L’importance de la famille: Psychologie de la famille et famille de la psychologie.

Research on the family lies at the interface between basic and applied science. After tracing the scientific and practise roots of research on the family, I highlight that research to date has neglected the perspective of fathers. I propose that as in regular families, the family of Canadian psychology is diverse and constantly evolving. Key findings in psychology of the family include the importance of multiple perspectives, the benefits of quality time, and the toxic effects of conflict. These concepts apply equally to the family of Canadian psychology. I suggest that through involvement in the Canadian Psychological Association, psychologists can be enriched by multiple perspectives, can benefit from communication with one another to work together to advance psychology for all. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vers une compréhension de la dépression dans la perspective des femmes: Exploration de la contribution des approches de la recherche qualitative.

Provides an introduction to the special issue of Canadian Psychology on depression in women. "Depression" is recognized as one of the more common mental health problems and also one that is particularly prevalent among women. One major limitation of mainstream theorizing is the taken-for-granted view of depression as a form of internal "psychopathology," a phenomenon which can be understood without regard to sociocultural context. An approach that avoids this limitation is one in which contextual aspects of women's lives are included from the outset by following a research process that begins with the lived experiences of women. A focus on women's experiences also leads to consideration of the contributions of qualitative approaches to research on depression which are compatible with both a feminist standpoint perspective and social constructionist epistemologies. The articles in this special issue are intended to contribute to the development of new knowledge about depression in women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Étude de la valorisation de la magnétite titanifère de la région de Magpie,Québec: Partie II — Composition et structure de la fonte et de la scorie obtenues par fusion réductrice d'un concentré magnétique

Abstract

A magnetic concentrate from Magpie titaniferous iron ore has been smelted in a pilot scale arc furnace. A pig iron containing most of the chromium and vanadium of the ore has been obtained, while the titanium remained in the slag. The main phases occurring in this slag are a pseudobrookite-type solid solution, a spinel and several silicates. The composition of pseudobrookite depends on the reducing conditions and can reach 90% TiO₂. The spinel composition is on the MgAl₂O₄ side of the MgAl₂O₄-Mg₂TiO₄ solid solution.

Résumé

Des essais de fusion réductrice au four électrique en présence de carbone, ont été réalisés sur un concentré magnétique du minerai de Magpie. Ce traitement permet d'obtenir une fonte contenant la plus grande partie du chrome et du vanadium, et une scorie titanifere. Cette dernière est constituée d'une pseudobrookite, d'un spinelle et de silicates. La pseudobrookite est une solution solide de composition variable suivant le degré de réduction et titrant plus de 90% en TiO₂. Le spinelle est de composition voisine de MgAl₂O₄.     

Evolutions structurales developpees au sein de la phase σ Fe-Cr

The phase transformations in Fe-Cr σ phase were studied by dilatometry, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectrometry. The dilatometric and DTA curves exhibit several anomalies, consistent with the existence of a σ′ ⇄ σ″ transformation at 670°C. From the cristalline and Mössbauer parameters of σ′ and σ″ it was concluded that this transformation corresponds to an order ⇄ disorder process. The experimental results are compatible with an increase of the probability of occupation of the E-type positions in the unit cell by the chromium atoms when ordering occurs.     

Plasticite de transformation durant la transformation perlitique d'un acier eutectoïde

The transformation plasticity of an eutectoid steel has been studied during the isothermal pearlitic transformation. The variations of the deformation due to transformation plasticity have been measured in function of the applied tensile stresses and of the progress of the transformation. We take into account the modification of the transformation kinetics by the applied tensile stress. In the range of transformation temperature and applied stresses studied, we observe that the deformation due to transformation plasticity increases linearly with the applied stress and the progress of the transformation. These results are compared to the models of Greenwood-Johnson and Poirier. The comparison to these models and a further analysis lead us to propose that the transformation plasticity does not only depend on mechanical properties of the phases or on the volume variation during transformation. The relative velocity of the growth interface in regard of the mean velocity of the propagation of defects due to transformation strain accommodation, must intervene and conditions the magnitude of the deformation due to transformation plasticity.     

Difficulté des jeunes enfants à comprendre la dissimulation des émotions.

