热连轧过程复合微合金碳氮化物析出的定量计算

以微合金元素的析出热力学和析出动力学为基础,针对Fe-Nb-V-Ti-Al-C-N合金系,定量计算了热连轧过程中(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)和AlN在奥氏体中的析出行为,并进一步分析了热轧制温度对析出行为的影响。计算结果表明,对所研究的钢种成分和工艺条件,在加热过程中(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)就已经析出,在粗轧阶段,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)析出粒子平均半径逐渐减小,在精轧阶段,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)基本达到平衡析出量,终轧后析出粒子平均半径保持在23 nm左右。轧制时的热变形增大了形核率,促进了析出,使析出粒子的平均半径减小。随加热和轧制温度的降低,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)的析出量有所增加,粒子平均半径减小。     

控温控轧对3003铝合金薄板组织和性能的影响

通过电导仪、拉伸机、金相显微镜、TEM等手段,研究了控温控轧对3003铝合金组织、性能的影响。结果表明:3003铝合金100℃轧制开始析出弥散细小第二相,钉扎位错,合金力学性能提高;轧制温度高于160℃,发生动态回复且程度随轧制温度升高逐渐增大,合金强度下降;退火后,轧制时析出的细小弥散相,阻碍位错和晶界移动,合金再结晶困难,再结晶晶粒增大;动态回复降低了合金中的变形储能,再结晶驱动力减小,合金的再结晶体积分数随轧制温度升高而下降,合金强度逐渐升高,伸长率则相反。     

直轧条件下含Nb钢筋中Nb(C,N)的析出强化机理及控冷工艺优化

为了解决方坯直轧工艺生产含Nb钢筋出现的强化效果不显著问题,通过经典形核理论计算了Nb(C, N)在奥氏体中沉淀析出动力学行为特点,并通过现场控冷工艺试验验证了理论计算的结果。结果表明,加热炉轧制生产含Nb钢筋过程中Nb(C, N)的沉淀析出以晶界形核为主,方坯直轧工艺生产含Nb钢筋过程中Nb(C, N)的沉淀析出以位错形核为主;在含Nb钢筋的成分体系下,Nb(C, N)在奥氏体中沉淀析出过程中的晶界形核和位错形核C曲线鼻尖点温度分别约为1000 ℃和900 ℃;方坯直轧工艺生产含Nb钢筋可以在精轧机架间设置多段预穿水,以保证足够低的终轧温度,来获得Nb(C, N)沉淀析出的最佳强化效果。     

热轧工艺对700MPa级带钢组织性能的影响

采用低C添加Si Mn Nb Ti成分,通过两阶段控制轧制开发出了屈服强度为700MPa级热轧带钢。研究了不同轧制温度对钢板力学性能及析出粒子的影响规律,并采用TEM、SEM等实验技术对钢板经不同时间时效处理后的组织及析出强化规律进行了研究。结果表明,高温轧制更有利于析出粒子在后续卷取保温过程中的析出,从而提高强度;降低终轧温度能获得良好的韧性。     

高强7050铝合金超低温大变形加工与组织、性能调控

通过低温冷却+轧制变形的方法研究了高强7050铝合金的低温塑性变形及其对合金组织性能的影响。结果表明,高强7050铝合金经液氮冷却预处理后可实现与温/热轧相比较高的轧制变形加工量,并产生大量亚结构和高密度位错,使合金显著强化,其中低温下的高变形能力主要与合金在低温下具有高的加工硬化能力密切相关,而强度提升主要来自于固溶强化和变形位错强化的贡献。虽然超低温变形能够明显加快淬火态高强7050铝合金的时效进程,但直接时效处理可使超低温变形态7050铝合金保有较高的强度和一定延伸率,其中析出和位错强化是其强化主因,而时效引起的回复和强化相析出共同促进延伸率的改善。淬火态高强7050铝合金在室温变形过程中,形变热引起基体中析出的溶质原子团簇(或GP区)和η′相与变形位错发生交互作用,导致大量剪切带(失稳区)形成,从而易引发轧板开裂或边裂,而超低温变形过程中溶质扩散受阻以致强化相析出被抑制,从而明显降低了剪切失稳区的发生,使合金能够获得均匀、稳定的塑性变形或良好的加工硬化,确保获得较高质量的超低温轧板。高强铝合金在低温下所表现出来的优异塑性变形和加工能力有望成为改善高强铝合金难变形加工的有效途径。     

