回流焊冷却过程中PBGA焊点力学行为分析

以热弹塑性理论为基础,建立球栅阵列PBGA焊点在回流焊工艺中焊接应力的有限元模型,利用ANSYS的热结构耦合功能,采用生死单元法对Sn-Ag-Cu焊点回流焊的冷却过程进行数值模拟分析.焊点冷却结晶后的初始阶段,等效应力随温度的降低快速增加,当焊点的温度逐渐降低至室温时,等效应力为最大.结果表明,在回流焊接工艺中,PBGA焊点的裂纹极可能发生在焊料冷却结晶后的初始阶段,在焊点高应力集中区首先开裂,并在应力的作用下沿界面逐渐扩展.对焊料凝固初期冷却速率的控制是减少焊接裂纹产生的有效方法.     

激光熔覆数值模拟过程中的热源模型

综述了几种可用于激光熔覆过程中温度场和应力场数值模拟的热源计算模型,并对其进行分析比较.指出采用有限元法,利用计算软件来实现熔覆过程中热源的添加是目前常用的优选方法.在此基础上考虑到粉末、基体、光源三者的相互作用提出了新的激光熔覆热源计算模型.关于激光熔覆热源模型的探讨为建立更加准确的激光熔覆计算模型,深入研究熔覆过程中的应力场与变形场提供帮助.     

激光熔覆数值模拟过程中的热源模型

综述了几种可用于激光熔覆过程中温度场和应力场数值模拟的热源计算模型，并对其进行分析比较。指出采用有限元法，利用计算软件来实现熔覆过程中热源的添加是目前常用的优选方法。在此基础上考虑到粉末、基体、光源三者的相互作用提出了新的激光熔覆热源计算模型。关于激光熔覆热源模型的探讨为建立更加准确的激光熔覆计算模型，深入研究熔覆过程中的应力场与变形场提供帮助。     

薄板激光焊接温度场的数值研究

进行了薄板激光焊温度场的分析与数值模拟,在空间域上用加权余量法,时间域上用有限差分法离散,建立了有限元方程,并编制了相应的程序。在程序中考虑了材料热物性参数的温度相关性、熔化潜热以及对流辐射等对温度场的影响,为进一步分析应力应变场奠定了基础。最后对程序计算结果与实验结果作了比较,吻合较好。     

单曲率板材激光弯曲成形过程的有限元模拟

利用有限元软件MSC.Marc建立了单曲率板激光弯曲成形过程的热力耦合有限元模型。计算并分析了激光弯曲成形过程中板材内部的温度场、应力场和位移场。此外,还研究了扫描线的长度和单曲率板的初始形状对激光弯曲成形的影响。结果表明:随着扫描线长度的增加,板材的弯曲变形量增大;随着单曲率板曲率的增加,板材的弯曲变形量减小。实验结果验证了模型的可靠性。     

An experimental and numerical study on laser percussion drilling of thick-section alumina

A major challenge in laser percussion drilling of thick-section ceramics is to obtain a low taper and low spatter deposition hole leading to high quality post-processing. In order to achieve the fine hole drilling, it is important to understand the mechanism of laser percussion drilling. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study on laser percussion drilling was carried out. A two-dimension (2D) axisymmetric finite element (FE) model for simulation of temperature field and proceeding of hole formation during percussion drilling was developed. The FE model was validated by the corresponding experiment. Furthermore, a theoretical model for evaluation of temperature at melt front and velocity of melt ejection was presented in order to further validate the FE model and study the spatter deposition. The effects of laser peak power, pulse duty cycle and pulse repetition rate on hole diameter and spatter deposition were investigated by the developed models and experiments, in which the simulated results were in good agreement with the experiments. The study indicated that the size and temperature of the melt front significantly affected the hole diameter formation and spatter deposition during laser percussion drilling. The characteristic of melt front was mainly determined by the employed laser peak power, pulse repetition rate and pulse duty cycle. Based on the experimental and numerical study, the process parameters were optimised and a drilled-hole with low taper and low spatter deposition was obtained using a 3.5 kW CO₂ laser. A microstructural and element compositional study was also performed in this work, by which the characteristics of microstructure and element composition in HAZ around laser drilled hole were revealed.     

