ILU-14 industrial electron linear accelerator with a modular structure

A new high-power (up to 100 kW) industrial electron linear accelerator ILU-14 for energies of 7.5–10.0 MeV has been developed by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. The operating frequency of the accelerator is 176 MHz, and the total efficiency is 26%. Owing to the modular structure of the accelerator, the electron energy and the beam power can be varied within certain limits by changing the modular arrangement. A 5-MeV prototype of this accelerator has been produced and successfully tested. Its design parameters verified in the experiments are as follows: the beam current averaged over the RF period is 600 mA, the beam pulse power is 2.5 MW, and the electron efficiency of the accelerating structure is 68%. By applying an additional RF voltage to the electron gun cathode-grid gap, a 96% transmittance of the beam current has been attained at a minor beam energy spread. The prototype of the ILU-14 accelerator can be used as an accelerator with a beam power of 50 kW.     

A linear accelerator-injector for the SIBERIA and TNK complexes of special synchrotron radiation sources

An 80-MeV electron linear accelerator-injector operates in a pulsed standing-wave mode. A 2.8-GHz disk-and-washer accelerating structure is composed of six 1-m-long regular sections with power input in the middle. The electron beam with parameters of 4 A/40 kV/18 ns/1 Hz from the diode gun enters the accelerating structure without prebunching. During acceleration, the beam is divided into bunches with a repetition frequency of 2.8 GHz and transported over the electron-optic channel to the booster ring. Today, the electron beam has an energy of 80 MeV, a current of 80 mA, and an energy spread of 1% and maintains continuous operation of the SIBERIA facility.     

Design of high output broadband piezoelectric energy harvester

Designing a wideband vibration based piezoelectric energy harvester is a challenging problem. This paper presents a technique to increase the operating frequency range and to enhance the amplitude of the generated voltage. The harvester is designed with a propped cantilever beam with variable overhang having step sections. The harvester is modeled using Euler Bernoulli beam theory. The wider operating frequency range is achieved by varying the overhang length and the enhancement in the magnitude of the generated voltage is achieved by introducing step sections in the beam. Further the magnitude of the generated voltage is found to increase with the reduction in step thickness. The performance of the energy harvester like bandwidth, voltage generated and power harvested obtained from analytical model are in close agreement with experimental results.     

Low energy beam transport for facility for rare isotope beams driver linear particle accelerator

The driver linac for the facility for rare isotope beams (FRIB) will provide a wide range of primary ion beams for nuclear physics research. The linac will be capable of accelerating a uranium beam to an energy of up to 200 Mev∕u and delivering it to a fragmentation target with a maximum power of 400 kW. Stable ion beams will be produced by a high performance electron cyclotron resonance ion source operating at 28 GHz. The ion source will be located on a high voltage platform to reach an initial beam energy of 12 keV∕u. After extraction, the ion beam will be transported vertically down to the linac tunnel in a low energy beam transport (LEBT) system and injected into a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) operating at a frequency of 80.5 MHz. To meet the beam power requirements, simultaneous acceleration of two-charge states will be used for heavier ions (≥Xe). This paper presents the layout of the FRIB LEBT and the beam dynamics in the LEBT. In particular, simulation and design of the beam line section before charge state selection will be detailed. The need to use an achromatic design for the charge state selection system and the advantage of an ion beam collimation system to limit the emittance of the beam injected into the RFQ will be discussed in this paper.     

Adiabatic trapping and acceleration of the beam in the booster synchrotron of the ITEP-TWAC accelerating-storage facility

A system for adiabatic trapping of injected particles into the acceleration mode was developed and used to increase the intensity of the ion beam accelerated in the booster synchrotron of the ITEP-TWAC accelerating-storage facility at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics. Using numerical simulation, the parameters of the injected beam were optimized and the conditions for the absence of particle loss upon a changeover into the acceleration mode and subsequent acceleration to the maximum energy were determined. The effect that the characteristics of a system controlling the radio frequency of the accelerating field had on the dynamics of synchrotron motion and the particle loss was investigated. During development and adjustment of a complex of equipment that provided optimal conditions for adiabatic trapping and acceleration of C⁴⁺ ions with an initial energy of 1.3 MeV/amu, the trapping efficiency was as high as 80%, being limited only by the initial distribution of the momentum spread in the injected beam.     