The authors investigated the understanding of emotion dissimulation in school-age children. Sixty participants were read short stories in which a main character expressed an emotion or hid an emotion from other characters. The participants were asked to identify the emotion felt by the main characters and to indicate the facial expressions they would display. Then they were asked what emotions the main characters felt while they were displaying these expressions, and what the beliefs of the other story characters would be as to the emotion felt by the main characters. The results revealed that children from 5 to 6 years of age have a partial understanding of emotion dissimulation. They were accurate in finding the emotion felt by the main characters when questioned the first time. They were also accurate in choosing the expressions the main characters would display to hide their emotions. However, they were often inaccurate as to the felt emotions of the main characters when questioned the second time. Compared with 9- and 10-year-olds, the younger children had more difficulty understanding the simultaneous character of felt and displayed emotions. Five- and 6-year-olds were also less accurate than the older children when asked to indicate the beliefs of the other characters in stories where felt emotions were hidden. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

élaboration et validation d'un instrument de mesure de la conscience phonologique.

This study describes the steps in developing and validating a French-language instrument to measure phonological awareness. The selected task involves ranking from a list of 4 words presented orally. Ss must choose the word that begins differently than the others. To decrease the mnestic difficulty of the test, illustrations accompany the words. Two pre-experiments using a bank of 20 items led to preparation of a final version of the phonological awareness test, which consists of 10 items. The validity and reliability of this version were assessed using 57 pre-schoolers and 60 kindergartners. In terms of validity and reliability, the psychometric features of the test were deemed satisfactory for the kindergarten students but deficient for the pre-schoolers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Le mécanisme de la vision des couleurs.

Reviews "Le mecanisme de la vision des couleurs," by J. Segal (see record 1954-02115-000). Visual specialists for the most part still subscribe to the classical trichromatic conception with regard to the color mechanism, even though recent evidence concerning the nature of the retina and the involved neural functions seemingly has failed to narrow the gap that long has existed between fact and theory in vision. After many years of intensive study and experimentation, Segal presents in this work his own constructive formulation, along with the arguments that are associated with its development. Although the new theory is cast in the familiar trichromatic mold, he breaks sharply from conventional thinking in regard to the details of visual physiology. Divesting himself of prevailing conventions, he envisages the mechanism underlying color in terms of essentially new relationships. The logical reasoning on which the new prospect of the mechanics of color is based is worked out in considerable detail and in relation to much of the relevant knowledge that steadily has been accumulating. In a thoroughly scholarly manner, Segal has presented what amounts to a simplification of the physiological mechanics of color vision. Whether the new prospect is confirmed in its entirety, or in part only, he has made a contribution to the psychophysiology of color that is bound to serve as the basis for further critical studies designed to come more closely to grips with the true nature of the color mechanism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

L'appariement des styles de motivation et l'évolution de la satisfaction conjugale.

Examined whether couples tend to adopt self-determined motivational styles and observed the relationship between couples, motivation style pairings and marital satisfaction. The sample consisted of 226 married or cohabiting couples participating on a voluntary basis. 87 couples completed the questionnaires a 2nd time 36 mo later. The instruments used were the Couple Motivation Questionnaire and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between women's and men's motivations to live together. The most frequent couples' pattern of pairing was 2 people with self-determined motivational styles. Furthermore, this couple pattern was related to higher marital satisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

L'édition spéciale de la neurologie cognitive: Préface.

Discusses this special edition in cognitive neuroscience in the Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology (CJEP). The editors decided to focus their efforts on three "hot" research areas in Cognitive Neuroscience--perception and action, multisensory integration, memory and higher-order cognition--and within each domain highlighting how different research methodologies can be brought to bear on the issue of the neural bases of higher mental functions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Le r?le des interactions mère-enfant et de la dépression maternelle à l'age préscolaire dans la prédiction de l'attachement de l'enfant à l'age scolaire.

