浅析水环境污染应急监测的方案及措施

本文针对突发性水环境污染事故及危害、突发水环境污染事故应急监测技术、突发性环境污染事故应急监测组织机构的建立、突发性环境污染事故应急监测管理以及提高应急监测能力五个方面的内容进行了详细的分析和探析,从而详细的论述了水环境污染事故的应急处理工作。     

浅谈各级监测站如何做好突发性污染事故应急监测

文章阐述了应急监测在污染事故中的关键作用，突发性污染事故应急监测主要内容，突发性污染事故的应急处置原则，以及各级监测站如何做好突发性污染事故应急监测。力求加大各级监测站应急监测能力，为突发性环境污染事故的应急决策提供依据并对应急救援起到技术支持作用。     

基于多孔碳材料对重金属离子吸附性能的研究进展

重金属污染给生态环境及人类健康带来极大危害,是最重要的世界环境问题之一。多孔碳材料对重金属离子具有较好的吸附能力,可用于重金属污水的处理。本文综述了废弃生物质制备碳吸附剂以及掺杂型和聚合物基多孔碳作为新型炭材料,在重金属废水处理中的研究进展,并阐述了其吸附机理以及发展潜力。掺杂型和聚合物基多孔碳材料作为吸附剂的后起之秀,在废水处理中具有较好的发展潜力,因此,开发环境友好、低成本、高效的新型碳材料吸附剂对治理重金属污染具有重要意义。     

氟化氢气体污染事故的应急监测和处置——以洪江区“6.7”事故为个案的分析

突发性大气污染事故危害大,需要环境监测工作者对突发性环境污染事故实施快速有效的应急监测,及时了解、掌握污染物质的种类、浓度分布、影响范围及发展态势,为政府应急处置决策提供技术支撑。文章叙述了洪江区"6.7"氟化氢气体污染事故的应急监测和处置方法,分析了事故案例中应急监测及处置工作的经验教训,提出了有效控制应急污染的处置对策。     

木质素基多孔碳材料的制备与改性研究进展

化石能源的使用导致了环境污染和全球变暖，传统的多孔碳制备方法进一步加剧了这些问题。木质素是最丰富的天然芳香族聚合物，是一种很好的生物质碳源，将其替代传统化工原料制备碳材料，可以大大减少对化石资源的依赖。综述了木质素基多孔炭(LBPC)在制备和改性等方面的最新进展，旨在促进木质素基多孔炭(LBPC)在各个领域的应用。LBPC的广泛应用，能够缓解能源危机，有利于可持续发展。     

多孔炭:一种在电芬顿与类芬顿反应中受青睐的材料

类芬顿反应,因其能够克服传统芬顿反应工作pH范围较窄,易产生大量铁泥的局限而受到了大量关注。尽管炭材料在无驱动力时,同过氧化氢的反应活性不佳,多孔炭材料在类芬顿反应中依然得到了广泛应用。在各种研究中,这些多孔炭材料扮演了多种不同角色,诸如吸附剂、金属材料载体、以及过氧化氢选择性电合成的催化剂。本综述中,讨论了近年里多孔材料在上述情况的研究进展。由于成熟的合成工艺,很高的化学及热稳定性以及多样的功能,多孔炭材料已成为一种应用广泛的材料。在类芬顿过程中,更是有助于电子与物质的转移,防止金属泄露,并较大地提升了反应效率。     

小议环境应急监测系统的应用

随着我国社会经济的蓬勃发展,人们生活的环境越发的被人重视,就目前的生活环境来看,虽然各方面如尾气的排放、污水的排放等都得到了很好的解决,但突发性的重大环境污染事故仍旧不断的发生,这对于社会的稳定还有人们的生命财产都构成了一定程度的危害,这里就需要用到环境应急监测系统来解决相应的突发性环境污染事故。笔者就环境应急监测系统的应用作出简单的论述,以期减少突发性环境污染对社会和人们的危害。     

检测实验室如何应对环境突发事件

实验室的检测工作是突发性环境污染事故处理的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。如何保证快速、及时、准确、科学的检测和数据分析,是检测实验室需要认真考虑的问题。     