薄板坯连铸连轧高强度低合金钢的控轧控冷工艺

针对FTSR工艺生产的700 MPa级高强度低合金(HSLA)钢进行了控轧控冷(TMCP)工艺试验研究,分析了不同控制轧制和控制冷却工艺对钢带力学性能和组织的影响规律。结果表明:热轧钢带强度与精轧阶段控制轧制道次积累变形量呈现显著正相关;层流冷却方式对钢带性能影响不显著,但间隔冷却模式能够改善钢带通宽方向性能不均匀性;控制冷却终点温度由600 ℃提高至670 ℃,钢带显微组织随温度升高而发生粗化,但析出相析出更充分,钢带强度持续升高。     

高强度钢棒材的控制轧制

最近神户钢厂进行了高强度钢棒材控制轧制的研究工作。试轧钢成分为 C0.33%,Si0.25%,Mn1.4%的另加0.04Nb 和0.06V的 Nb 钢和 Nb V 钢。这些钢轧成115mm的小方坯。小方坯粗轧开轧温度为805～1205℃经6道次轧成47mm 左右方坯,空冷到790～1020℃再进行精轧5～8道为φ30mm左右的小圆棒钢。Nb V 钢的粗轧开轧温度为1020℃轧后有部分再结晶组织,温度低到920℃时,完全阻止了奥氏体再结晶组织的长大。精轧机列     

低成本车轮挡圈用微合金钢的研究

采用较便宜的Nb和Mn代替部分昂贵的V,优化了生产用钢成分。对比分析了实验用钢B和生产用钢A的组织、析出和力学性能,并通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件对实验钢进行精轧3道次的模拟。结果表明,采用Nb和Mn代替部分V后,实验钢B力学性能满足挡圈性能要求,B钢的析出强化作用低于生产用钢A,但可通过细晶强化和固溶强化来弥补析出强化的降低,因此两种钢的强度相差较小。B钢晶粒尺寸较小,其伸长率高于A钢。另外,孔型充填情况良好,满足现场轧制需求。研究结果能为实际生产低成本车轮挡圈型钢提供理论依据。     

含Nb低碳钢的热变形行为和金属塑性形变中流变应力的预测

利用Gleeble 1500模拟试验机对含Nb低碳钢的热变形行为进行了实验研究,对热变形稳态流变应力和发生动态再结晶时的峰值流变应力与变形条件的关系进行了回归分析,阐述了由于形变诱发Nb(C,N)化合物沉淀对形变激活能的影响,在对金属塑性变形过程中位错增值,螺型位错交滑移回复和刃型位错攀移回复过程分析的基础上,建立了可预测动态回复和动态再结晶同时发生情况下的流变应力理论模型,并对不同变形条件下的流变应力进行了预测,预测结果与实验结果相当吻合。     

低碳低合金钢形变奥氏体再结晶规律研究

采用阶梯试样,通过光学显微镜观察,研究了低碳Mn、Ni、Mo、Nb、Cr、V等低合金化钢形变奥氏体再结晶规律,分析了变形温度、变形量等工艺参数对变形奥氏体再结晶百分数的影响,绘制了实验钢变形奥氏体再结晶图。结果表明,在变形量为50%、轧制温度为1050℃和在变形量为70%、轧制温度为1000℃时,实验钢均发生完全再结晶。为此,应控制再结晶区终轧温度高于1000℃,多道次累积变形量大于60%;控制非再结晶区开轧温度低于950℃,第一道次变形量15%～20%。     

Modelling the kinetics of strain induced precipitation in Nb microalloyed steels

Strain induced precipitation is a key phenomenon that controls the microstructure evolution during the finish rolling stages of microalloyed steels. Extensive research has shown that the precipitation of Nb(CN) delays the onset of recrystallisation. This paper presents a model to describe the precipitation kinetics during isothermal holding following high temperature deformation in Nb-containing steels. The model is based on the assumption that heterogeneous nucleation of precipitates on dislocations and enhanced coarsening due to pipe diffusion are responsible behind the accelerated kinetics observed in strain induced precipitation. Results show a very good agreement between reported experimental observations and predictions of the present model for precipitate size and volume fraction evolution.     