Examined the contribution of mother–child partnership and maternal depression during the preschool period to the prediction of the child's attachment classification at early school-age in 91 French-Canadian children. Mother–child interactions were observed during a collaborative task using a scale measuring synchronized and reciprocal social-affective exchanges in the mother-child partnership (age 3–5 yrs). Maternal depression was assessed during the same lab visit using the Beck Depression Inventory. At a second lab visit (age 5–7 yrs), attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behaviour. A discriminant function analysis showed that reciprocal mother–child partnerships in the absence of maternal depressive symptom predicted security of attachment two years later, whereas failed reciprocity in the presence of maternal depressive symptoms predicted both insecure disorganized and ambivalent attachment. Quality of prediction is high for secure, ambivalent and disorganized children, although ambivalent and disorganized children cannot be distinguished from each other. Results support the importance of mother–child interactions and maternal depression as preschool variables associated with security and insecurity of attachment at early school-age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Direction des effets entre le tempérament de l'enfant et la sensibilité maternelle.

This study aims to examine the potential direction of effects between infant temperament and maternal sensitivity between 15 and 18 months, while considering five different temperament dimensions (activity level, pleasure, social fearfulness, anger proneness and interest/persistence). More specifically, it aims to verify if the direction of effects and the strength of the relation between these two variables vary as a function of the level of psychosocial risk infants are exposed to and infant gender. Fifty low-risk and 98 high-risk mother-infant dyads (defined as a function of mother status: adult or adolescent) were evaluated twice during home visits. At 15 and 18 months, mothers completed a French-Canadian version of the Toddler Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire (TBAQ; Goldsmith, 1996), the Questionnaire d'évaluation du comportement de l'enfant (QéCE; Lemelin, Tarabulsy, Provost, Fournier, Robitaille, Hémond & Tessier, 2007), and observers completed the Maternal Behaviour Q-Sort (MBQS, Pederson & Moran, 1995). Results obtained in the study show that the strength of the relation, and the direction of effects, between infant temperament and maternal sensitivity vary as a function of the temperament dimension taken into account. In addition, the direction of effects also sometimes varies as a function of the level of psychosocial risk and infant gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les conversations mère-enfant et l'attachement des enfants à la période préscolaire.

This study examines whether mother-child conversation patterns are associated with child attachment classifications at preschool age (N=80). Results revealed that a child's discourse style is similar to that of her or his mother. In comparison with mothers of insecure ambivalent or disorganized children, mothers of secure children made more frequent verbal statements that elaborated emotional content. Mothers of avoidant children were more inclined to minimize emotional content than mothers of secure children. In comparison with other mothers, those with a disorganized child were sharing more frightening and hostile content, or made more verbal statements accompanied by aggressive behaviors. Secure children made more frequent verbal statements that elaborated emotional content than avoidant and disorganized children. Disorganized children made more controlling verbal statements as well as statements accompanied by aggressive or flight behaviors. Finally, our results showed that child capacity to elaborate emotional experiences partially mediated the link between maternal capacity to elaborate emotional content and child security of attachment. Our results emphasize the importance of mother-child conversational exchanges for the development of attachment in preschool children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les pratiques parentales des parents d'enfants en difficultés de comportement: Effets de la dyade parent-enfant.

The study set out to indentify the differences and the similarities in the parental practices of mothers and fathers of kindergarten children known to exhibit problem behaviour (n = 109) as it relates to parenting a son or a daughter. The results obtained from self-reported parental measurements and direct observation of the parent–child dyad in a play situation revealed a greater complicity in dyads of the same sex during the play situation and, in opposite sex dyads, a significant link between the expression of negative parental emotions during interactions and problem behaviour in children. In girls, negative interactions with both parents, particularly the hostile disciplinary practices used by the mother, seem to be associated with problem behaviour; in boys, the mother's feeling of inadequacy and the poor quality of the father's presence seem more closely linked with these difficulties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Psychothérapie cognitive de la dépression, 3e édition.

Reviews the book, Psychothérapie cognitive de la dépression, 3e édition (Cognitive psychotherapy for depression, 3rd edition) by Ivy Marie Blackburn and Jean Cottraux (2008). This third edition of the first French-language book about cognitive psychotherapy for depression permits to immerse the work of professor Beck. This classical work aims to be an excellent introduction, for both mental health professionals who want to extend their horizons and beginner students in psychology and psychiatry who want to be trained in cognitive psychotherapy for depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La perception de la relation père-enfant et l'adaptation des enfants suite au dévoilement d'une agression sexuelle.