泡沫炭在环境治理领域应用的研究进展

泡沫炭是一种新型炭素材料，它是一种由孔泡和相互连接的孔泡壁组成的具有三维网状结构的轻质多孔材料。相对于传统的多孔材料，泡沫炭因比表面积大、吸附性能优异、结构均匀、热稳定性好、强度高等优点而被用于吸附环境中的各种污染物。同时，在环境治理领域，泡沫炭还可负载各类功能性催化剂，构建吸附与特定功能间的协同效应，提高环境治理效率。泡沫炭具有整体式结构，其作为环境治理材料使用时可表现出良好的可回收性和重复利用性。综述了近年来泡沫炭作为吸附和载体材料在环境治理领域应用的研究进展，展望了泡沫炭未来的研究方向。     

突发性水污染事故预警应急系统构架初探——以闽江流域为例

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来突发性水污染事故频频发生,建立突发性水污染事故预警应急系统已为当务之急。本文在介绍突发性水污染事故的概念、类型、特点和危害以及突发性水污染事故预警应急系统的结构和功能的基础上,结合闽江特点,对闽江流域突发性水污染事故预警应急系统的基本构架进行初步探索。     

氰化物突发性泄漏污染事故的应急监测

氰化物是种高毒物质,一旦发生突发性泄漏,就会给人类的生存环境造成严重的后果,因此对环境中的氰化物进行应急监测具有非常重要的意义。阐述了氰化物突发性泄漏污染事故及其危害,对氰化物常用的应急监测分析方法做了详细的叙述和对比,并进一步阐明了氰化物监测方案,以期为后续的氰化物的应急处理提供数据。     

危化品事故连续消耗型应急物资调度模型

应急物资调度是危化品事故应急救援工作的关键内容,危化品事故会对周边区域造成环境污染,其应急物资调度问题应该考虑多个目标。针对危化品事故应急物资调度特征,建立了连续消耗应急物资调度多目标模型。模型以缺货损失最小、调运时间最短和调运总环境风险最小为优化目标,考虑应急中心物资数量限制和救援时间限制等约束条件,采用NSGAⅡ遗传算法求解。对于求解结果,采用逼近理想解的排序方法进行选择。算例计算结果表明,多目标模型优化方案比单目标模型优化方案有较大的优势,同时说明算法合理可行。     

液体苯系物等类油物质吸附材料综述

近年来,苯系物等类油物质泄漏事故频发。由于苯系物多数具有极强的毒性和挥发性,因此苯系物比原油等重油泄漏事故引发的危害更大。考虑到苯系物和油类物质理化性质的相似性,对苯系物泄漏事故的应急处置办法可以参考溢油事故的处置办法。通过对溢油事故中常用的无机类吸附材料、有机高分子吸附材料和天然高分子吸附材料的研究现状和应用前景进行了综述,希望能够为相关科研工作者解决苯系物泄漏的应急处置提供思路,促进该领域的快速发展。     

The probability of death in road traffic accidents. How important is a quick medical response?

The number of deaths in road traffic accidents in Spain exceeds three thousand people each year. Public authorities have implemented some policies with the aim to reducing this number. Among them, the improvement of road quality standards and some legal changes encouraging careful driving behavior. However, less attention has been focused on one of the issues that may be critical to reducing the number of fatalities caused by traffic accidents: a quick emergency medical care. In this paper, we use a sample of more than 1400 accidents occurred on Spanish roads in May 2004. Our objective is to analyze to which extent a reduction of the time interval between the crash and the arrival of the emergency services to the crash scene is related to a lower probability of death. Our results suggest that a 10 min reduction of the medical response time can be statistically associated with an average decrease of the probability of death by one third, both on motorways and conventional roads.     

地铁疏散系统设计研究现状与进展

目的 对地铁疏散系统设计的研究现状进行梳理和分析,提出存在问题和建议解决方案,并对此领域后续研究重点进行探讨。方法 以易识性的概念为基础,结合地铁突发事件的特点,通过大量文献检索、搜集与整理,对应急疏散路径、应急信息传达、应急设施技术、应急管理技术等影响地铁疏散系统设计的重要层面进行研究与分析。结论 地铁突发事件中火灾爆炸事故、水灾事故、紧急制动事故是事发最多的三种事故形式,且具有突然性、封闭性、恐慌性、复杂性的特点;完善的地铁疏散系统设计包含了应急行为特征、应急信息传达、应急设施技术、应急管理技术等多个方面;地铁空间内应急信息的呈现和宣传应具备较高的易识性,这可以极为有利地帮助人们理解和阅读相关的重要信息,可使乘客熟知在突发情况中如何行动,防患于未然,但目前对于地铁应急信息易识性的研究较少,并未形成体系,可作为后续研究重点。     