Flow stress modeling and warm rolling simulation behavior of two Ti–Nb interstitial-free steels in the ferrite region

Axisymmetric compression tests and compact strip production (CSP) warm rolling simulations were carried out on two commercial Ti–Nb stabilized interstitial-free (IF) steels to investigate their flow behavior in the ferrite region. The comparison between the measured and predicted stress curves indicated that dynamic recovery was the dominant softening mechanism during axisymmetric compression deformation. The flow stress curves during CSP-warm rolling simulations indicated that static and dynamic recovery dominated the softening process for early passes and an apparent dynamic recrystallization contributed to the flow stress reductions for the last two passes. The microstructural evolution during the simulation confirmed that the very fine quasi-equiaxed ferrite grains obtained could be explained by apparent dynamic recrystallization, which was assisted by dynamic recovery at high temperature and a reduced Nb solute drag.     

冷却方式对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织和性能及沉淀行为的影响

两阶段控制轧制后,采用不同的冷却路径进行冷却,研究冷却路径对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织和性能及沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,超快冷+空冷冷却路径可获得细晶组织,晶粒平均尺寸约为7.76μm,屈服强度高达425 MPa,抗拉强度高达500 MPa.超快冷+炉冷试样中存在细小的沉淀粒子,沉淀粒子尺寸主要集中在2—7 nm,而超快冷+空冷试样中只存在少量球形沉淀粒子,轧后直接空冷可获得相间沉淀粒子.不同冷却路径获得的热轧板在700℃下退火300 s后,沉淀粒子发生明显的粗化;退火处理后,超快冷+炉冷试样的晶粒平均尺寸减小为6.47μm,相对于退火前,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加50和30 MPa、强度的增加主要源于细晶强化.对于含0.03%Nb(质量分数)的Nb-Ti微合金钢,由于沉淀粒子的体积分数有限,因此细晶强化效果远高于沉淀强化效果,强度的变化与晶粒尺寸的变化具有很好的对应性.另外,加工硬化指数与晶粒尺寸密切相关.随着晶粒平均尺寸的增加使加工硬化指数增加.     

冷却方式对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织和性能及沉淀行为的影响

两阶段控制轧制后,采用不同的冷却路径进行冷却,研究冷却路径对Nb-Ti微合金钢组织和性能及沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,超快冷+空冷冷却路径可获得细晶组织,晶粒平均尺寸约为7.76μm,屈服强度高达425 MPa,抗拉强度高达500 MPa.超快冷+炉冷试样中存在细小的沉淀粒子,沉淀粒子尺寸主要集中在2-7 nm,而超快冷+空冷试样中只存在少量球形沉淀粒子,轧后直接空冷可获得相间沉淀粒子.不同冷却路径获得的热轧板在700℃下退火300 s后,沉淀粒子发生明显的粗化;退火处理后,超快冷+炉冷试样的晶粒平均尺寸减小为6.47μm,相对于退火前,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加50和30 MPa,强度的增加主要源于细晶强化.对于含0.03%Nb(质量分数)的Nb-Ti微合金钢,由于沉淀粒子的体积分数有限,因此细晶强化效果远高于沉淀强化效果,强度的变化与晶粒尺寸的变化具有很好的对应性.另外,加工硬化指数与晶粒尺寸密切相关,随着晶粒平均尺寸的增加使加工硬化指数增加.     

Relating Initial Texture to Deformation Behavior During Cold Rolling and Static Recrystallization Upon Subsequent Annealing of an Extruded WE43 Alloy

Deformation behaviors during cold rolling and static recrystallization behaviors upon subsequent annealing of an extruded WE43 alloys with different initial textures were investigated in this study. Three types of differently textured WE43 initial alloys were labeled as samples Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The results showed that multiple twinning modes and basal slip dominated the deformation of samples during cold rolling. Cold-rolled sample Ⅰ activated the larger number of double twins with high strain energy...     