LIU-2 linear induction accelerator

The LIU-2 induction accelerator is described. It is used as an injector for the developed large linear induction accelerator with a maximum electron beam energy of 20 MeV, which is intended for smallangle pulse X-ray tomography. Owing to the good quality and high current of the electron beam (2 kA), the injector is capable of operating as an independent X-ray source with an electron energy of 2 MeV, the beam diameter at the target of <2 mm, and a pulse duration of 200 ns. The total yield of the bremsstrahlung energy is 52.4 J and the fraction of quanta with energies of >1 MeV is ～20% of the total energy yield. The spread of the radiation intensity in the solid angle of 10° is ±5%, and the absorbed dose at a distance of 1 m from the target is 32 × 10^?3 Gy, which allows this source to be used with attenuation of 10³–10⁴ for exposure of available X-ray films. This type of system is characterized by a high transmission capability with a 0.5-mm maximum spatial resolution of X-ray images and can be used in the X-ray imaging technique when carrying out gas-dynamic testing of products with an optical thickness as great as 90 mm of lead equivalent.     

Master controller of a high-voltage power unit source of an electron beam welding device

This paper describes the structure and control algorithms of a controller of a high-voltage source with an output voltage of 60 kV and a power of up to 30 kW. The source is designed to be used as part of a power unit of an electron-beam welding device developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BINP SB RAS). High-quality welds require a stable electron beam energy. Herewith, a standard operation mode is quick and deep modulation of the electron current. The problem of achieving high-quality control and limiting the transient distortions of output voltage of the source is solved. The error of establishing and stabilizing the output voltage is 0.1%, which allows obtaining high-quality welding. Transient distortions at 100% modulation of the load current do not exceed the value of ±1%, which, along with fast reaction of the source to a load breakdown (energy released during breakdown is smaller than 15 J), protects the welded parts and elements of the gun from being damaged by an electron beam.     

Generation of narrow focused beams in a plasma-cathode electron gun

The possibility of generating a narrow focused electron beam in a plasma-cathode electron gun has been studied. An operating mode in which the emitting plasma surface is deep in the emitting channel is optimal for obtaining the highest emission-current density. The beam diameter is reduced by a factor of 1.5–2.0 by choosing the operating mode of the plasma emitter. A two-lens focusing system is used to focus the electron beam. Studies have shown the possibility of generating beams with a power density five to seven times higher than that attained earlier in plasma-cathode guns. As a result of these studies, a plasma-cathode electron gun that allows generation of an electron beam with a diameter of ～260 μm and a power of 3 kW at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV has been developed.     

电场能量采集器的最大输出功率追踪电路设计*

本文采用频率变换原理采集输电线周围电场能量,设计了一种能量采集电路,对超级电容充电。负载阻抗呈电容性,为非线性负载,充电过程中阻抗不断变化。为实现最大输出功率传输,设计了低功耗的最大输出功率追踪(MPPT)电路,采用频率值为32.768 k Hz石英晶体构成方波振荡电路,因电容电压不能突变,通过充电电流控制开关导通时间,构成电流反馈最大输出功率点追踪系统。最大输出功率追踪电路的工作电流为1.2 u A,工作电压为5 V,功耗为6 u W。实验结果表明,在充电36min时达到最大功率输出,储能电容电压的大小为0.32 V,输出功率最大为18 u W。相比于直接充电电路,最大输出功率电路的能量采集效率提高了50%。     

