Structural Properties of Oriented Wood Strand Composite: Effect of Strand Orientation and Modeling Prediction

This paper first examined the effect of wood strand orientation on the flexural properties of oriented wood strand composites (OSB) under different engineering stress modes, and second, investigated the applicability of the rule of mixtures in conjunction with the theory of elasticity for predicting the properties of OSB. The results showed that the performance of OSB was closely related to the loading directions and stress modes: The flexural strength and stiffness under both flat and edgewise bending loads consistently decreased with increasing angles between the applied load and longitudinal direction of orientation of strands, but that under flat bending being much more significant. Panel shear at 45° loading angle resulted in higher strength compared to other loading angles tested, indicating an occurrence of diagonal shear stresses. In conjunction with the numerical results from image analysis of the structure of OSB, and the oriented elasticity and stress algorithms, the models for theoretically predicting the strength and stiffness of OSB under various loading angles were derived with a good estimate under bending and panel shear loads, implying that OSB can be treated as a composite and its properties may be modeled by the rule of mixtures by suitable development, even though OSB has a very high volume fraction of wood strands (0.979) and correspondingly very low volume fraction of resin (0.021).     

Residential Floor Systems: Wood I-Joist Creep Behavior

A creep study was undertaken to characterize the creep response of a wood I-joist framed and oriented strand board (OSB) sheathed floor system under typical residential in-service loads (e.g., gravity and environmental). The study examined one full-scale floor system constructed of composite wood I-joists and OSB sheathing for 508 days of sustained uniformly distributed loads equivalent to the design dead load, 0.48 kPa (10 psf), plus 25% of the design live load, 0.48 kPa (10 psf). The creep deflection of the system fluctuated with changes in environmental condition (e.g., temperature and relative humidity) but virtually stabilized after 168 days of loading regardless of variation in environmental conditions. The average of the individual floor joist ratios of total creep deflection to initial deflection was 1.66 at 508 days for the floor system. The observed ratio is greater than would be applied in standard United States or most international design practices.     

Optimisation of long-term creep strength of martensitic steels

Besides the reduction of greenhouse gases the increase of thermal efficiency is one of the major goals in modern material development for process and power plants. Increasing the steam inlet temperatures and pressures is at present the favoured method to increase the thermal efficiency. For the realization of 700°C power plants, new creep resistant ferritic-martensitic 9–12 wt. % Cr steels are required to be applied in the 650°C temperature range. An important task for the optimization of long term creep properties is the characterization of the changes in the microstructure during creep exposure. A sufficient long term creep strength is based on a small initial size and slow coarsening of the M₂₃C₆ precipitates as well as the dynamic precipitation of small V(C, N) particles along with the absence of Z-phase. The paper describes the R&D activities of the MPA University of Stuttgart in the frame work of national and international research projects aimed at the development and long term characterisation of optimised martensitic steels with higher long term creep strength.     

热处理对塑料模具钢NAK80组织、硬度和时效动力学的影响

试验了830~910℃固溶处理和480~540℃时效对Φ20mm NAK80塑料模具钢（/%:0.15C,0.30Si,1.50Mn,3.00Ni,1.00Cu,1.00Al,0.30Mo,0.30Cr）组织和硬度的影响,并对其时效动力学行为进行了研究。结果表明,890℃固溶处理后,NAK80钢组织由板条马氏体和粒状贝氏体组成,HRC硬度值达到42.4,经过500℃保温4 h的时效处理后,该钢的组织为回火屈氏体和析出相,其HRC硬度值可达45.5。利用JMA方程得到480℃和500℃时效时的Avrami指数n分别为2.20和1.63,表观激活能为96.787J/mol。     

