花场近临界油气藏流体相态和开采特征

花场近临界油气藏具有以下特性:①在近临界区域,当地层压力低于泡点压力时,挥发油液相体积随压力的降低急剧减小;而地层压力低于露点压力时,凝析气反凝析液相体积会随压力的降低而急剧增大。②近临界油具有气油比、地层体积系数及收缩率高的特性。③近临界态油气藏井内静压梯度出现倒置的异常现象,即压力梯度自上而下降低;开始生产一段时间后,随着地层压力的不断下降,静压梯度曲线的形态也逐渐变化;当地层压力降至一定程度后,这种异常现象随即消失。④在开采过程中,近临界油气藏的生产气油比随地层压力的下降呈先下降后持续升高的现象,而常规凝析气藏的气油比随地层压力的下降持续升高。     

塔里木盆地近临界油气藏相态特征

近临界流体相态变化非常复杂,易挥发油和凝析气的性质相近,常规方法难以判断其是油藏还是气藏。以塔里木盆地塔中1号气田中古43井区和金跃201井2类近临界地层流体为研究对象,通过观测近临界"乳光现象",应用气油比、相图、密度及组分等不同方法对油气藏类型进行判定,综合不同方法对比研究表明:利用测试时流体图像与无因次压力关系曲线法相结合判断近临界流体类型比较准确;塔中1号气田中古43井区属于特高含凝析油凝析气相态特征,金跃201井属于近临界挥发油相态特征。通过注气实验,近临界油气藏出现干气、凝析气、凝析液三相共存的流体特征,造成不同位置的生产井气油比差异较大。     

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由于缺乏精确测量临界凝析油饱和度测试技术，我国凝析气藏油气相对渗透率均使用常规油气进行测试,采用真实平衡凝析油气体系对凝析气藏相对渗透率曲线进行岩心驱替测试还无先例。文章选用牙哈凝析气藏真实岩样进行了两组驱替实验,第一组是向岩样注入煤油-氮气采用非稳态法，第二组是注入平衡凝析油气采用稳态法。此外，研究了两种测试系统下油气相对渗透率对凝析气藏开发动态的影响,得出以下结论：①凝析油气系统的相对渗透率曲线整体向右移动，气相对渗透率下降非常快，油气相对渗透率高于煤油-氮气系统的油气相对渗透率；②凝析油气系统的临界凝析油饱和度比煤油—氮气系统的凝析油临界饱和度约低20%；③煤油-氮气系统预测的气体产能、气油比、凝析油气采收率比凝析油气系统预测的结果低得多，但气藏压力下降较慢；④凝析油气系统与煤油-氮气系统近井地带析出凝析油饱和度分布存在显著差别。     

凝析油可采储量计算经验公式

在凝析气藏的降压开采过程中，当地层压力低于露点压力后，地层中将出现气、液两相。对于中高凝析油含量的中高渗砂岩凝析气藏，在消耗式开发方式下，凝析油采收率分别与原始凝析油含量、原始气油比、天然气采收率以及初期凝析气井米采气指数(反映储集层物性)之间的相关性良好。根据对大港油田凝析气藏矿场资料的研究，得出4种计算凝析油采收率的经验公式，为计算凝析气藏的凝析油可采储量提供了便捷有效的方法。图4表1参10     

地层水对凝析气藏注CO_2相态的影响

常规的凝析气藏衰竭开发和注CO_2开发研究中均忽略了地层水的影响,这与真实情况存在偏差,有可能导致研究结果的不确定性加大。为此,基于CO_2—烃—水相平衡热力学模型,以一个实际近临界凝析气藏为例,通过相态模拟研究了地层水存在对凝析气藏反凝析相态特征和注CO_2相态的影响规律;计算了考虑地层水存在的凝析气定容衰竭反凝析液饱和度和剩余流体组成,以及注CO_2过程中凝析油气相体积分数和CO_2在凝析油气相中体积分数的变化规律。结果表明:1考虑地层水时定容衰竭的反凝析油饱和度更大,剩余流体重组分含量更高;2近临界凝析气藏压力衰竭过程中,由凝析气转变为挥发油的相变发生得更早;3在注CO_2过程中,地层水的存在使得CO_2对凝析油的反蒸发作用降低;4考虑地层水存在时凝析油相体积分数高约14%,CO_2在凝析油中溶解量比不考虑地层水大6%,CO_2含量高和压力较高时差异更明显,同时,地层水的存在也增强了CO_2的溶解封存能力。该研究成果对凝析气藏注CO_2提高采收率和温室气体CO_2埋存评价具有指导意义。     