MEMS低频压电振动能量采集器

设计了基于微机电系统（MEMS）的一阶、二阶传动低频压电振动能量采集器,通过压电效应将低频振动能量转化为电能来解决低频（小于200 Hz）振动环境中的能量采集问题。一阶传动能量采集器模型包括一阶传动梁及压电悬臂梁,二阶传动能量采集器模型包括一阶传动梁、二阶传动梁及压电悬臂梁。数学建模及有限元分析显示：采集器工作频率随一阶、二阶传动梁及压电悬臂梁材料的杨氏模量的减小均呈单调递减的趋势;传动梁的设计可有效降低采集器的高阶工作频率、拓宽工作带宽;而二阶传动梁可以在1g加速度条件下,获得10.98 Hz和44.52 Hz两个超低频率的电压峰值（分别为3.18 V/g和1.33 V/g）,使系统工作频率降得更低,50 Hz以下的有效工作带宽更宽,更适合与低频振动环境匹配进行能量采集。     

磁力调频压电电磁复合发电设计与实验

开展了基于环境振动发电作为微电源弥补传统化学电池供能缺陷的研究。基于非线性磁力调频开发了低宽频振动能采集压电电磁复合发电系统。介绍了发电装置工作原理;利用ANSYS和Ansoft Maxwell有限元分析软件仿真分析了压电和电磁发电的输出特性;最后,搭建了压电电磁复合宽频发电装置实验测试系统,测试了发电系统在磁力自调过程中的输出特性。实验结果显示:复合发电系统在谐振频率60Hz时输出开路电压峰值为5.8V,高于压电系统(5.5V)和电磁系统(410mV)独立发电的开路电压峰值。施加磁力拓宽装置后,当压电悬臂梁沿竖直方向上下移动0~15mm时,系统适应谐振频带拓宽为45~76Hz;悬臂梁沿水平方向平移0~30mm时,谐振频带拓宽为51~70 Hz。结果表明仿真分析与实验测试结果吻合很好。该宽频带能量采集技术可用于低频振动环境的能量采集,可在频变环境中为微型低功耗系统提供低电能。     

中频逆变高频PWM电子束焊机高压电源

设计一种中频逆变高频PWM电子束焊机高压电源装置,装置将由高频PWM脉冲驱动的逆变器产生的中频交流电送入中频高压变压器,通过高压整流滤波器、高压放电扼流电路后得到纹波系数小、运行稳定的高压输出,同时故障判别电路对高压电源实时监控,当出现异常时,实现快速截止保护。实验结果表明,这是一种调节速度快、效率较高的电子束焊机高压逆变电源装置。     

Field emission,developments and possibilities

The overall performance of any electron microscope is to a great extent determined by the electron source. For example, the current acceptance of the STEM concept is due to the stimulation provided by field emission sources, which made it possible to image single atoms in the STEM. The field emission source remains the electron source with the highest brightness and the lowest energy spread. As a consequence, considerable research and engineering work has been and is still being conducted in a number of important areas. These areas include: (i) the mechanisms which determine the beam current stability; (ii) the electron-electron interactions which lead to beam spreading and an increase of the energy spread; (iii) various types of emitters such as bare tungsten tips, oxygen processed tips, zirconium coated tips, carbon emitters, carbon coated tungsten emitters and even solid state emitters; (iv) the lifetime limiting factors, e.g. inclusions, ion bombardment and flashovers effects; (v) different types of optical systems for field emission guns, e.g. choice of magnetic and/or electrostatic lenses at high voltage potential in UHV systems, and special magnetic lenses just below the anode; (vi) field emission guns operating at higher kV's, up to 1·6 MeV. Because analytical work in the smallest possible volumes is a growing area of scientific interest, the demand for field emission sources which are reliable, easy to operate and stable will continue.     

