双向荷载作用下空间夹心节点受力性能试验研究

节点核心区采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑的夹心节点和采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑的传统节点相比,施工简单且易保证质量,但是我国规范对其规定过于简单,没有明确的验算方法。通过三组不同混凝土强度等级差的空间夹心节点和传统节点对比试件的双向低周往复性能试验研究,对比分析了二者破坏形式、延性、耗能、变形和承载力等方面的差异,结果表明:中低剪压比夹心节点的整体抗震性能稍弱于传统节点,但相差不明显;中低轴压比、剪压比条件下,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比小于1.5时,节点区可直接采用与梁相同强度等级的混凝土浇筑,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比大于1.5时,其破坏形式可转变为节点核心区剪切破坏,需采取相应的加强措施。最后在此基础上,给出了与试验结果吻合较好的夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

内置角钢改进夹心节点抗震性能研究与抗剪承载力计算

梁柱采用不同强度混凝土的节点核心区通常采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑（传统节点）,而采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑（夹心节点）可简化施工过程,但同时降低了节点的抗震性能。为研究内置角钢改进夹心节点的可行性,通过一个空间夹心节点和一个内置角钢空间夹心节点试件进行双向等幅低周往复试验研究,对比分析了破坏模式、延性、耗能、刚度、应变和抗剪承载力等方面的差异。结果表明:采取改进和不采取改进措施节点破坏模式均以梁端屈服后的节点破坏为主,但采取改进措施的试件延性和抗剪承载力明显提高,耗能能力、刚度退化和变形能力有一定改善,表明改进措施改善了节点的抗震性能。最后在此基础上,给出了与该文和其他文献试验结果吻合较好的采取或者不采取改进措施夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

A comparison of engineered cementitious composites versus normal concrete in beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are a class of high-performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite with strain hardening and multiple cracking properties. For a reinforced concrete member, substitution of conventional concrete with ECC can significantly improve the deformation characteristics in terms of reinforced composite tensile or shear strength and energy dissipation ability. In this paper, a number of RC/ECC composite beam-column joints have been tested under reversed cyclic loading to study the effect of substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone on the seismic behaviors of composite members. The experimental parameters include shear reinforcement ratio in the joint zone, axial load level on the column and substitution of concrete with ECC or not. According to the test results, for the specimens without shear reinforcement in the joint zone, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone cannot change the brittle shear failure in the joint zone, but can significantly increase the load capacity and ductility of the beam-column joint specimens, as well as the energy dissipation ability due to high ductility and shear strength of ECC material. For the specimens with insufficient or proper shear reinforcement ratio, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone can lead to failure mode change from brittle shear failure in the joint zone to a more ductile failure mode, i.e. flexural failure at the base of the beam, with increased load capacity, ductility and energy dissipation ability. Increase of axial load on column and shear reinforcement in the joint zone have little effect on seismic behaviors of the members when they failed by flexural failure at the base of beam. In a word, the substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone was experimentally proved to be an effective method to increase the seismic resistance of beam-column joint specimens.     

偏心夹心梁柱节点低周反复加载受力性能试验研究

实际工程中梁和柱的混凝土强度经常不同,节点部位按照梁的混凝土来浇筑是这种情况下施工处理最为简便的方式,形成所谓的“夹心”节点。一些研究者就夹心节点在单调加载和低周反复加载下的性能进行了研究,但对夹心节点同时又存在梁柱偏心的情况还没有研究先例。该文完成了3个偏心夹心梁柱节点的低周反复加载试验,并分析了其节点区抗剪承载力、破坏特征、滞洄耗能等性能。结果表明:此类偏心夹心节点具有良好的承载能力和抗震性能,并且在节点区布置X筋替代部分箍筋是可行的,但梁筋在节点区的锚固性能较弱,需采取控制措施。     

Seismic retrofit of substandard beam-column joint by planar joint expansion

A seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete beam-column connections using planar joint expansion is proposed. The method is based on a two-dimensional expansion of beam-column joint using cast in-situ concrete and dowel bars. The method is economical and architecturally acceptable. Three half-scale sub-standard beam-column specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One was control specimen and the other two were retrofitted specimens with triangular and square joint expansion. According to test results, the control specimen showed brittle joint shear failure while retrofitted specimens showed beam flexural failure. The strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and ductility of retrofitted specimens were greatly improved. The planar joint expansion is effective to reduce joint shear stress and improve anchorage bond of beam bar within the joint. The plastic hinge formation can be moved away from column face, thus preventing joint shear failure. The triangular and square expansions perform almost equally well. The construction joints formed at the interfaces between specimen and joint expansion do not produce an adverse effect in cyclic behavior.     

