喷气燃料中溶解水含量变化规律研究

水含量是喷气燃料质量检测的一项重要性能指标。针对环境温度、湿度、储存时间、防冰剂含量等因素对喷气燃料中溶解水含量的影响,采用微量水分测定仪研究了不同条件下喷气燃料中溶解水含量的变化规律,确立了变化规律模型,建立了溶解水含量数据库,为进一步准确、高效测定喷气燃料中的水含量提供了参考依据。     

特征真菌对喷气燃料性质的影响

为探索喷气燃料中微生物污染对喷气燃料性质的影响,构建了以喷气燃料为唯一碳源的混合特征真菌培养体系,系统研究了喷气燃料特征真菌对喷气燃料外观、总酸值、银片腐蚀、水反应试验以及表面张力等指标的影响,结合三磷酸腺苷(ATP)生物荧光检测法,考察了微生物污染总量与喷气燃料质量指标之间的关系。结果表明：特征真菌在生长繁殖过程中会产生酸性物质和表面活性物质,使喷气燃料酸值上升、表面张力下降,引起喷气燃料外观不符合标准要求,在试验周期内对喷气燃料水反应试验、银片腐蚀等指标无显著影响;当喷气燃料中ATP含量大于5 500 RLU/L时,喷气燃料总酸值超标,导致质量不合格。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱表征喷气燃料和生物航煤详细烃组成

采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOFMS)和全二维气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC×GC-FID)构建石油基喷气燃料(简称喷气燃料)和生物基航空煤油(简称生物航煤)烃类分子水平表征方法。该方法利用 GC×GC-TOFMS的族分离特性和瓦片效应对喷气燃料和生物航煤的烷烃、环烷烃和芳烃等组分进行定性分析和碳数分布规律研究,将族分类信息由GC×GC-TOFMS转移至GC×GC-FID,并利用保留时间关联方程校正后进行定量。考察了不同来源喷气燃料和生物航煤的烃组成和碳数分布特点。结果表明,喷气燃料和生物航煤的芳烃和异构烷烃含量差异很大,不同来源的喷气燃料和生物航煤碳数分布有很大不同。     

焦化汽柴油加氢生产喷气燃料的研究

进行了焦化汽柴油加氢精制生产喷气燃料的实验研究。研究表明，以焦化汽柴油为原料，通过加氢精制方法可以得到合格的喷气燃料；对焦化馏分进行深度脱硫、脱氮是该技术应用的关键。研究还表明，喷气燃料产品的颜色及颜色的稳定性与其氮含量有关，氮含量越低，产品颜色及颜色的稳定性越好。     

喷气燃料中芳烃总量的测定方法优化

采用现有分析方法以ASTM D6379示差折光检测器高效液相色谱法为依据,开发气相色谱法接入芳烃捕集阱和脱氧装置测定喷气燃料中总芳烃含量的测定方法。采用该方法考察了多个喷气燃料样品和质控样测定总芳烃含量,通过加入标准物质考察该方法对喷气燃料加标回收率为97.16%~105.88%,标准偏差小于0.5%。因此认为气相色谱法适用于喷气燃料中芳烃总量的测定。     

柴油加氢精制装置生产喷气燃料存在问题及解决措施

对九江分公司柴油加氢精制装置在切换生产3号喷气燃料时银片腐蚀不合格的问题进行了研究。结果表明，喷气燃料携带微量硫化氢且没有有效的脱除是导致银片腐蚀不合格的主要原因。提出了调整加氢精制工艺条件以减少硫化氢的生成、改用氮气汽提、使用不含硫化氢的塔底喷气燃料作顶回流介质以及增设硫化氢吸附罐等措施以更好地脱除硫化氢。采取这些措施后，喷气燃料产品的银片腐蚀达到0级，并且其它性质均符合3号喷气燃料质量指标要求，年经济效益可达64．9万元。     

喷气燃料润滑性的研究

介绍了喷气燃料的润滑性问题,对喷气燃料的润滑原理进行了探讨,对各国所用的抗磨剂进行了论述,并对喷气燃料润滑性的评定仪器进行了对比,对抗磨剂的未来进行了展望。     

进口不合格喷气燃料处理方式研究

近年来,上海口岸大量进口喷气燃料Jet A-1,但同时也出现了喷气燃料Jet A-1部分质量指标不合格的情况,对国内用户的使用造成了影响。分析了影响喷气燃料Jet A-1质量的因素,介绍了喷气燃料Jet A-1后处理的原则及方法,对不合格喷气燃料Jet A—1的主要后处理方式进行了考察。试验结果表明,将过滤、倒罐、白土吸附,加入添加剂和掺配优质油料等后处理方式中的一种或几种组合使用,能有效地改善喷气燃料Jet A－1的质量。     

喷气燃料热氧化安定性的研究

我们研究了四种添加剂、橡胶和六种微量金属对三种牌号的喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响,利用JFTOT仪器模拟实际发动机燃油系统中燃料与润滑油换热后因温度升高而产生的沉淀物堵塞燃料过滤器的程度,以及燃料在高温下金属表面产生沉积物的多少,考察了添加剂及橡胶影响喷气燃料的热氧化安定性的情况,并给出了开始影响该性能的几种微量金属的最高允许含量.     

