environmental and geological samples are described.     

Nondestructive measurement of the weight of kernels in a simulated cylindrical fuel compact for HTGR using X-ray computed tomography

The TRISO-coated fuel particle for the high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is composed of a nuclear fuel kernel and outer coating layers. The coated particles are mixed with graphite matrix to make HTGR fuel element. Weight of fuel kernels contained in the element is one of the important items for evaluating the characteristics of fuel element, which is generally measured by chemical analysis or gamma-ray spectrometer. The chemical analysis is a destructive method, and gamma-ray spectrometer requires elaborate reference sample for the measurement. In this study, X-ray computed tomography (CT) is suggested to measure the weight of kernels in an element. The three-dimensional (3D) density information is acquired by the X-ray CT for a simulated compact including simulated TRISO-coated particles with ZrO₂ kernels. The volume of kernels as well as the number of kernels in the simulated compact was calculated from the 3D density information. The weight of kernels in the simulated compact was calculated from the volume of kernels and the average density of kernels. It was also calculated from the number of kernels and the average weight of kernels for comparison.     

On the accuracy of element concentrations and masses of micron sized samples determined with the Heidelberg proton microprobe

We have already tested the reliability of element-normalized PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) data on small (10–100 μm) particles that we routinely obtain with the Heidelberg proton microprobe. Thus, we here discuss the accuracy of quantitative results, i.e., absolute concentrations inferred from PIXE analyses of such particles. We investigated and reduced the effects of mechanical vibrations and of the instability of the electronic devices on the achievable minimum beam spot. We implemented into our computer code a mapping software for qualitative element distributions (PIXE) and quantitative mass images using STIM (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy). The STIM images determine the area density required to calculate from PIXE spectra the absolute element concentrations in thin samples. The accuracy of absolute PIXE concentrations is tested by measurements on 15 μm soda lime glass microspheres. Finally, the complete results of PIXE and STIM analyses of an interplanetary dust particle (IDP) are described.     

EAST全超导托卡马克上硅漂移探测器软X射线能谱诊断

采用性能优越的15道硅漂移探测器（SDD）阵列,在EAST全超导托卡马克上建立了1套较为完善的软X射线能谱诊断系统,用以测量等离子体在软X射线辐射能段(1～20keV)的能谱。该诊断系统的观测范围基本覆盖了整个等离子体空间,因此,可满足EAST不同放电位形下电子温度测量的要求。利用该诊断系统,可获得时间分辨达50ms、空间分辨约为7cm的电子温度剖面。通过对比发现,由该诊断系统所得到的电子温度与其它电子温度诊断系统所测量的电子温度基本一致。此外,该诊断系统还可监测在软X射线能量范围内出现的一些金属杂质的特征线辐射。     

PIXE spectrum analysis taking into account bremsstrahlung spectra

Continuous background appearing over the wide region of X-ray energy in the PIXE spectrum is very troublesome presence in the peak fitting. In the usual manner, the spectrum of continuous background is predicted as a function of polynomial and is subtracted from the X-ray spectrum. However, the parameters of the polynomial are determined with difficulty in the case that the continuous background exists under many peaks of characteristic X-rays. We calculated the production cross sections of continuous X-rays for several elements on the basis of the theories of quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB) and atomic bremsstrahlung (AB), and obtained the continuous X-ray spectrum as a function of atomic number and X-ray energy. X-ray spectra of a standard sample and of a bovine liver sample were analyzed by a pattern analysis method assuming the reference spectra consisting of characteristic X-rays and continuous X-rays for each element. The results of analysis are quite satisfactory. By the present method, the PIXE spectra can be analyzed under little influence of the background subtraction, and it enables us a full auto-analysis of PIXE spectrum.     

Design of Time-Resolved Shifted Dual Transmission Grating Spectrometer for the X-Ray Spectrum Diagnostics

A new time-resolved shifted dual transmission grating spectrometer(SDTGS) is designed and fabricated in this work. This SDTGS uses a new shifted dual transmission grating(SDTG) as its dispersive component, which has two sub transmission gratings with different line densities, of 2000 lines/mm and 5000 lines/mm. The axes of the two sub transmission gratings in SDTG are horizontally and vertically shifted a certain distance to measure a broad range of 0.1–5 keV time-resolved X-ray spectra. The SDTG has been calibrated with a soft X-ray beam of the synchrotron radiation facility and its diffraction efficiency is also measured. The designed SDTGS can take full use of the space on a record panel and improve the precision for measuring spatial and temporal spectrum simultaneously. It will be a promising application for accurate diagnosis of the soft X-ray spectrum in inertial confinement fusion.     

Generating femtosecond coherent X-ray pulses in a diffraction-limited storage ring with the echo-enabled harmonic generation scheme

To study ultrafast processes at the sub-picosecond level, novel methods based on coherent harmonic generation technologies have been proposed to generate ultrashort radiation pulses in existing ring-based light sources. Using the High Energy Photon Source as an example, we numerically test the feasibility of implementing one coherent harmonic generation technology, i.e.,the echo-enabled harmonic generation(EEHG) scheme, in a diffraction-limited storage ring(DLSR). Two different EEHG element layouts are considered, and the effect of the EEHG process on the electron beam quality is also analyzed. Studies suggest that soft X-ray pulses, with pulse lengths of a few femtoseconds and peak powers of up to1 MW, can be generated by using the EEHG scheme, while causing little perturbation to the regular operation of a DLSR.