MODELLING OF MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND PROPERTIES OF LOW-CARBON STEELS

1.IntroductionMicrostructureprocessmodelsareincreasinglyonhotstriprollingofste.l[1--7].Thesemodelsfrequentlyincorporateagreatdealofempiricismwithcomparativelytightprocessrangesofapplicability.Morefundamentallybasedprocessmodelsarerequiredtodeveloppredictivetoolstooptimizetheproductionforawiderangeofmilldesignsandprocessingconditions.Theprocessofhotstriprollingoflow--carbonsteelscanbesubdividedintothreeprin-cipalstages:(i)reheating,(n)rollingand(iii)cooling(watercoolingontherun--outtableandsubs…     

Precipitation of NbC in a model austenitic steel

A model Fe–30 wt% Ni, 0.1 C, 1.61 Mn, 0.1 Nb microalloyed steel, that simulates conventional microalloyed C–Mn steels, but does not transform from the austenite phase on cooling, is reported. Plane strain compression testing was undertaken at 950°C at a constant true strain rate of 10 s⁻¹. Samples were deformed in a two stage process. An initial true strain of 0.25–0.45 was followed by unloading, a hold of 1–1000 s and a final deformation to a total true strain of 0.5–0.9. A single deformation was undertaken under identical conditions, but to the total true strain of the double deformation tests. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) in the TEM was used to determine precipitate size and distribution. A 1 s hold time between equal strains of ϵ=0.25 was sufficient for appreciable strain induced precipitation, although 40% static recrystallisation occurred during the hold time. Precipitation occurred entirely on dislocations, present principally as microband walls but also as a rudimentary cell structure within the microbands. No evidence was found for NbC precipitation in the matrix, which therefore remains supersaturated with Nb. NbC particle diameter was in the range 2.5–15 nm, with a density of 3.8×10²¹ particles/m³ for a 100 s delay period between two strains of ϵ=0.45 at 950°C. Both the size and number density are consistent with those observed in conventional microalloyed C–Mn steels. The behaviour of the model microalloyed Fe–30 Ni steel is discussed in relation to the data on conventional microalloyed steels.     

热浸镀锌Ti- IF和Nb+Ti- IF钢组织和织构研究

实验对比研究了Ti- IF和Ti+Nb- IF钢热轧、退火过程中微观组织和织构的变化,采用透射电镜和能谱仪研究分析了二相粒子在热轧、冷轧、退火过程中的形貌、尺寸及分布。实验结果表明：添加Nb使得Ti+Nb- IF钢中析出粒子较Ti- IF钢更为细小且弥散,抑制了γ纤维再结晶织构的发展,削弱了{111}〈110〉在γ纤维织构中的强度,且细小的析出物有助于提高IF钢的抗拉强度,但两者成形性能没有明显差异。     

THE MICROSTRUCTURAL BANDING IN THE CENTER OF HOT ROLLLNG STRIP

The microstructural banding in steels is often found in hot rolling strips, which plays a very important role in mechanical properties. Much work has been done to investigate how the microstructural banding is formed during hot rolling. In the present study, the microstructure of hot rolling strips was examined in term of optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalysis was also used to decide the distribution of microchemical bands, by this means, the phases in these strips were found to be ferrite and pearlite. The average distance between the carbon lamellas in pearlite is about 0.06-0.1μm. It is also shown that microstructural banding in hot rolled carbon steel was closely related to the segregation of manganese and silicon into those bands. Based on the transformation kinetic, the simulated results pointed out that the thermodynamic stability of austenite would increase with the increasing of Mn, which led to a decrease of ferrite growth rate. The effect of Mn on the decomposition of austenite is attributed to segregation of Mn atoms along the ferrite/austenite phase boundary which causes a strong solute drag effect. The addition of Mn to steel decreases the activity of austenite, thereby it is beneficial to the formation of non-equilibrium phase, such as degenerate pearlite. The formation of banded structure on the hot rolled process was discussed.     

国内铜板带生产技术与加工装备现状

重点介绍了中色科技所研制开发的铜板带热轧机、铜带坯水平连铸机、铜带粗轧机、铜带精轧机、铜带拉弯矫直机、铜带（酸洗）脱脂清洗机等铜加工设备的技术特点、装机水平及其加工工艺。