喷气燃料组成对润滑性影响的实验研究

考察了加氢喷气燃料主体烃组分对燃料润滑性的影响。根据喷气燃料的组成,选择代表喷气燃料不同组分的纯化合物,建立简单的模拟系统,研究其对喷气燃料润滑性的贡献。结果表明,碳数相同的烃组分中润滑性以芳烃最好,其次为烯烃、环烷烃,链烷烃最差。将四氢萘、二甲苯和1-癸烯按比例加入到加氢喷气燃料基础油中,四氢萘对燃料润滑性的改善优于1-癸烯和二甲苯;对燃料润滑性起主要作用的是在加氢喷气燃料中含量很少的四氢萘和烯烃,含量多的二甲苯对喷气燃料润滑性的影响很小。     

Near Infrared Spectroscopic Determination of Diesel Fuel Parameters Using Genetic Multivariate Calibration

The use of full spectral region from near infrared spectroscopic analysis does not always end up with a good multivariate calibration model as many of the wavelengths do not contain necessary information. Due to the complexity of the spectra, some of the wavelengths or regions may, in fact, disturb the model-building step. Genetic algorithms are one of the useful tools for solving wavelength selection problems and may improve the predictive ability of conventional multivariate calibration methods. This study demonstrates application of genetic algorithm-based multivariate calibration to near infrared spectroscopic determination of several diesel fuel parameters. The parameters studied are cetane number, boiling and freezing point, total aromatic content, viscosity, and density. Multivariate calibration models were generated using genetic inverse least squares (GILS) method and used to predict the diesel fuel parameters based on their near infrared spectra. For each property, a different data set was used and in all cases the number of samples was around 250. Overall, percent standard error of prediction (%SEP) values ranged between 2.48 and 4.84% for boiling point, total aromatics, viscosity, and density. However, %SEP results for cetane number and freezing point were 11.00% and 14.86%, respectively.     

Near Infrared Spectroscopic Determination of Diesel Fuel Parameters Using Genetic Multivariate Calibration

Abstract

The use of full spectral region from near infrared spectroscopic analysis does not always end up with a good multivariate calibration model as many of the wavelengths do not contain necessary information. Due to the complexity of the spectra, some of the wavelengths or regions may, in fact, disturb the model-building step. Genetic algorithms are one of the useful tools for solving wavelength selection problems and may improve the predictive ability of conventional multivariate calibration methods. This study demonstrates application of genetic algorithm-based multivariate calibration to near infrared spectroscopic determination of several diesel fuel parameters. The parameters studied are cetane number, boiling and freezing point, total aromatic content, viscosity, and density. Multivariate calibration models were generated using genetic inverse least squares (GILS) method and used to predict the diesel fuel parameters based on their near infrared spectra. For each property, a different data set was used and in all cases the number of samples was around 250. Overall, percent standard error of prediction (%SEP) values ranged between 2.48 and 4.84% for boiling point, total aromatics, viscosity, and density. However, %SEP results for cetane number and freezing point were 11.00% and 14.86%, respectively.     

拓宽馏程增产喷气燃料加氢精制（JeFIT）技术的工业应用

为增产喷气燃料,中韩（武汉）石油化工有限公司采用中国石化石油化工科学研究院开发的拓宽馏程增产喷气燃料加氢精制（JeFIT）技术对2号煤油加氢装置进行改造。装置经过改造后一次开车成功,并进行了工业装置技术标定及长周期运转试验。标定结果显示,采用JeFIT技术可以加工终馏点为263 ℃的常一线油,得到的精制煤油色度（赛波特）为＋30号、碱性氮质量分数小于1 μg/g、热氧化安定性破点温度大于320 ℃、静态安定性氧化沉淀量小于4.6 mg/（100 mL）,其他各项指标均满足3号喷气燃料质量要求。工业装置长周期运转情况表明,采用JeFIT技术可实现装置的安全平稳长周期运行和增产30%以上直馏喷气燃料的目标。     