Characteristics of low-energy ion beams extracted from a wire electrode geometry

Beams of argon ions with energies less than 50 eV were extracted from an ion source through a wire electrode extractor geometry. A retarding potential energy analyzer (RPEA) was constructed in order to characterize the extracted ion beams. The single aperture RPEA was used to determine the ion energy distribution function, the mean ion energy and the ion beam energy spread. The multi-cusp hot cathode ion source was capable of producing a low electron temperature gas discharge to form quiescent plasmas from which ion beam energy as low as 5 eV was realized. At 50 V extraction potential and 0.1 A discharge current, the ion beam current density was around 0.37 mA/cm(2) with an energy spread of 3.6 V or 6.5% of the mean ion energy. The maximum ion beam current density extracted from the source was 0.57 mA/cm(2) for a 50 eV ion beam and 1.78 mA/cm(2) for a 100 eV ion beam.     

两种高压变压器次级连接方案的研究

对在高压直流电源制作中采用的两种高压变压器多次级连接方案作了分析,给出了两种变压器结构的等效模型,为高压直流开关电源的设计与制作提供了依据。     

高效同相的降压-升压DC/DC转换器的控制方法

采用一种四开关拓扑结构的降压-升压DC／DC转换器控制方法，能使转换器在输入电压高于、低于或等于输出电压的情况下操作，实现降压、降压-升压、升压3种模式自动并且平稳地转换，提供一种可在所有操作模式进行连续转换的功能。具有效率高、外围器件少、同相输出的优点。经HSPICE仿真，采用Hynix0．5μm 5V CMOS工艺，在输入电压2．5-5．5V、输出电压3．3V、频率1MHz时，效率高达95％以上。是输出电压处于电池电压范围内的单节锂离子电池、多节碱性电池或NiMH电池应用的理想选择，解决了在便携式电子设备电源设计过程中所遇到的问题。     

从人体行走中收集能量的鞋上压电俘能器

设计了一种安装在鞋上的压电俘能器(PEH),用于收集人体行走时产生的能量。该俘能器由4根压电悬臂梁和1个弹簧-质量系统组成。弹簧-质量系统能够感知沿径骨轴的加速度激励,并通过磁耦合驱动压电梁振动从而发电。文中通过拟合实验数据获得加速度信号表达式;然后,建立仿真模型,对俘能器的发电性能进行了仿真分析。最后,加工了实验样机,并实验测试了俘能器的发电性能。结果表明,当受到沿胫骨方向的激励时,压电梁在一个步态周期内可被弹簧-质量系统激励多次从而产生多个峰值电压;受到沿胫骨和脚面两个方向激励时,压电梁的发电性能比只受到单一方向激励时好。当步行速度为2~8km/h时,每根压电梁的峰值电压可达到10V。该俘能器能够从人体行走的超低频运动中收集能量,并能够同时收集两个方向的加速度能量,提高了压电梁的发电性能。     

Characterization of plasma parameters, first beam results, and status of electron cyclotron resonance source

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source at 50 keV, 30 mA proton current has been designed, fabricated, and assembled. Its plasma study has been done. Plasma chamber was excited with 350 W of microwave power at 2450 MHz, along with nitrogen and hydrogen gases. Microwave power was fed to the plasma chamber through waveguide. Plasma density and electron temperature were studied under various operating conditions, such as magnetic field, gas pressure, and transversal distance. Langmuir probe was used for plasma characterization using current-voltage variation. The nitrogen plasma density calculated was approximately 4.5 x 10(11) cm(-3), and electron temperatures of 3-10 eV (cold) and 45-85 eV (hot) were obtained. The total ion beam current of 2.5 mA was extracted, with two-electrode extraction geometry, at 15 keV beam energy. The optimization of the source is under progress to extract 30 mA proton beam current at 50 keV beam energy, using three-electrode extraction geometry. This source will be used as an injector to continuous wave radio frequency quadrupole, a part of 100 MeV proton linac. The required root-mean-square normalized beam emittance is less than 0.2pi mm mrad. This article presents the study of plasma parameters, first beam results, and status of ECR proton source.