回火温度对20SiMnMo高强度钢微观组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、洛氏硬度计、万能力学试验机以及冲击试验机研究了950℃淬火220℃、240℃、260℃、280℃、300℃和320℃3 h回火试验对20SiMnMo高强度钢（/%:0.22C,0.80Si,1.00Mn,0.40Mo,0.72Cr,0.20Ni）微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,试验钢的硬度、强度不断下降,伸长率、室温冲击功先升高再降低。当260℃回火时,试验钢具有均匀细长的板条马氏体组织,其强塑韧综合力学性能最佳:硬度值44.8HRC、AKV2冲击功75.3 J、抗拉强度1 278 MPa、屈服强度1 210 MPa、伸长率15.5%。     

44Si2CrV钢弹簧的室温蠕变

试验结果得出,44Si2CrV钢弹簧经淬火+中温回火处理并除掉表面脱碳层后,在室温下所受应力超过临界蠕变应力值时即发生蠕变;钢的抗拉(或剪切)强度越高,临界蠕变应力越高。44Si2CrV钢900℃淬火,500℃回火,临界蠕变应力 τ_cc =700 MPa;900℃淬火,380℃回火, τ_cc =800 MPa。蠕变开始时的塑性变形速率较大,之后急剧减小,在一定应力下保持一定时间后蠕变停止。经长时间压缩,蠕变变形已经停止的弹簧,于200℃保温2 h后空冷,弹簧的自由高度伸长,并且在原来的应力下加载,弹簧蠕变又重新开始。     

The effect of combined low-cycle fatigue and creep on the life of austenitic stainless steels

Experiments regarding the effect of simultaneous fatigue and creep on life have been performed for a 20 pct Cr-35 pct Ni stainless steel at 700°C. It was found that a life fraction rule, comprising an interaction term besides the terms of pure fatigue and creep damage, adequately accounts for the observed lives. The interaction term contains the product of the fatigue and creep damage, and may physically be interpreted as the damage generation due to the interaction of the fatigue and creep processes. There is evidence that the surface crack density represents a measure of the total damage. The cracks created during the combined fatigue and creep test were both transgranular and intergranular. They were probably nucleated intergranularly and later, during their growth, were transformed to transgranular cracks. As the creep damage of the test was increased gradually, more cracks remained intergranular throughout the test.     

Reactive infiltration processing and secondary compressive creep of NiAl and NiAl-W composites

Reactive infiltration processing was used to fabricate bulk NiAl and fiber-reinforced NiAl composites. Homogenous, pore-free materials were obtained by chemical reaction between nickel and aluminum after complete infiltration with liquid aluminum of preforms of nickel wires (containing tungsten wires for the composites) with low surface-to-volume ratio, high permeability, and regular infiltration paths. Reactively-processed, monolithic NiAl exhibited compressive creep properties at 715 °C and 1025 °C in good agreement with those of conventionally processed NiAl. The compressive creep behavior of NiAl composites reinforced with 5 to 20 vol pct W was also characterized at the same temperatures. At 715 °C, the NiAl-W composites exhibited secondary creep with little primary and tertiary creep, while at 1025 °C, the composites displayed all three stages. Microstructurally, secondary creep was characterized by pure uniaxial compression of tungsten fibers. The measured composite secondary creep rates could be predicted reasonably well with the role-of-mixtures isostrain model developed for composites where both phases undergo creep deformation using tensile creep data measured on the as-received tungsten fibers.     

The effect of SiC particle reinforcement on the creep behavior of 2080 aluminum

The influence of SiC particle reinforcement on the creep behavior of 2080 aluminum is investigated between 150 °C and 350 °C. The effect of particle size (F-280, F-600, and F-1000), volume fraction (10, 20, and 30 vol pct), and heat treatment (T6 and T8) on creep behavior is studied. In both the T6 and T8 conditions all composites are less creep resistant than similarly heat-treated monolithic materials when crept at 150 °C. These results contradict continuum mechanics predictions for steady-state creep rate, which predict composite strengthening. A high dislocation density is observed near SiC particles. It is proposed that strain localization near the reinforcements leads to microstructural breakdown and the subsequent reduction in creep resistance. When both materials are severely overaged or when they are tested at very high temperatures (350 °C), composite materials exhibit improved creep resistance relative to monolithic material. In these cases, the strengthening is consistent with continuum predictions for direct composite strengthening.     