沟槽蒙皮结构激光焊接应力和变形的数值模拟

利用有限元分析软件MARC对"沟槽-蒙皮"结构的激光焊接过程进行三维数值模拟,涉及了激光焊接复合热源模型的确定,热力学边界条件的简化,数值模拟温度场的验证,以及残余变形和应力分布结果的分析和讨论.研究了结构上规则排列的多道焊缝的施焊顺序对焊接残余应力和变形的影响.结果表明,不同焊接顺序所产生的变形态相同,变形量有区别,而残余应力的分布则不同,以由外向中的对称顺序进行焊接时,结构的焊后残余变形最小,残余应力的分布比较均匀,峰值最小.     

采用热弹塑性有限元方法预测低碳钢钢管焊接变形

用有限元分析软件ABAQUS Code开发了用于模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接变形的热弹塑性有限元计算方法.通过建立三维有限元模型,预测了低碳钢钢管多层焊接时的温度场和焊接变形,并通过试验验证了所提出计算方法的精度和有效性.结果表明,在多层焊接条件下,采用有限元方法计算得到的焊接变形与试验结果十分吻合.     

中厚船舶钢板激光弯曲成形几何效应的数值模拟

建立板材激光弯曲的三维非线性准静态弹塑性热力耦合有限元模型。使用有限元软件 MSC Marc对中厚船舶钢板的激光弯曲成形过程进行数值模拟。计算了船舶钢板激光弯曲成形过程的温度场和变形场, 并进行相应的实验验证。模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。用建立的模型对中厚船舶钢板的激光弯曲成形过程中钢板的几何效应进行数值模拟, 讨论了一定工艺条件下钢板几何参数与弯曲角度之间的关系, 为在将来实际生产中制定和优化钢板激光弯曲成形的工艺参数提供理论依据。     

激光快速成形过程中粉末与熔池交互作用的数值模拟

建立了描述激光快速成形过程中气/粉两相流送粉、粉末与熔池交互作用及激光熔覆成形温度场的联合模型.采用有限单元生死技术模拟了熔池形成和自由界面形状演化及熔覆层的沉积过程:根据界面温度与粉末粒子动量损失状况模拟了熔池对粒子的捕捉以及工件对粉末的反射,并采用Lagrangian粒子追踪模型实现了对粉末颗粒的跟踪.在此基础上,模拟了激光快速成形过程中316L不锈钢粉末、激光与熔池的交互作用过程.计算结果与实验结果吻合.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A SOLDER BALL UNDER PULSED LASER AND ITS EFFECT ON THE VIBRATION OF THE SOLDER

1.~hoInthesurfacemountingtechniqUeforelectroniccomponents,muchattentionisPaidtOfledesssolderingmethods,becausetheyprovidehighreliabilityandarefaVoboleintennsofenvironmentprotection.ItisrecognizedthatthekeyPOinttOrealizeflagnesssolderingistoremovetheoxidefilmonthesurfaceofworkpieceandavoidre--.idati@[lj.Inthispaper,thetemperatu-redistributionandthevibrationfeatUreofaSn--Phsolderunderacontinuouslyptilsedlaserisanalyzed,whichhelpstounderstandthemechAnsmofultrasonicinducedbycontinuouslyPulsedl…     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of fibre laser crack-free cutting of thick-section alumina

A major challenge in laser fusion cutting of thick-section ceramics is to overcome the thermal-stress induced cracking, which leads to catastrophic breakdown of the material integrity. In order to achieve crack-free cutting of ceramics, it is important to understand the mechanism of the transient temperature field and resulting stress distribution effect on crack formation. In this paper, both experimental and theoretical investigations are reported to understand crack formation characteristics in fibre laser cutting of thick-section Al₂O₃ ceramics. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model for simulation of the transient temperature field and thermal-stress distribution together with material removal in laser cutting was developed. Crack formation characteristics were predicted by the model and validated by experiments. The effects of four process parameters i.e. laser peak power, pulse duration, pulse repetition rate and feed rate on temperature field, resulting stress distribution and potential crack formation were also investigated in this work. The study indicates that a transition from compressive to tensile stresses can be resulted in as the laser cutting parameters change, which is beneficial to resist the crack formation. Based on the experimental and numerical investigations, the process parameters were optimised and the fibre laser crack-free cutting of 6-mm-thick alumina was demonstrated for the first time.     