局部采用纤维增强混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了提高梁柱节点受剪承载力、变形能力及耗能能力,同时避免节点钢筋拥挤而导致的施工困难,采用纤维增强混凝土(FRC)代替普通混凝土作为节点核心区基体材料,考虑轴压比和节点核心区配箍率的影响,进行了7个FRC梁柱节点和1个钢筋混凝土(RC)梁柱节点对比试件的拟静力试验,分析其破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、耗能能力、节点核心区剪应力-剪应变曲线和梁端塑性铰区弯矩-转角曲线。结果表明,在节点核心区主斜裂缝出现前,试件已具有很高的受剪承载力和变形能力;当轴压比试验值为0.07~0.28时,随着轴压比增大,FRC试件的受剪承载力、侧向变形能力、耗能能力及节点核心区的剪切强度和剪切变形能力增加;增加节点核心区配箍率,承载力退化有所减缓;FRC试件梁端塑性铰转动能力有较大提高。     

Influence of the Hybrid Combination of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide on Interlaminar Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Laminates

An effective strategy to improve the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (G _IC and G _IIC ) of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/E) laminates using a hybrid combination of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) is reported. Double cantilever beam (DCB) and end notched flexure (ENF) tests were conducted to evaluate the G _IC and G _IIC of the CF/E laminates fabricated with sprayed MWCNTs, GO and MWCNTs/GO hybrid. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the fracture surfaces of tested DCB and ENF specimens. Experimental results showed the positive effect on the G _IC and G _IIC by 17% and 14% improvements on CF/E laminates with 0.25 wt.% MWCNTs/GO hybrid content compared to the neat CF/E. Also, the interlaminar shear strength value was increased for MWCNTs/GO-CF/E laminates. A synergetic effect between MWCNTs and GO resulted in improved interlaminar mechanical properties of CF/E laminates made by prepregs.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of accelerated sprayed concrete

Considering the different hydration processes of concrete without accelerator, sprayed concrete with low-alkali accelerator not only presents short setting times and high early-age mechanical properties but also yields different hydration products. This study presents an analysis of the mechanical properties of concrete with and without accelerator and sprayed concrete with three water–binder (w/b) ratios and four dosages of fly ash (FA) after different curing ages. It also examines the setting time, mineral composition, thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry curves and microscopic images of cement pastes with different accelerator amounts. Furthermore, the setting time and microstructure of accelerated sprayed concrete with different w/b ratios and FA contents are examined. Results show that the retarded action of gypsum disappears in the accelerated cement–accelerator–water system. C₃A is quickly hydrated to form calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) crystals, and a mesh structure is formed by ettringite, albite and CAH. A large amount of hydration heat improves the hydration rate of the cement clinker mineral and the resulting density, thereby improving mechanical properties at early curing ages. The setting times of the pastes increase with increasing w/b ratio and FA dosage. Thus, the hydration level, microstructure and morphology of the hydration products also change. Models of mechanical properties as functions of w/b, FA and curing age, as well as the relationship between compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, are established.     

Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity of High Strength Lightweight Raw Perlite Aggregate Concrete

Twenty-four types of high strength lightweight concrete have been designed with raw perlite aggregate (PA) from the Erzincan Mollaköy region as new low-temperature insulation material. The effects of the water/cement ratio, the amount of raw PA, and the temperature on high strength lightweight raw perlite aggregate concrete (HSLWPAC) have been investigated. Three empirical equations were derived to correlate the thermal conductivity of HSLWPAC as a function of PA percentage and temperature depending on the water/cement ratio. Experimentally observed thermal conductivities of concrete samples were predicted 92 % of the time for each set of concrete matrices within 97 % accuracy and over the range from 1.457 W · m^?1 · K^?1 to 1.777 W · m^?1 · K^?1. The experimental investigation revealed that the usage of raw PA from the Erzincan Mollaköy region in concrete production reduces the concrete unit mass, increases the concrete strength, and furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the concrete has been improved. The proposed empirical correlations of thermal conductivity were considered to be applicable within the range of temperatures 203.15 K ≤ T ≤ 303.15 K in the form of λ = a(PAP ^b ) + c(T ^d ).     