Creep Behavior of Hot-Mix Asphalt due to Heavy Vehicular Tire Loading

The objective of this study is to characterize the creep behavior of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) at intermediate (20°C) and at high temperatures (40°C). To accomplish this objective, a nonlinear time-hardening creep model, characterized through laboratory testing, was incorporated into a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) model, which was used to calculate permanent creep strains after applying repetitive vehicular loading cycles at the pavement surface. Two different tire configurations were simulated representing a typical dual-tire assembly and a newly introduced wide-base tire (dual-tire: 275/80R22.5 and wide-base tire: 455/55R22.5). Results of the 3D FE model were successfully verified against pavement response measurements in the field at the Virginia Smart Road. While the elastic or linear viscoelastic FE model may not simulate permanent deformation or shear creep strains after repetitions of vehicular loading, a nonlinear time-hardening creep model could predict primary rutting damage in HMA and shear creep strains at the edge of the tire imprint caused by different tire configurations.     

Mechanical behaviour of Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>Si<Subscript>3</Subscript> based alloys and composites

The demand for materials to be used in the components operating above 1100°C in advanced aero-engines drives the development of the silicide-based intermetallic alloys and composites, including the titanium silicides. The mechanical behaviour of Ti₅Si₃ and its composites has been reviewed with emphasis on the microstructure-property relationships. It is found that the grain size is a critical parameter, and smaller grain sizes are desirable for reducing the magnitude of internal residual stress caused by the crystallographic anisotropy in coefficients of thermal expansion. The reduction in grain size leads to significant improvement in hardness, room temperature flexural strength and fracture toughness. On the other hand, the high temperature strength observed at slow strain rates and creep resistance are higher in the samples with the coarser grain sizes. Further improvements in the strength, fracture toughness and high temperature creep resistance are possible, either through the development of multiphase alloys, or by the use of ceramic reinforcements in composites.     

120 t RH自然脱碳精炼低碳钢QD08的生产实践

基于生产数据对120 t RH精炼低碳钢QD08(/%:≤0.07C,0.15～0.35Si,0.25～0.45Mn,≤0.035P,≤0.035S)进行了RH碳氧反应的热力学、动力学分析和自然脱碳分析,得出RH精炼自然脱碳的优化工艺。结果表明,BOF终点温度≥1650℃,RH初始温度≥1 600℃,BOF终点[C]0.04%～0.10%,[P]≤0.018%,出钢前加顶浇石灰200 kg,出钢不加合金和脱氧剂,RH真空度4～8 kPa,6～8 min可使钢水[C]≤0.05%。     

Thermally Induced Behavior of the Openings in Rock Mass Affected by High Temperatures

The temporary storage of hot water in openings excavated in rock may be worthwhile for multiple land-use applications, environmental safeguards, and energy conservation. When used for hot water storage, the rock mass around the openings will respond by coupled thermomechanical effects induced by the hot water. In this study, a submergence test of granite and sandstone at 20 and 95°C was used to examine the thermal behavior of the rock mass around the openings to obtain the mechanical properties of uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus. A uniaxial compression creep test of the rock at high temperatures was also performed and calculations with various constants for the creep were examined. With the results obtained in this work, the temperature and stress distribution around the openings when hot water is stored was analyzed by considering the creep properties. The thermal behavior and stability of the openings were also examined. The displacement of the openings was predicted to be approximately 2% of the diameter after 1,000 days.     

Creep deformation and crack growth behavior of a single-crystal nickel-base superalloy

Uniaxial creep deformation and crack growth data are presented on the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy SC16, which is a candidate material for industrial gas turbine applications. All testing was performed at 900 °C. The uniaxial experiments were conducted with the loading direction aligned approximately along the [001] crystallographic axis of the material. Under these conditions, a small primary region followed by mainly tertiary creep was obtained, and failure initiated from cracks at interdendritic pores. The crack growth experiments were performed on single-edge notch tension specimens and compact tension test pieces containing deep side grooves to examine state-of-stress effects. A selection of crystallographic orientations was also examined. Little effect of stress state and orientation was obtained. It has been found that the creep crack growth characteristics of the alloy can be predicted satisfactorily from a model of the accumulation of damage at a crack tip using the creep fracture mechanics parameter C* and assuming plane stress conditions. This article is based on a presentation made at the “High Temperature Fracture Mechanisms in Advanced Materials” symposium, as a part of the 1994 Fall meeting of TMS, October 2-6, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, under the auspices of the ASM/SMD Flow and Fracture Committee.     