东海平湖油气田中高渗凝析气藏开发效果分析

东海平湖油气田放鹤亭始新统平湖组气藏,属中高渗砂岩中低凝析油含量凝析气藏,1999年3月投入生产,采用衰竭式开采,至今已有8个年头,目前仍处于开发稳产阶段,日生产天然气量在140×104m3左右。通过对平湖油气田凝析气藏开发生产状况跟踪研究发现,其采气速度高、主力气藏气井无水采气期普遍较长、气油比随着压力下降而上升、凝析油含量随着压力下降而下降、天然气采收率将优于开发方案设计值,同时也发现,防止气井出水、出砂是中高渗凝析气藏开发中应予以高度重视的问题。平湖油气田凝析气藏开发,在技术上和经济上都取得了较好的效果,可以借鉴于类似凝析气田的开发实践中。     

不同类型凝析气藏在低渗多孔 介质中的相态及采收率研究

用凝析油含量不同的凝析气分别在PVT筒和长岩心中进行了衰竭实验,并应用超声波测试技术测试了其饱和度以及高温、高压平衡凝析油气相渗曲线和常温、低压常规油气相渗曲线.实验表明,凝析油含量高的凝析气在多孔介质中凝析油的采收率比PVT筒中约高1倍.采用不同相渗曲线及CMG数值模拟软件对长岩心衰竭实验中凝析油的采收率进行了预测,结果表明,造成凝析油采收率差别的主要原因是界面张力导致凝析油气相渗曲线的差别.在数值模拟中,应当使用真实相渗曲线.对于含凝析油低的凝析气藏,多孔介质中定容衰竭凝析油饱和度远高于PVT筒中凝析油采收率,多孔介质中蒸发现象不明显.凝析油饱和度达到最大值后,随压力的降低不再变化,这表明低渗凝析气藏中尽管凝析油含量低,其污染仍然存在,不能忽视.     

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中原油田白庙凝析气藏具有埋藏深，构造复杂，储层物性差，凝析油含量高的特点。采用衰竭式开发时，储层压力衰竭较快，当降到露点压力以下时，由于近井地带反凝析液的堵塞作用，凝析气有效渗透率降低，严重损害了凝析气井的产能。若采用循环注气开采，也难以获得经济效益。因此，根据白庙深层低渗透凝析气藏的地质特点，文章提出了以复杂结构井为主导的新型开发模式。数值模拟结果表明：利用复杂结构井开发深层低渗透高含凝析油的凝析气藏，不仅可以提高天然气采收率，同时还能有效控制储层中凝析气的反凝析进程，提高凝析油的最终采收率。     

带油环凝析气藏注气吞吐采出流体特征

凝析气藏注气吞吐可提高采收率,但凝析气藏注气吞吐实验一般多研究注气量、注气速度及采收率的变化,而缺乏对注气后采出流体组分变化规律的研究.在建立带油环凝析气藏多次注气吞吐室内物理模拟评价方法的基础上,开展了带油环凝析气藏衰竭式开采后注气吞吐开采实验.结果表明:凝析气注气吞吐开采过程中,随注气吞吐次数增多,产出流体N2+C...     

牙哈5凝析气藏开发方式优化

凝析气藏作为一种特殊的油气藏类型,由于特殊的流体相态特征决定了其开发难度要比一般油气藏复杂得多,开发中不仅要考虑天然气的采出程度,而且还要兼顾凝析油的采出程度.牙哈5气藏为富含凝析油气藏,通过组分数值模拟对不同的开采方式进行对比,得出采用衰竭、注水和注气3种开采方式的开发效果.注水和注气是为了保持地层压力,防止凝析油在地层内大量析出,从而提高凝析油的采收率.对比研究表明,注水和注气开采牙哈5凝析气田要优于衰竭式开采.对注水和注气两种开采方式而言,由于牙哈5气田储层自身的特点,在提高凝析油采出程度方面注气开采方式又要优于注水开采方式.预测结果表明,采用大井距注气开发方式对于延缓气窜可以起到一定作用,从而有利于提高注气效率,增加凝析油采出程度.     

渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷桥口凝析气藏油—气相渗对比研究

渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷桥口气藏是典型的凝析气藏,开采过程中凝析油气在地层中渗流复杂,生产压差、气井产能、采收率等开发指标预测难度较大。针对上述问题,选用桥口气藏岩心,采用稳态法分别测试常规油气相渗、平衡油气相渗以及降压过程凝析油气相渗特征,并对测试结果进行对比分析。凝析油气相渗曲线与常规相渗曲线相比,表现出低界面张力的特征,反映凝析油气比常规油气在地层中更易流动。应用油藏模拟软件,分别采用常规相渗曲线和平衡油气相渗曲线,预测了桥口气藏油气采收率。与岩心衰竭实验对比,平衡油气相渗曲线模拟结果较好地反映了凝析油气在地层中渗流情况以及气藏的采收率。      

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水气交替注入（ＷＡＧ）是两种传统采油方法的综合,是二次采油和三次采油中颇具潜力的一种方法。由于高粘度的水趋向于在高渗层形成屏蔽,而使气体进入油气藏基岩层或低渗层,提高了气体的驱扫效率。通过层状二维剖面模型的模拟研究,证明了在层状凝析气藏中水气交替注入的采收率比循环注气的采收率高,根据全组分模拟器模拟结果可知：水气比、不同的注入采塞、渗透率和残余气饱和度对凝析渍打收率的影响非常明显;崦注入次序、注入     

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文章以板桥凝析气藏２０多年的开采经历为依据,论述了该气藏中区板Ⅱ高液烃含量凝析气藏的开采特点,并采用现代油气藏工程原理和分析方法,结合目前国内外凝析气藏开采的新方法、新技术和新趋势、详细分析论述了凝析气藏的开采特征,系统总结了带油环高液烃含量凝析气藏６大开采特征;（１）凝析油含量随构造深度增加而增加,与采收率成反比;（２）在降压开采过程中凝析油首先损失的是重质组分;（３）凝析气井生产能力受油环度增     

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对凝析气藏开发动态和经济效益的正确预测需要正确模拟这类气藏的液态和相态。模拟流态最重要的是获取有代表性的凝析油气相对渗透率曲线，它是数模和试井分析中最常用的基础曲线，目前通常采用模拟油和模拟气相渗曲线来替代凝析油气相渗曲线。但低界面张力的传统油气在多孔介质中的流动规律并不同于凝析油气的流动规律，凝析油气物性非常接近，凝析油在水与凝析气之间形成一个水动力连续的夹膜，它随着凝析气一起流动。同时多孔介质特性、原生水、润湿性、重力、界面张力、粘滞力、流速等因素对凝析油气流动规律的影响作用也不同于对传统油气流动的影响作用。由于微观渗流规律不同，凝析油气相对渗透率的变化规律不同于传统油气相渗，不能用低界面张力油气体系相渗来代替凝析油气相渗，进而确定了实验实测相渗曲线的重要性和今后的研究方向。     

Fault block modelling — a material balance model for early production forecasting from strongly compartmentalised gas reservoirs

The fault block model (FBM) is an alternative simulation tool, developed with the purpose of forecasting well needs and reservoir performance in strongly faulted gas and gas–condensate reservoirs. This model is particularly designed to handle reservoirs where the uncertainty is related to gas communication between the various parts or compartment blocks of the field. The model can predict reservoir production behaviour with reference to the concept of a most likely reservoir, and to display the reservoir uncertainty with respect to business opportunities and risks (upside and downside forecast). Based on geological characterisation and fault seal analysis, reservoir compartmentalisation is performed. The model defines drainage volumes based on a statistical evaluation of the probability of communication between neighbouring compartment blocks. Uncertainty analysis is carried out using error propagation techniques, forming an optimistic and a pessimistic representation of the reservoir. Production is simulated by material balance calculation technique, producing the reservoir reserves through wells allocated in different drainage volumes. The FBM is intended to be an advantageous tool in early stage field development of gas and gas–condensate reservoirs, where the effect of well spacing, number of wells, and optimum well production sequence are important unknowns. Using an example from a North Sea gas–condensate reservoir, production profiles from different well location strategies are investigated and various tests involving uncertainty in inter-block communication and in block volume are presented. Uncertainty analysis also includes suggestions on how to reduce reservoir uncertainty and recommendation for an optimum well location strategy.     

A generalized correlation for predicting gas–condensate relative permeability at near wellbore conditions