Testing of concrete by rebound method: Leeb versus Schmidt hammers

Hardness is considered as an important property of concrete; it can be used to estimate compressive strength of concrete in situ. The classic Schmidt rebound hammer is the most popular nondestructive method to measure concrete surface hardness, while the Leeb rebound hammer has been extensively studied in geological and metallographic fields over decades, and its use for testing concrete is almost not known. The national and international standards for the measurement of hardness are reviewed. Concrete made different w/c ratios (0.33, 0.4 and 0.5) were tested by both methods. The simple linear correlation between rebound numbers (both Schmidt and Leeb) and concrete compressive strength are proposed. Schmidt rebound number was differently correlated with compressive strength for concretes with different w/c ratios, while the Leeb rebound numbers were more consistent and could be applied in predicting concrete compressive strength within 10% error for all w/c ratios. It was also concluded that Schmidt test can be considered as a semi-destructive method, because of significant strength reduction (in average by 10.5 MPa) that was observed after application of Schmidt hammer impact on specimens, while the Leeb rebound test procedure did not result in any damage of concrete. This difference can be explained by the dramatic difference in impact energy of the two hammers (2207 and 11 N·mm - for Schmidt rebound hammers of N-type and Leeb hammers of D-type, respectively). Moreover, the classic Schmidt rebound hammer is not recommended to be used on the concrete specimens, which are aimed for compressive tests at early age (less than 3 days) or when expected compressive strength is less than 7 MPa. These constraints do not apply to lower impact Leeb rebound devices, which can be considered as perfectly invasive (non-destructive). At the same time, as expected, Leeb rebound test is sensitive to the surface conditions, such as carbonation and surface moisture.     

Triaxial compression tests of QH-E lunar soil simulant under constant mean principal stress path using discrete element method simulations

In this paper, discrete element method (DEM) simulations are applied to investigate the triaxial compression tests of QH-E lunar soil simulant (developed by Tsinghua University, China) under constant mean principal (P) stress path. The P stress path is achieved by controlling the loading speed and direction of the axial stress and confining stress in the DEM simulations, the strain softening and dilatancy characteristics of QH-E lunar soil simulant both at low and conventional P stress levels are discussed. The results show that the deviatoric stress–strain curve is divided into hardening, softening descending, and residual strain stages, and the shear strength and residual strength increase with the increase of P stress, which are similar to the conventional triaxial compression tests. The volumetric strain versus shear strain curve shows a good linear relationship both at the linear shear dilatancy and residual shear dilatancy stages, but the slope of the linear dilatancy stage is larger than that of the residual dilatancy stage. Furthermore, it is found that the variations of shear dilatancy characteristic parameters with regard to P stress also show a good linear relationship, and the values of these parameters increase with the increase of P stress.     

Assessing abrasion performance of self-consolidating concrete containing synthetic fibers using acoustic emission analysis

The key objective of this investigation was to evaluate the abrasion resistance of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) with and without synthetic fibers (SynFs). The abrasion resistance of normal concrete was also investigated in this study for comparison. The abrasion test was performed on concrete specimens according to the rotating-cutter method along with continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) using attached AE sensors. The effects of changing concrete type and incorporating various types (flexible and semi-rigid) and lengths of SynFs on the abrasion behaviour were investigated with the aid of AE analysis. AE signal characteristics such as amplitude, signal strength, number of hits, and duration were gathered during testing. Furthermore, the collected AE data was used to complete b-value analysis as well as intensity analysis resulting in three additional parameters: b-value, severity (S_r), and historic index (H(t)). The results showed that the AE parameters were directly correlated with the abrasion damage in all tested mixtures. Adding SynFs to all SCC mixtures enhanced their abrasion resistance. The flexible fibers variety exhibited better abrasion performance on average than the semi-rigid fibers. Meanwhile, longer fibers showed lower abrasion resistance than the shorter ones with the same type. The results also indicated that AE intensity analysis was able to determine the ranges for H(t) and S_r that identify the extent of damage due to abrasion of SynF-reinforced SCC.     