如何进行食品安全事故应急响应和产品召回

应急响应和产品召回对防制食品安全事故发挥着巨大的作用。文中分析了食品企业中存在的可能影响食品安全的因素,并重点阐述了应急响应及产品召回的流程,从而为更好地防止食品安全事故产生提供有效的参考。     

Risk analysis of hazardous materials in oil shale

A future oil shale industry will be a massive solids-handling industry generating large amounts of hazardous materials. A risk analysis was performed on a hypothetical oil shale industry to aid in the formulation and management of research. The analysis considered occupational, public, and ecosystem risks for a steady-state one million barrels per day (160 cubic dekameters per day) industry. The risks for designated groups of the occupational workforce were statistically described by accident and injury rates for fatalities, accidents with days lost from work, and accidents with no days lost from work. Workforce diseases analyzed were cancers, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, and high-frequency hearing loss. The miners represented the group with the largest fatality and the most serious accident rate. Lung disease from inhalation exposure to dust about the nuisance dust threshold limit value presented the most significant risk for future concerns. Public health inhalation risks were estimated for life-time cancer risks from As, Cd, Cr, Ni, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radiation to be less than 10⁻⁷ occurrences per person per year. An air pollution surrogate, sulfate, as a measure of all air pollution exposure, yielded a result of 10⁻⁵ deaths per person per year with large uncertainties. Public health risks associated with oil shale solid waste were considered for leachates. Ecosystem risks considered impact on designator species, plant damage from sulfates, and disturbance in plant communities. The simple analysis approach indicated that the potential impact on the semi-arid, high-altitude ecosystem was minimal from air pollutants and land disturbances, but of potential concern for aquatic systems under extreme conditions. The methodology and treatment of uncertainties are oriented towards establishing research implications.     

Safety features in nuclear power plants to eliminate the need of emergency planning in public domain

Following the Fukushima accident, the safety features of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) are being re-examined worldwide including India to demonstrate capabilities to cope with severe accidents. In order to restore public confidence and support for nuclear power, it is felt necessary to design future NPPs with near zero impact outside the plant boundary and thus enabling elimination of emergency planning in public domain. Authors have identified a set of safety features which are needed to be incorporated in advanced reactors to achieve this goal. These features enabling prevention, termination, mitigation and containment of radioactivity for beyond design basis accidents arising from extreme natural events are essential for achieving the goal of elimination of emergency planning in public domain. Inherent safety characteristics, passive and engineered safety features to achieve these functions are discussed in this paper. Present trends and future developments in this direction are also described briefly.     

A review on carbon/magnetic metal composites for microwave absorption

At present,developing high-efficiency microwave absorption materials with properties including light-weight,thin thickness,strong absorbing intensity and broad bandwidth is an urgent demand to solve the electromagnetic pollution issues.An ideal microwave absorber should have excellent dielectric and magnetic loss capabilities,thereby inducing attenuation and absorption of incident electromagnetic radiation.Recently,various carbon/magnetic metal composites have been developed and expected to become promising candidates for high-performance microwave absorbers.In this review,we introduce the mechanisms of microwave absorption and summarize the recent advances in carbon/magnetic metal composites.Preparation methods and microwave absorption properties of carbon/magnetic metal com-posites with different components,morphologies and microstructures are discussed in detail.Finally,the challenges and future prospects of carbon/magnetic metal absorbing materials are also proposed,which will be useful to develop high-performance microwave absorption materials.     

用于油水分离的静电纺纳米纤维膜研究进展

近年来,石油泄漏以及工业含油废水的排放对生态环境造成了严重的损害,高效节能的新型油水分离材料已成为研究热点。具有特殊亲液性的静电纺纳米纤维膜是一种可用于油水分离的新型膜材料,它具有较高的比表面积和孔隙率,既可以自发实现油水分离,又能减少能源消耗。主要介绍了超亲水疏油、超疏水亲油、智能切换亲水/亲油以及单向导油纳米纤维膜,及纤维膜的制备方法、亲液性以及油水分离过程和分离效率;并对静电纺油水分离纳米纤维膜所面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。