It is a well established finding, both experimentally and theoretically that relative permeability (k_r) of gas–condensate systems at low interfacial tension (IFT) depends on velocity and IFT. There are a number of correlations available both in the literature and commercial reservoir simulators that account for the coupling (i.e., the increase of k_r as velocity increases and/or IFT decreases) and inertial (i.e., the reduction of k_r as velocity increases) effects at near wellbore conditions. These functional forms, which with the exception of Whitson et al. (Whitson, C.H., Fevang, O., Saevareid, A., Oct. 1999. Gas condensate relative permeability for well calculations, SPE 56476. Proc. of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition Texas) are based on saturation, estimate the two effects separately and include a number of parameters, which should be determined by cumbersome and expensive k_r measurements at low IFT and high velocity conditions. We have previously reported the development of a fractional flow based correlation (Jamiolahmady, M., Danesh, A., Henderson, G.D. and Tehrani, D.H., Dec. 2006. Variations of gas–condensate relative permeability with production rate at near wellbore conditions: a general correlation, SPE Reserv. Eng. Evalu. J., 9 (6), pp. 688–697), which expressed the combined effect of coupling and inertia simultaneously, but its dependency on fluid viscosity limited its use to the range of IFT values studied. In this paper we present a generalized correlation based on relative-permeability-ratio, which is closely related to a fractional flow of gas and condensate. The parameters of the new correlation are either universal, applicable to all types of rocks, or can be determined from commonly measured petrophysical data. The performance of the correlation has been evaluated over a relatively wide range of IFT and velocity variations. This has been conducted by comparing its prediction with the gas–condensate relative permeability values measured on porous media with very different characteristics. These data had not been used in developing the correlation. The results are quite satisfactory confirming the generality of the correlation in providing reliable information on gas–condensate relative permeability values for near wellbore conditions.     

缝洞型凝析气藏衰竭开采动态实验研究

缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏作为目前的非常规气藏之一,具有储集空间类型多样化、埋藏深、构造复杂、储层非均质性极强、连通性差、各储集体间天然能量差异大的特点,其储层的双重介质属性决定了油气在储层中渗流的特殊性,而凝析气在多孔介质中的复杂相态特征也进一步增加了该类气藏高效开发的难度。从研究衰竭开发动态的角度出发,采用人工造洞造缝制成的缝洞型碳酸盐岩全直径岩心对富含凝析油的凝析气进行了不同介质、不同倍水体、不同开采速度及缝洞不同连通方式多种情况下的衰竭实验研究。研究结果表明:多孔介质存在有助于凝析油采出,缝洞不同连通方式时,凝析油采出程度为顶部连通小于水平连通,水平连通小于底部连通;水体存在有助于凝析油采出,水体越大凝析油采出程度越大,不同衰竭速度对凝析油采出程度的影响不大;岩心填砂后,由于砂砾产生的多孔介质界面影响及阻挡作用,凝析油采出程度高于未填砂时。该研究成果对指导缝洞型凝析气具有一定的指导意义。     

降压开采过程中凝析油气相渗实验研究

目前凝析油气相渗曲线实验测试方法有常规模拟油气替代测试和真实平衡凝析油气测试两种，国内外还没有测量凝析气藏在降压开采过程中凝析油气相渗曲线的相关报道。文章给出了降压相渗实验测试方法，选用Q69-5井的平衡凝析油气和真实岩样进行了平衡凝析油气相渗曲线、降压相渗曲线和常规油气相渗曲线测试，并对３种相渗曲线进行了对比研究。研究结果表明：①降压相渗测试和岩心衰竭实验测试得到的凝析油饱和度具有相同的变化趋势，但前者的数值低于后者；②降压相渗实验测试过程中，凝析油开始析出后出现凝析油饱和度急剧上升和平衡气相相对渗透率急剧下降的现象，当压力降至最大反凝析压力后，凝析气的蒸发作用和平衡气驱作用可使近井地带的渗透性得到部分恢复；③降压相渗曲线比常规油气相渗曲线和平衡凝析油气相渗曲线明显向右偏移，其气相相对渗透率比常规测试和平衡油气测试得到的气相相对渗透率要高。     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

Relation of Recovery to Pressure in a Fractured Reservoir

A naturally fractured carbonate reservoir, situated in the renowned oil-bearing province of southwestern Iran, is studied. Comparison of produced gas-oil ratio (GOR) fluctuations with the oil pressure variations in different periods indicates negative trends. During periods with the high production rates, massive decline in the oil pressure occurred, which indicated lack of the important natural mechanisms for pressure stabilization. This oil field is divided into three domains by using static pressure data, pressure dispersal patterns, and porosity-permeability data. Relationships between GOR fluctuations and pressure variations in the oil column of the studied reservoir are typical of the naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. Fluctuations in the oil column GOR and produced GOR are associated with the production rates. Thus, gas depletion in the reservoir during high production periods is higher, that is a common feature of reservoirs without active hydrodynamic system. Typically, in such a gravity-drainage reservoirs the water influx is minimal and the down-dip wells produce at the lowest GORs and have the highest oil recovery. Apparently, the role of the gravity-drainage depends on the net effect of the dip, permeability of different sectors, and the oil gravity and the individual well rates.