新型高硬高碱水缓蚀阻垢剂TH-658B的应用性能

针对华北、西北等地补充水硬度、碱度高,浓缩后极易引起结垢和腐蚀的难题,开发了高硬、高碱水缓蚀阻垢剂TH-658B。采用静态阻碳酸钙垢试验、阻硫酸钙垢试验、梯度浓缩试验等研究了TH-658B的性能。结果表明,相同的药剂浓度,TH-658B的碳酸钙阻垢率均高于ATMP和HEDP;且TH-658B的碳酸钙和硫酸钙阻垢率均符合Q/SY 126-2007要求;TH-658B可以使高硬、高碱水浓缩至钙硬总碱之和大于1500 mg/L而不会导致系统结垢。此外,参照GB/T 18175-2000,在TH-658B的存在下,高硬、高碱配水(>1 500 mg/L)中的碳钢、不锈钢和铜的腐蚀速率分别为0.036、0.0018、0.0012 mm/a,均符合GB 50050-2007的要求。通过华北一电厂的现场应用,证明了TH-658B对高硬、高碱,特别是钙硬总碱之和达到1500 mg/L以上的高浓缩倍率循环水系统具有良好的缓蚀和阻垢效果。     

SUS304不锈钢在浓缩自来水中的点蚀敏感性

采用极化曲线研究了SUS304不锈钢在不同温度浓缩不同倍率的自来水中的点蚀敏感性,比较了含不同浓度氯化钠的去离子水和自来水对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响。结果显示,随自来水温度和浓缩倍率的提高,不锈钢的点蚀敏感性增大;与自来水相比,在去离子水中氯离子对不锈钢点蚀敏感性的影响更显著。     

缓蚀阻垢剂的筛选及工业应用

针对现场循环冷却水的水质情况，研究了一种适用于循环冷却水的缓蚀阻垢剂配方，通过正交试验筛选出了一组最佳的浓度，使用该配方的缓蚀率达到82．56％。经静态阻垢试验和缓蚀评定试验分析，结果表明该配方有良好的缓蚀阻垢性能。当药剂配方浓度达50mg／L时，其缓蚀率和阻垢率均达到90％以上。在现场循环冷却水系统的应用中，对改善循环水水质也有很好的效果。     

循环冷却水阻垢缓蚀剂的研制

以攀枝花某电厂循环冷却水阻垢缓蚀剂的复配为例,从缓蚀阻垢剂成分的确定、配方的筛选,以及选定配方的动态稳定、污垢热阻试验.得出了以阻垢为主的有机膦低磷系列的高效、环保、低处理费用的缓蚀阻垢剂 DS - 5（90 mg/L）.配方在运行2个月内的阻垢率在85%、缓蚀率在80%以上,污垢热阻稳定在0.32×10-4 m2•h•℃/kJ,达到国家标准.与原有配方相比,处理后冷却水含磷(PO52-计)由8 mg/L降为4 mg/L,年处理费用降低23%.     

杀生剂对凝汽器不锈钢管耐蚀性能的影响

用点蚀电位法和失重法评价了四种杀生剂在不同冷却水中对凝汽器用TP304不锈钢管耐蚀性能的影响,并对线性极化法作了说明。杀生剂a、b和c对不锈钢有腐蚀促进作用,腐蚀促进作用依次为杀生剂c>杀生剂b>杀生剂a,杀生剂d有缓蚀作用。用腐蚀失重法评价杀生剂对冷却水中的不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响,既不合理,也很难测准。点蚀电位法是一种较好的方法,但也要选择合适的空白水样。     