带有相变的三维温度场数值模拟

以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景 ,应用空间的弹塑性有限单元和高精度的数值算法、同时考虑材料组织性能的变化来模拟材料的温度场。主要研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场数值模拟 ,同时考虑相变潜热的影响 ,为第二步热应力场及残余应力的数值模拟做准备。最后用算例验证了模型的正确性 ,并给出了不同时刻温度场的分布。     

冶金级硅真空感应熔炼过程温度场的数值模拟

用有限元法建立了电磁场与温度场耦合的数学模型,利用Multi-physics Comsol3.5a软件对冶金级硅的真空感应熔炼过程的温度场进行了二维数值模拟。计算结果表明,熔炼过程中熔池中存在不均匀的温度场,温度梯度随时间和空间位置发生变化,在保温段温度梯度最大值为400 K。正是由于硅的感应产生热量小于石墨坩埚感应产生的热量以及存在集肤效应的原因,感应炉内的硅料首先从坩埚中部靠近内壁处开始熔化,逐渐向坩埚中心和两端熔化,最后熔化的是坩埚中心顶部和底部的物料。     

Finite element simulation of magnesium alloys laser beam welding

In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate thermal history magnesium-based alloys during laser beam welding. Space–time temperature distributions in weldments are predicted from the beginning of welding to the final cooling. The finite element calculations were performed using Cast3M code with which the heat equation is solved considering a non-linear transient behaviour. The applied loading is a moving heat source that depends on process parameters such as power density, laser beam dimensions and welding speed, and it is associated to moving boundary conditions. Experiments were carried out to determine temperature evolution during welding and to measure the laser weld width. By comparing the thermal model answers with the measurements, it is found that numerical simulations results are in a good agreement with the experimental data.     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程热-力耦合数值分析

从宏观的焊接热过程出发,根据激光+GMAW复合热源焊接的特点,提出了适用于复合热源焊接的“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式体积热源分布模式;建立了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程的有限元模型,数值计算了焊接温度场和焊缝横截面的形状尺寸,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了组合式体积热源模型的合理性和适用性. 采用焊接温度场的计算结果,进一步对复合热源焊接和GMAW的焊接变形和残余应力进行了数值模拟和对比分析. 结果表明,在焊缝熔深基本相同的情况下,复合热源焊接的焊接热输入、焊缝熔宽、焊接变形和高应力区域范围等均比GMAW小. 研究结果印证了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接工艺的优越性,并为焊接工艺参数的优化提供了基础理论数据.     

激光熔覆过程热力耦合有限元温度场分析

根据激光熔覆的特点，建立了激光熔覆温度场分析模型，对送粉激光熔覆过程温度场进行了有限元分析。分析结果表明，熔覆层最高温度与激光功率、基体预热温度成正比例关系，而最大冷却速率与激光功率、基体预热温度成反比例关系。提高基体预热温度对降低熔点处材料冷却速率效果显著，而提高激光功率对降低熔点处材料冷却速率有一定作用，但效果并不明显。     

铜基体上激光熔覆钴基合金的数值模拟

以黄铜为基材,钴基合金为熔覆粉末,采用预置粉末方式实现激光熔覆加工,对此过程建立三维有限元模型。考虑温度变化对热物性参数的影响以及表面对流换热和辐射散热等影响因素,使用SYSWELD软件对激光熔覆过程中的温度场和应力场进行了分析。结果表明,激光熔覆过程中的温度场变化是由非稳态到稳态的过程,熔覆层横截面上不同点热循环曲线呈锯齿状衰减;最大残余应力值出现在靠近基体的熔覆层中间位置;在其他工艺参数不变的情况下,扫描速度为8mm/s,熔覆过程的稀释率为11.5%,可以获得良好的冶金结合,并进行了试验验证;利用SYSWELD软件的校核功能,获得了扫描速度为6和10mm/s熔覆过程中较为合适的功率分别为2.96和3.82kW。     

Al-Al_2O_3结构件钎缝处的剪切应力分布与热膨胀匹配

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了冷却过程在Al Al2 O3 异种材料结构件钎缝处导致的剪切应力分布。计算结果表明 :最大剪切应力位于钎缝圆角处和靠近钎缝圆角的Al2 O3 陶瓷 /Cu镀层金属界面处 ,同时中间层合金的热膨胀系数与Al的热膨胀系数相匹配时 ,可以最大限度减小剪切应力     

送粉式激光熔覆温度场有限元分析

采用有限元方法建立了送粉式激光熔覆过程温度场分析的数学模型，模拟了熔覆过程温度场的分布情况，模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合，表明可以采用此计算方法提供的初始温度值和非接触测量温度变化量来控制激光熔覆工艺参数。模拟结果发现，激光熔覆过程表现为急热急冷的特征；温度梯度较大，最大温度梯度出现在熔池附近和熔覆层与基体交界的边界处。