气相色谱法在喷气燃料冰点预测中的应用

为了实现快速预测喷气燃料冰点的目的,开发了一种通过原油的气相色谱直接预测喷气燃料（馏程范围为140～240 ℃）冰点的方法。该方法收集了70种原油的气相色谱及相应的喷气燃料的冰点数据。通过沸点切割法,确定了原油的气相色谱中喷气燃料馏分对应的保留时间范围。采用多元线性回归及逐步回归,得到了喷气燃料冰点与原油的气相色谱中喷气燃料馏分段中3个正构烷烃及2个非正构烷烃馏分含量的拟合式,并验证了上述拟合式的准确性和重复性。结果显示,喷气燃料冰点预测值与实测值偏差均在±1.3 ℃以内,重复性均在±0.69 ℃以内,方法准确性和重复性均较好。     

Analysis and Research on the Cause of Tanker Contaminating Jet Fuel

Abstract

Through a lot of research on the issue that qualified jet fuel became unqualified jet fuel after tanker transportation and a period of storage. By X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface analysis of corroded silver strip and silver strip corrosion test, doctor test, determination of mercaptan sulfur, analysis of sulfur and nitrogen content, test of pickling and alkaline wash and laundering, the mercury wash test and silver nitrate experiments of polluted jet fuel, indicated that silver corrosion resulted from sulfide corrosion, H₂S, SO₂, SO₃, sulfuric acid, acid esters, and other corrosive sulfides were not contained in polluted jet fuel, the corrosive substance in jet fuel was sulfur. The tank inner surface of polluted jet fuel was determined according to GB/T14265-93, the sulfur content in the rust of the tanker inner surface was 1.05% by carbon and sulfur analyzer. Adding the rust into qualified jet fuel, the external situation of tanker transportation was simulated, silver strip corrosion level exceeded 3, which demonstrated that elemental sulfur in the rust dissolved in jet fuel slowly to result in unqualified silver strip corrosion.     

催化裂化柴油加氢生产高密度喷气燃料过程研究

利用催化裂化柴油（LCO）密度较高且富含芳烃的性质特点,开展了以LCO为原料生产高密度喷气燃料的工艺研究。结果表明,以LCO为原料,采用高芳烃饱和活性的NiMoW/Al₂O₃加氢精制催化剂,在适当的工艺条件下进行超深度加氢饱和,可使LCO中芳烃质量分数降低至5%以下。进一步通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法进行详细的烃类分析,可明确各烃类的分布规律并考察富集单环、二环及三环环烷烃的馏分,确定全馏分LCO加氢生产高密度喷气燃料时理想的终馏点为270～280 ℃,在此分馏温度下可得到冰点低于－47 ℃、密度（20 ℃）大于0.835 g/cm³ 的高密度喷气燃料组分。     

蜡油中压加氢裂化生产喷气燃料技术的首次工业应用

中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司为提高1.5 Mt/a中压加氢裂化装置的效益, 在本周期生产中优化产品结构,压减柴油、多产喷气燃料,对装置进行了催化剂级配和分馏系统适应性改造,进行了中等压力条件下以蜡油为原料生产喷气燃料技术的工业应用。标定结果表明：采用新技术加工终馏点约517 ℃、BMCI约45的中间基蜡油原料,在高压分离器压力为10.7MPa的中等压力条件下,所得喷气燃料收率为21%,烟点为 25 mm,萘系烃质量分数低于0.5%,满足 3 号喷气燃料质量要求;尾油收率为27%,BMCI为10,为优质蒸的汽裂解制乙烯原料。     

蜡油中压加氢裂化生产喷气燃料技术的首次工业应用

中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司为提高1.5 Mt/a中压加氢裂化装置的效益， 在本周期生产中优化产品结构，压减柴油、多产喷气燃料，对装置进行了催化剂级配和分馏系统适应性改造，进行了中等压力条件下以蜡油为原料生产喷气燃料技术的工业应用。标定结果表明：采用新技术加工终馏点约517 ℃、BMCI约45的中间基蜡油原料，在高压分离器压力为10.7MPa的中等压力条件下，所得喷气燃料收率为21%，烟点为 25 mm，萘系烃质量分数低于0.5%，满足 3 号喷气燃料质量要求；尾油收率为27%，BMCI为10，为优质蒸的汽裂解制乙烯原料。     

Properties Correlations and Characterization of Athabasca Oil Sands-derived Synthetic Crude Oil

Narrow fractions of Athabasca oil sands-derived synthetic crude oil (SCO) from Canada were obtained by distillation at 20 oC to 500 oC and characterized. The yield and properties, such as density, refractive index, viscosity, freezing point, sulfur and nitrogen content and UOP K-index, were correlated as a function of boiling temperature (Tb). The properties of naphtha fractions, jet fuel and diesel fractions could be predicted accurately with the correlations, which are useful for process design considerations, such as optimizing operating conditions of refinery processing units. The other key properties and characteristics of naphtha fractions, jet fuel, diesel and vacuum gas oil were also determined.