The present study explores the link between the father–child relationship and outcomes following child sexual abuse disclosure cases. Seventy-nine children completed measures evaluating perceived attachment security to mother and father (Kerns Security Scale; Kerns, Klepac, & Cole, 1996), as well as the child's internalised and externalised behaviour problems (Dominic Interactif; Valla, Bergeron, St-Georges, & Berthiaume, 2000), and self-esteem (Self-Perception Profile for Children; Harter, 1985) after the disclosure of the sexual abuse. Results indicated that perceived attachment security to the father figure is not correlated with perceived attachment security to the mother. A series of hierarchical multiple regression revealed that perception of paternal attachment security added to the prediction of internalised and externalised (marginal) behaviours over and above perceived attachment security to the mother. Results are discussed in terms of implications for intervention with sexually abused children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of L’étalonnage et la décision psychométrique: Exemples et tables.

Reviews the book, L’étalonnage et la décision psychométrique: Exemples et tables by Louis Laurencelle (2008). What I.Q. score corresponds to a 90 percentile? How many subjects are required for the 95% confidence interval set around a correlation value of r = .50 to fall within the 0.4-0.6 range? What fraction of a group of persons applying for a job will be selected if, by applying the rule of union and three correlation tests of .3, we use a selection rate of 10%? To read more on this review, please see the full text pdf. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La Satisfaction conjugale des mères et la qualité per?ue des échanges quoidiens avec leur adolescente.

Assessed the quality of day-to-day interaction between 16 mothers and their adolescent daughters (aged 12–17 yrs). Ss took part in 4 discussion groups, composed according to the marital satisfaction of the mothers. Results showed that satisfied mothers, as opposed to dissatisfied mothers: (1) mentioned signs of affection more often than did adolescents as a component of a warm relationship with their daughters; (2) noted more often than the adolescents that they were affected by their daughters' physical alienation; and (3) were more concerned by the negative aspects of their marital relationships than were their daughters. Results also revealed that: (1) the adolescents were influenced more frequently by the element of control in their relationships with their mothers; and (2) this difference was greater among the adolescent daughters of satisfied mothers than among those of dissatisfied mothers. Results have been interpreted with regard to the developmental changes that occur between a mother and her daughter during the child's adolescence in mind. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Valeurs de fréquence subjective et d'imagerie pour un échantillon de 1,916 substantifs de la langue fran?aise.

Reported norms of rated subjective frequency of use and imagery on 7-point scales for 1,916 French nouns in 454 17–29-yr-olds. Interjudge reliability was assessed by calculating the correlation between the mean ratings of items repeated in the booklet, between the mean ratings obtained from odd-numbered and even-numbered respondents, and by computing the Cronbach alpha statistic for each page of the booklet. Results indicate that although the estimates provided by female and male participants were highly correlated, the former gave a slightly higher frequency rating to the word sample but a slightly lower imagery rating than the latter did. Moreover, female respondents gave slightly more extreme ratings on the frequency and imagery scales. An analysis of the absolute difference between female and male ratings revealed a discrepancy of one half point or more on 20% of the word sample for frequency and 13% for imagery. On both scales, the mean absolute difference between male and female ratings was larger than that obtained by chance alone. The mean, standard deviation, and percentile rank of the frequency and imagery ratings for each item are appended together with their objective frequency of occurrence in Baudot's (1992) dictionary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impact psychologique de l'horaire de travail et de la participation aux taches familiales chez des couples à double carrière.

The present research examined the joint impact of characteristics of the work schedule and the participation in household work on psychological distress and parental role strain as well as stress crossover. A total of 93 dual-earner couples with at least one child living at home participated. Multiple regression analyses revealed that predictive variables of the psychological distress or the parental role strain differed for men and women and that the parental role strain was related to the psychological distress for both men and women. Results partially support the hypothesis of stress crossover since no characteristics of work schedule of the husband's and wife's were related to parental role strain of the spouses, but women's participation in the children's care was associated with men's higher parental role strain. These results underline the importance of studying strains associated with specific social roles of women and men with respect to effects of both work schedule and family strains related to psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)