锻造和预备热处理对超高强度钢23Co-Ni晶粒度的影响

实验钢（/%:0.24C,0.01Mn,0.06Si,0.001S,0.002P,13.42Co,11.32Ni,3.05Cr,1.18Mo,0.015Al,0.015Ti）为6 t真空感应炉+真空自耗熔炼的Φ600 mm锭经3次镦拔锻制的Φ300 mm钢棒,并经650℃ 20 h退火处理（晶粒度6.0级）。实验研究了Φ300 mm钢棒至Φ250 mm钢棒（变形30%）的锻制温度（900~1 200℃）和预备热处理（860℃和900℃正火）对钢的晶粒度的影响。结果表明,锻造温度1 000~1 140℃,变形量30%时可获得细小的完全再结晶晶粒（7.0级）。900℃正火处理该钢可获得均匀细小的晶粒（7.0级）。     

Microstructural Evolution and Change in Hardness of S30432 Heat‐resistant Steel during Creep at 650 °C

The microstructural evolution of S30432 heat‐resistant steel during creep at 650 °C and its effect on the change in hardness was investigated. The change of hardness during creep of S30432 at 650 °C can be divided into three stages. These are related to the precipitation and coarsening of ε‐Cu and M₂₃C₆ carbides, decrease in the number of twins and increase in grain size. The precipitation of ε‐Cu dominantly contributes to the significant hardening at stage I, and the coarsening of ε‐Cu is the key factor to decrease the hardness at stage II. At stage III, the hardness hardly changes since the microstructure of S30432 tends to be stable in the long‐term creep range.     

100 t BOF-LF-RH-CC工艺冶炼结构钢时钢中氮的行为及控制

通过对淮钢100 t BOF-LF-RH-CC工艺流程冶炼45钢和42CrMo钢时各工序钢水取样分析氮含量,研究各工序对钢水中氮含量的影响。得出除吹氩和RH工序外,各工序都存在增氮现象:钢包至中间包长水口增氮占增氮总量的40%,LF精炼增氮占35%,出钢增氮占20%。所以控制转炉终点氮含量,控制LF渣层厚度,避免LF精炼补加合金和增碳,适当延长RH处理时间,提高长水口氩封效果是控制钢水氮含量的关键措施。     

新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的高温蠕变损伤

摘要：对500℃/950MPa条件下经845-8 h蠕变断裂的一种新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的蠕变损伤进行了分析,并且对蠕变孔洞的形成进行了研究。结果表明,蠕变断裂后,基体中呈链状分布的M6C相显著粗化,平均等效直径达到3.0μm,体积分数达到3.85%;马氏体板条上析出大量弥散细小的Laves相,尺寸在10～25nm之间,面积比达20%;蠕变孔洞在密集分布的链状M6C型析出相与基体结合界面上产生,其形成与M6C相的链状聚集和显著粗化有关;并且与高密度Laves相的析出有关;因此,控制链状M6C相的析出、聚集和长大能够提高该新型合金的抗高温蠕变性能。     

再结晶区轧制工艺参数对X80管线钢组织及织构的影响

通过单道次和双道次热模拟实验,研究了变形量20％～50％在980、1000、1020℃变形温度、1000℃下不同变形量(25％～40％)以及1000℃变形后间隔不同时间(1～20 s)的再结晶区的轧制过程.结合金相检测、电子背散衍射(EBSD)及X-射线衍射(XRD)等检测方法表征和分析了变形过程中的间隔时间、变形温度...