Synthesis and Superconductivity of Layered Compounds with Orthogonal [Zr<Subscript>2</Subscript>N<Subscript>2</Subscript>] Network

Layered α-form ZrNX (X: Cl and Br) compounds with high quality were prepared by chemical vapor transport. The intercalation of alkali metal A (A: Li, Na, K, Rb) was carried out to realize electron doping into the orthogonal [Zr₂N₂] layers. The Rietveld refinement analysis reveals that the [Zr₂N₂] crystalline layers in the intercalation compounds shift mutually in the ab plane when compared with the hosts. Magnetic measurements show that the intercalation compounds A _x ZrNX are changed into superconductors with transition temperature T _c of up to 12 K. Upon the cointercalation of solvent molecules such as THF, T _c decreases to as low as 6.1 K with increasing the interlayer spacing d up to 14 Å, which is similar to the d dependence of T _c recently found in electron-doped α-form TiNX series. We also succeeded in synthesizing another new polymorph of α-Zr₂N₂S by the topochemical reaction between α-form ZrNX and Na₂S. α-Zr₂N₂S (space group: Immm, a = 4.1375(1) Å, b = 3.5422(1) Å, and c = 11.5204(3) Å) has the same α-[Zr₂N₂] layers, whereas the interlayer spacing between two adjacent [Zr₂N₂] layers is effectively decreased by 1/3 when compared with the parent compounds of ZrNX.     

The Use of Acoustic Emission Intensity Analysis for the Assessment of Cover Crack Growth in Corroded Concrete Structures

In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) intensity analysis was utilized to assess the concrete cover cracking due to steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. A total of 30 reinforced concrete prism samples were tested under an accelerated corrosion test coupled with continuous AE monitoring using attached AE sensors. The samples were cast with three concrete cover thicknesses (20, 30 and 40 mm) around steel bars and were exposed to five percentages of steel mass loss: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %. The cover cracking was monitored daily by visual inspection to detect and measure crack widths. Different AE signal parameters were continuously recorded during the tests, including number of hits, signal strength, energy, and amplitude. The acquired AE events were subjected to an intensity analysis of signal strength to estimate historic index (H (t)) and severity (\(S_r)\). In addition, a b value analysis was conducted on all AE data and the results were compared to those obtained from the intensity analysis. The results showed that increasing the cover thickness had no significant impact on AE parameters (number of hits, cumulative signal strength, cumulative energy, amplitude, H (t), and \(S_{r})\) at similar values of crack growth. Nonetheless, varying the cover thickness from 20 to 40 mm resulted in lower crack widths and slightly higher b values at the same levels of steel mass loss. It was also found that both H (t) and \(S_r\) showed a more evident correlation with the values of crack growth than did b values, regardless of cover thickness or percentage of steel mass loss. Finally, an intensity classification chart was developed to quantify the cover crack growth based on the values of H (t) and \(S_{r}\).     

Theoretical Investigation of the Mechanical and Thermodynamic Properties of the Layered Yttrium Diborocarbides

The mechanical, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of typical layered structure yttrium diborocarbides (YB₂ C ₂) were investigated by the density functional theory. The calculated lattice constants were slightly higher than the available experimental data. The elastic constants revealed that YB₂ C ₂ was mechanically stable. The bulk modulus (190.8 GPa), shear modulus (127.4 GPa), Young’s modulus (312.7 GPa), Poisson’s ratio (0.227), and Vickers hardness (18–19 GPa) were obtained, and the ductility, plasticity, and elastic anisotropy were further analyzed. The total and partial density of states were also calculated, indicating that the metallic character was mainly attributed to the contribution from Y-4d states and weakly hybridized with the 2p states from the B and C atoms. Finally, we obtained the Debye, melting, and the superconducting transition temperatures of YB₂ C ₂ as 824, 2239 and 2.38 K, respectively. Our study showed that YB₂ C ₂ offers potential in superconductivity or ultrahigh temperature applications.     