衣康酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸的合成及其阻垢缓蚀性能的研究

目的为了拓宽聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)的应用范围,合成了衣康酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸衍生物(IA-PESA),拟提高PESA的阻垢缓蚀性能。方法用顺酐合成环氧琥珀酸(ESA)和聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA),再利用ESA与衣康酸(IA)聚合制得IA-PESA,研究了IA-PESA的阻垢和缓蚀等综合性能。用FT-IR对PESA和IA-PESA进行表征。用黏度法测定了PESA和IA-PESA的分子量。结果在静态阻垢实验中,对CaCO_3阻垢率达到90%以上,对CaSO_4阻垢率高达95%,甚至100%。IA-PESA分散Fe(Ⅲ)和稳定Zn~(2+)性能明显好于PESA。在静态失重实验中,当IA-PESA与PESA的用量均为150 mg/L时,加IA-PESA的腐蚀速率明显小于加PESA的腐蚀速率。对钙垢和腐蚀试片的SEM研究表明,IA-PESA使致密度较高、晶格结构规整的CaCO_3和CaSO_4钙垢改变为致密度较低、疏松、形状不规整的晶型结构。IA-PESA使试片未发生均匀腐蚀和点蚀,表面光滑。结论在相同测试条件下,IA-PESA的阻垢、缓蚀、分散Fe(Ⅲ)和稳定锌性能都好于PESA,改变了设备表面钙垢的晶型结构,减少了垢下腐蚀,缓蚀作用明显。     

海水温度和浓缩度对316L不锈钢点蚀性能的影响

运用循环阳极极化曲线研究了不同温度和浓缩度的海水介质中316L不锈钢的点蚀行为.结果表明,在1~3倍浓缩度范围内,316L不锈钢的点蚀电位和再钝化电位均随着温度的升高而线性降低,但当浓缩度高于2倍、温度大于85℃时,点蚀电位变化较小;在25~95℃温度范围内,点蚀电位和再钝化电位与海水浓缩度的对数呈线性关系.浓缩度对316L不锈钢点蚀性能的影响比温度更小,并根据点缺陷理论分析了二者对点蚀的作用机制.     

模拟水中十二烷基苯磺酸钠对不锈钢的缓蚀作用

利用电化学阻抗谱、极化曲线和Mott-Schottky图研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在含硫离子和氯离子的模拟水中对不锈钢电极的缓蚀性能。结果表明,在含硫离子的模拟冷却水中加入SDBS可以使不锈钢电极的阻抗值增大,点蚀电位提高,不锈钢钝化膜的载流子浓度减小,SDBS有效地提高了不锈钢在含硫离子水体中的耐蚀性能。模拟水中氯离子浓度的增加使不锈钢电极的点蚀电位下降,点蚀敏感性增加,加入SDBS后不锈钢电极的点蚀电位提高,甚至出现过钝化,SDBS抑制了模拟水中氯离子对不锈钢的侵蚀。     

新型复合铜缓蚀阻垢剂DG3的研究

用电化学方法和失重法研究了一种以缓蚀剂DG1、BTA和阻垢剂PBTCA复配而成的复合缓蚀阻垢剂DG3对锡黄铜的缓蚀作用,并用鼓泡法研究了其阻垢性能。通过实验确定了最佳配方:DG1浓度为2mg/L,BTA浓度为3mg/L,PBTCA浓度为5mg/L。研究表明:这种缓蚀阻垢剂有优良的缓蚀和阻垢性能,锡黄铜在加有DG3的70°C淡水中腐蚀速度为0.0021mm/a,达到且优于国标允许的锡黄铜腐蚀速度(0.005mm/a),而且DG3对缝隙腐蚀也有良好的抑制作用。DG3的阻垢效果与PBTCA相比没有明显降低,30℃时DG3能使淡水中234.04mg/L的钙离子稳定存在,同30℃时5mg/L PBTCA的阻垢能力相当。     

酸洗对316L不锈钢表面形貌、耐蚀性能及表面光学常数的影响

分别研究了酸洗时间对316L不锈钢表面形貌、表面光学常数及其在3.5％NaCl溶液中耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,适当酸洗可提升316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性能,但是过度酸洗则容易出现点蚀,耐腐蚀性能的提高是因为酸洗后316L不锈钢表面形成了富含Cr2O3的钝化膜,点蚀的出现是因为其表面出现的微孔促进了点蚀的形核.酸洗液残留于表面...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。