Synthesis and Superconductivity of Electron-Doped <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-ZrNCl with Partial Substitution of Ti on Zr Site

Highly crystallized α-TiNCl and ZrNCl with orthogonal network of [M ₂ N ₂] (M: Ti and Zr) were used to synthesize the solid-solution phase α-Ti _y Zr_1?y NCl, which was irreversibly transformed into its β-form polymorph with honeycomb network upon a heat treatment. The intercalation of lithium (Li) into the obtained powder samples was carried out to realize the electron doping in β-form compound. The measurements of magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity suggest that the intercalated compound β-Li_0.43Ti_0.09Zr_0.91NCl shows superconductivity with transition temperature (T _c ) of 15.0 K. Upon the cointercalation of solvent molecule of tetrahydrofuran (THF), two transitions were observed at 14.1 and ～21 K, corresponding to the main phase of β-Li _x (THF) _y ZrNCl and a THF-cointercalated phase of β-Ti _y Zr_1?y NCl, respectively. We consider that such a tiny substitution of Ti on Zr site in β-form structure play an important role in the increase of T _c .     

High-current electron beam in a hollow-cathode gas discharge at elevated pressures (∼100 Torr)

A discharge with plasma filling a flat-bottom cavity of depth δ in the cathode, partly closed by a dielectric plate with a hole (determining the aperture of the discharge between the cavity bottom and the anode), has been studied. In a discharge cell of type 1 with δ = 0.5 mm and a hole diameter of 22 mm, a pulsed electron beam was obtained with a duration of t _EB = 700 ns and a beam current j _EB approximately 10 times greater than that (j _AD) of the equivalent anomalous discharge (at fixed discharge voltage U and gas pressure p _He = 3.5 Torr). An electric field with the direction opposite to the field of applied voltage appeared at the cathode that was related to a space charge formed at the cathode plasma boundary, which could not follow a rapid drop of voltage across the discharge gap. In a discharge cell of type 2 with δ = 0.5 mm and a narrow slit (S = 0.1 × 5 cm²) in the dielectric plate, a pulsed electron beam was obtained with a duration of t _EB = 2 ns and a beam current of j _EB = 0.7 kA/cm² (j _EB/j _AD = 1.5) at U = 4.2 kV and p _He = 50 Torr.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Curcuma Longa</Emphasis> Treatment Effect on Blood Samples of Rat with Hepatic Damage: A Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Application

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been widely used to analyze biological samples. For example, PAS has been applied to the study of blood which could be related to some diseases. In the present research, the optical absorption spectra of Fisher rat blood, with hepatic damage, were obtained by PAS. Also, the daily intake of turmeric (Curcuma longa), as a protection of liver damage, was evaluated through the characteristic optical absorption peaks of blood, α(585 nm), β(550 nm), and γ(420 nm), where it is possible to associate them with differences in hemoglobin concentrations of the studied samples, by means of the peak ratios γ/β and γ/α, for each analyzed group.     

A fracture locus for a 50 volume-percent Al/SiC metal matrix composite at high temperature

The effect of the stress state on the fracture locus function of the 50 vol.% Al/SiC metal matrix composite at high temperature is studied. The value of fracture locus function is quantitatively characterized by the amount of shear strain accumulated prior to the moment of failure. Nondimensional invariant parameters are used as characteristics of the stress state, namely, the stress triaxiality k and the Lode-Nadai coefficient μ _σ showing the form of the stress state. Besides conventional testing for tension, compression and torsion of smooth cylindrical specimens, the complex of mechanical tests includes a new type of testing, namely, that for bell-shaped specimens. These kinds of testing enable one to study fracture strain under monotonic deformation in the ranges μ _σ ?=?0?…?+?1 and k?=???1.08...0 without using high-pressure technologies. The stress–strain state during specimen testing is here evaluated from the finite element simulation of testing in ANSYS. The tests were performed at a temperature of 300 °C and shear strain rate intensity Η?=?0.1;?0.3;?0.5 1/s. The test results have offered a fracture locus, which can be used in models of damage mechanics to predict fracture of the material in die forging processes.